Students will analyze events that led Enlightenment thinkers to question old ideas and to revolutionize the arts, religion, government, and society.

Transcription

1 The Age of Reason Students will analyze events that led Enlightenment thinkers to question old ideas and to revolutionize the arts, religion, government, and society. I can match key thinkers of the Enlightenment with their landmark ideas. I can evaluate the effects that Enlightenment ideas about politics and the economy had on societies, and describe how those ideas spread throughout Europe and the world. I can apply Enlightenment ideals to the American Revolution, and provide examples of how these ideas influenced American government.

2 1. Freedom to think for yourself 2. Intellectual maturity 3. Use logic & reason 4. Don t blindly follow 5. Political impact (vs. Absolute monarchs)

3 Reading: Immanuel Kant, What is Enlightenment? 1. **What did Kant mean by the term enlightenment? Becoming intellectually mature 2. Why did Kant believe that most people never reach maturity? It is easy to be lazy, people are cowardly 3. What was Kant's explanation for the existence of guardians in society? There will always be leaders because people want to be led. 4. What does Kant mean by freedom? The freedom to think for one s self.

4 Thinking for one s self Using logic and reason to understand things The Church is not the sole authority on all matters People are born with natural rights The Renaissance focus on individual & worldly accomplishments The Scientific Revolution encouraging rational thought & using the scientific method Medieval thinking that was too church focused Superstitious and ignorant traditions People become good or evil based on their lives & environment Christians should be tolerant of others

5 Beccaria Believes in: Crime & punishment End torture No cruel & unusual punishment Wollstonecraft Beliefs: Women CAN Education Women=men Kant Beliefs: Think for yourself! People want to be led Intellectual maturity Rousseau Believes in: Social contract Anti-Hobbes: People are basically good 2 Voltaire Believes in: Free speech, free religion tolerance 4 7 Famous phrase: I do not agree with what you say but I will defend to death your right to say it. Montesquieu Believes in: Separation of powers Checks & balances 3 1 * Locke Natural Rights: Given by God at birth to all Ideal Government: Limited government, power from the people Reasons: Government should protect natural rights; if not-overthrow it 5 Pro-Locke: Limited government by the people Hobbes Social Contract: Between people & govt Ideal Government: Absolute monarchy Reasons: People are selfish & wicked 6

6 Voltaire: free speech, freedom of religion Denis Diderot: French Famous work & its significance: Encyclopedia, a collection of writings by the philosophs, kind of like Reader s Digest Salon: a place to discuss Enlightenment ideas, kind of like a book club Madame Geoffrin: French woman who hosted salons

7 Censorship: not letting certain ideas be published, usually by the government or the church How did the philosophes get around censorship? By writing fiction (satire) Examples of such literature: 1. Voltaire wrote Candide 2. Montesquieu wrote The Persian Letter 3. Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver s Travels Great Books: Gulliver's Travels

8 Economic Theory Laissez-faire: government should stay hands off of the economy Adam Smith: Scottish economist, wrote The Wealth of Nations, about supply & demand Free market economy: supported by Adam Smith Government s role: the government should help regulate/balance the economy but not interfere too much

9 Baroque art & 3 characteristics 1. Big 2. Bold color 3. Action scenes Rococo style: Softer light, softer colors, softer themes, softer tones Rococo was criticized by baroque artists because they thought rococo was not serious art

10 Reubens, Virgin and Child Enthroned With Saints, c

11 Reubens, The Tiger Hunt,

12 vandyke Charles I of England c Oil on canvas 266 x 207 cm (104 3/4 x 81 1/2 in.) Musée du Louvre, Paris

13 Fragonard, The Reader,

14 Fragonard, The Stolen Kiss, 1788

15 Watteau, Reunion en plein air Meeting in the Open Air, 1719

16 Watteau, The Perspective,

17 Musicians (classical music): 1. Bach, Jesu, Joy of Man s Desiring, Mass in B Minor 2. Handel, Water Music, Messiah 3. Mozart, Requiem 4. Beethoven, #9 Ode to Joy Bugs Bunny??

18 Enlightened despots: absolute monarchs who used their strong power to bring about changes or support artists Examples & contributions: 1. Frederick the Great, Prussia reduced the use of torture, supported artists and musicians 2. Catherine the Great, Russia also reduced torture, wrote letters with Voltaire, 3. Joseph II, Austria allowed some religious toleration of Jews and Protestants in his Catholic kingdom, mandatory elementary education for children

19 Baroque or Rococo art Classical Music For art: print the piece, write 1 paragraph about the artist & the piece. Include the title, where the artist was from, and year it was produced. For music: 1 paragraph about the musician & the piece. Include the title of the piece, where the musician was from, and the year it was produced Election The way states lean

20 2 main reasons Britain was a world power: (p195) 1. Government supported trade 2. Strong navy King George III, years ruled: Main characteristic that made him different from his predecessors: He wanted to take power back from Parliament (which had taken power from the king since 1689) List the colonies in America in 1750: Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island

21 Seven Years War/French & Indian War: : the British and the American colonists fought against the French and Indians, both in the American colonies and Canada Impact on colonies: Significant, the British wanted to increase taxes on the colonists to pay for the war Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Tea Act all raised taxes on goods the colonists could only buy fron England Famous phrase: No taxation without representation. John Locke s influence: people are born with natural rights, government should protect those rights, if not people should overthrow the government Thomas Paine s famous pamphlet: Common Sense, which encouraged the colonists to rebel

22 Declaration of Independence, DATE: July 4, 1776 Primary author: Thomas Jefferson Popular sovereignty: people decide/people create, the government 3 key ideas (of the Declaration of Independence): 1. Natural rights 2. Limited government 3. It is acceptable to rebel against an abusive, powerful government

23 Enlightenment in America Revolutionary War, start & end dates: April 1775 (Lexington & Concord) to 1781 (Treaty of Paris) British allies in America: Loyalists (many moved to Canada after the war) Colonists advantages that led to victory: 1. Support from France (France hated England) 2. Home field advantage 3. Strong leaders (like George Washington)

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