Air M asses Masses and Fronts Chapter 11 Part 1 March ,
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1 Air Masses and Fronts Chapter 11 Part 1 March 17, 2009
2 Air masses Air mass = large body of air that has similar temperature and humidity properties throughout Properties of air masses, however are modified d as they move over areas outside where they originate Source regions = regions where air masses develop their characteristics need large areas with similar characteristic Mid-latitudes not considered source regions for air masses as temperature, humidity vary considerably Rather mid-latitudes are greatly affected by cold or warm, moist or dry air masses moving in
3 Cold air mass over eastern, central US
4 Air Mass Classification Air masses have 4 major classifications They are Polar (P) or Tropical (T), continental (c) or maritime (m); extremely cold air masses are Arctic (A) Winds aloft may move air masses from their source regions Cold air mass moving over warmer surface warmed form below- instability- may have clouds, showers Warm air mass moving over cold surfacestable- can have fog, stratiform coluds, pollution buildup
5 Air Mass Classification
6 Continental polar (cp) and Continental Arctic (ca) air masses cp and ca air masses originate in northern Canada and Alaska and bring very cold air to much of the US at times in winter- following passage of cold fronts associated with mid-latitude d cyclones Long clear nights in winter allow for strong radiational cooling thus these air masses are very cold- also very dry Due to lack of terrain, air easily moves south through the Great Plains- warms a bit, but still dry so few clouds Air mass stable- subsidence and warming aloft, cold air below- good for pollution buildup Western US less influenced by cp or CA air masses as coldest air usually stays east of continental divide
7 Air mass source regions and paths
8 2 very cold arctic outbreaks- including one setting records in Las Vegas
9 Lake effect snow Lake effect snows- cp or ca air mass moves cold air over relatively warm Great Lakes in early to mid winter Air above lake warms and is saturated, cumulus clouds form and grow in unstable air- snow begins and is enhanced by lifting of air over hills and convergence at surface due to slowing of air from increased surface friction Lake effect snows greatest within first few kilometers of lake, extending up to 50 km inland Need reasonable travel distance (fetch) over water (80 km or so) for significant lake effect snow Can occur on lee side of other large lakes (e.g. Great Salt Lake) if land/lake temperature difference is large
10 Formation of Lake Effect Snows Cold, dry air crossing the lake gains moisture and warmth from the water The more buoyant air now rises, forming clouds that deposit large quantities of snow on the lake s leeward shores
11 Profiles of cp Air Masses ca air masses reaching south Texas and south Florida may cause large damages to fruit and vegetable crops Summertime excursions of cp air into the US are moderately cool and dry and give a break to aeras in the eastern US from hot, humid weather
12 Maritime Polar (mp) air masses Wintertime ti cp and ca air masses over northern Asia and the Arctic travels over the Pacific Ocean by the Aleutian Low and is modified by added warmth and moisture- changes into maritime polar air mass (mp) Conditionally unstable- as it moves inland over mountains, orographic precipitation common Dries out as it moves over series of mountain ranges in western US Can have chinook winds develop Brings moderate weather to east slope of Rockies when replacing cp or ca airmass
13 mp
14 Modification of mp airmass crossing western US
15 mp airmass less common in northeastern US- gives cold, damp drizzly weather to NE US Hatteras lows and Nor easters may develop
16 Maritime Tropical (mt) air masses Wintertime source for mt airmasses is subtropical east Pacific- warm, humid air coming from near Hawaiian Islands can produce very heavy rains and flooding along west coast (sometimes called Pineapple Express ) Eastern US mt air from Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean common in summer, less so in winter Winter mt usually confined to Gulf Coast, Florida Briefly may move north, causing advection fog and low clouds as it moves over cold ground mt airmass pushed back to south from cold front bi bringing i in cp airmass
17 mt airmass into California- heavy rain (Pineapple Express)
18 mt eastern US, cp western US
19 Summer mt Effects mt airmass frequent over eastern US in summer- clockwise circulation around Bermuda High Summer mt airmass brings much moisture and conditional instability- thunderstorms common Southwestern monsoon- warm moist air from Gulf of Mexico or Gul of Mexico
20 Continental Tropical Air Masses ct source areas in northern Mexico and southwestern US during summer Dry, hot, usually upper level high and subsidence Sometimes moves into Great Plains
21 ct airmass into central, western US
22 Air mass summary Air mass is large body of air with fairly uniform properties of temperature and humidity Air mass source regions tend to be flat with high h pressure and light winds Continental t air masses form over land, maritime over water Polar air masses from polar regions; tropical air masses from warm, tropical regions cp= cold, dry; ca=very cold, dry; ct=hot, dry; mt=warm, moist; mp=cool, moist
23 Fronts Front = transition zone between 2 air masses of different densities (temperatures) and often humidity Frontal location often identified by: 1. Sharp temperature difference over short distance; 2. Change in moisture content (e.g. dew point temperature); 3. Shift in wind direction; 4. Pressure and pressure changes; 5. Clouds and precipitation patterns Lowest pressure at frontal boundary
24 Example surface map showing pressure systems, fronts, air masses, isobars, precipitation i i
25 Note kink in isobars and wind shift at front Example cold front and associated surface weather Pressure falling before frontal passage, rising after
26 Cold Fronts Cold, dry stable air replaces warm, moist unstable air Blue line with blue triangles Clouds of vertical development Thunderstorms, squall lines
27 Vertical structure of cold front Cold air wedges under warm air at front, causing warm air to rise often producing showers or thunderstorms Front is steep near the ground due to friction typical slope about 1:50 typical speed about 25 knots
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