Gluteal muscles. Muscle: Lower
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1 Gluteal muscles 1) Gluteus maximus (L5-S2; inf gluteal n.) 2) Tensor fasciae latae (L4-SI; sup gluteal n.) 3) Gluteus medius (L4-SI; sup gluteal n.) 4) Gluteus minimus (L4-SI; sup gluteal n.) 5) Piriformes (S2,3, direct branches) 6) Obturator internus (L4-S1, direct branches) 7) Superior / inferior gemelli (L5-S1, direct branch) 8) Quadratus femoris (L4-S1, direct branch) 1
2 PSIS Gluteus maximus Cx Gluteal tuberosity Iliotibial tract origin: PSIS to tip of coccyx Inserion: 1/5 gluteal tuberosity rest iliotibial tract L5-S2; inf gluteal n. Extensor of thigh (posterior view) 2
3 Tensor fasciae latae iliac crest behind ASIS iliotibial tract L4-SI; sup. gluteal n. Abductor of thigh; help knee extension Iliac crest Tensor fascia lata Iliotibial tract (anterior view) 3
4 Gluteus medius lat. surface, ilium between ant.& post. gluteal line greater trochanter L4-SI; sup. gluteal n. Abductor of thigh (posterior view) 4
5 Gluteus minimus lat. ilium between ant. & inf. gluteal line greater trochanter L4-SI; sup. gluteal n. Abductor of thigh (posterior view) 5
6 6 Gluteus maximus, abductors of hip
7 Piriformes ant. surface of sacrum, through greater sciatic foramen greater trochanter S2,3, direct branches Abductor; Lateral rotator (posterior view) Anterior sacrum 7
8 Piriformis and Sciatic foramen Piriformis Sciatic N (posterior view) 8
9 Obturator internus med. surface of hip bone around obturator foramen Lesser sciatic foramen (90 o turn) greater trochanter L4-S1, direct branches Abductor, Lateral rotator Obturator foramen (membrane) Lesser sciatic f. (posterior view) Greater trochanter 9
10 Superior and inferior gemelli Ischium: above and below lesser sciatic foramen greater trochanter Sup (obt. Int.); Inf (N to Quadratus femoris) Abductor, Lateral rotator (posterior view) 10
11 Quadratus femoris lat. ischial tuberosity post. greater trochanter (intertrochanteric crest) branch to m. Lateral rotator Ischial tuberosity post. greater trochanter; intertrochanteric crest (posterior view) 11
12 Piriformis, Lateral rotators of Hip Obturator internus Superior / inferior gemelli Quadratus femoris common insertion near medial surface of greater trochanter 12
13 Flexors of hip 1) Psoas major (ventral rami, L2,3) 2) Psoas minor (ventral rami, L2,3) 3) Iliacus (femoral n, L2-4) 4) Pectineus (femoral n, L2-4) 5) Sartorius (femoral n, L2-4) 13
14 Psoas major L1-L5 vertebrae lesser trochanter ventral rami. L2,3 Powerful flexor of thigh L1-5 body & trans. proc (anterior view) Lesser trochanter 14
15 Psoas minor (T12-)L1 (T12)-L1 vertebrae detached upper part of psoas major to iliopubic eminence ventral rami. L1 in 50-60% Iliopubic eminence (anterior view) 15
16 Iliacus pelvic surface of ilium via inguinal lig. lesser trochanter femoral n., L2-4 Flex thigh (Iliopsoas) Inguinal lig. (anterior view) Lesser trochanter 16
17 Pectineus iliopubic ramus just inf. to lesser trochanter femoral n., L2-4 Adductor R. Femur (ant. view) Iliopubic ramus, Pectineal line (medial) R. Tibia (anterior view) 17
18 Sartorius ASIS ASIS med. side of upper end of tibia femoral n., L2-4 Flexor of hip, Abductor of thigh R. Femur (ant. view) (medial) R. Tibia (anterior view) 18
19 19 Adductor group of Hip Superficial layer: 1) Adductor longus 2) Gracilis Deep layer 3) Obturator externus 4) Adductor brevis 5) Adductor magnus obturator n. (L2-4); Add. magnus by tibial of sciatic n. (L4-5)
20 Adductor longus just inf. to pubic tubercle med. linea aspera Obturator n. Adductor R. Femur (ant. view) Pubic tubercle Linea aspera (medial) R. Tibia (anterior view) 20
21 Gracilis inf. ramus of pubis med. side of tibia, post. to sartorius Main action: knee flexor; adductor R. Femur (ant. view) inf. ramus (medial) R. Tibia (anterior view) 21
22 (anterior view) 22 Obturator externus lat. surface obturator membrane trochanteric fossa Obturator n Lateral rotator; Adductor R. Femur (ant. view)
23 Adductor brevis inf pubic ramus linea aspera (most inf to the insertion of adductor longus) Obturator n Adductor R. Femur (ant. view) (medial) Tibia (anterior view) 23
24 Adductor magnus inf. ischiopubic ramus linea aspera (lesser trochanter to adductor tubercle), with adductor hiatus Obturator n; Tibial of sciatic n Adductor R. Femur (ant. view) (Ant. View) (Post. View) adductor hiatus 24
25 25 Femoral triangle Above: Inguinal lig. Femoral a., etc. Inguinal lig. Lateral: Sartorius Medial: Adductor longus with femoral a., v., lymphatics in femoral sheath lat. med. Sartorius R. Femoral (ant. view) Adductor longus
26 26 Adductors of thigh
27 27 Extensors of Knee Quadriceps femoris: patella tibial tuberosity a) Rectus femoris b) Vastus lateralis c) Vastus medialis d) Vastus intermedialis e) [Articularis genus]
28 Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, Vastus lateralis a) Rectus femoris: AIIS b) Vastus lateralis: lat. linea aspera c) Vastus medialis: med. linea aspera (anterior view) 28
29 Vastus intermedialis upper 2/3 of ant. lat. Femur patella (anterior view) 29
30 30 Quadriceps
31 31 Flexors of Knee joint 1) Biceps femoris 2) Semitendinosus 3) Semimembranosus 4) Popliteus N: tibial division of sciatic N
32 Biceps femoris long head: ischial tuberosity short head: linea aspera head of fibula Long: tibial; short: fibular of sciatic n. Flexor of knee; Extensor of thigh (posterior view) 32
33 Semitendinosus ischial tuberosity med. aspect of upper end of tibia (post. to sartorius and gracilis; deep to that of semimembranosus) L5-S2: tibial of sciatic n Flex leg; Extend thigh (posterior view) 33
34 Semimembranosus ischial tuberosity fascial expansion to post. aspect of med. condyle of tibia L5-S2: tibial of sciatic n Flex knee; extend thigh (posterior view) 34
35 (posterior view) 35 Popliteus tendinous origin from lat. condyle of femur, attaches to lat. lemniscus lat. condyle post. aspect of upper tibia (above soleal line) L4-S1: Tibial Flex knee
36 36 Flexors of Knee joint 1) Biceps femoris 2) Semitendinosus 3) Semimembranosus 4) Popliteus Action: 1-3 extend hip, flex knee [Hamstring muscles]; 4 is a weak flexor of knee.
37 37 Dorsiflexors (deep peroneal, fibular n., L4-S1) 1) Tibialis anterior 2) Extensor digitorum longus 3) Extensor hallucis longus 4) Peroneus tertius
38 Tibialis anterior lat. condyle + lat. tibia + interosseous membrane med. cuneiform, 1 st metatarsal (anterior view) 38
39 Extensor digitorum longus lat. condyle, tibia + ant. fibula + interosseous memb. extensor expansion, lat.4 digits (Right, ant.- lat. view) (anterior view) 39
40 Extensors of foot Extensor hallucis longus: Fibula + interosseous memb. base of distal phalanx of great toe Peroneus tertius: Fibula base of 5th metatarsal (anterior view) 40
41 Dorsiflexors (deep peroneal n., L4-S1) 1) Tibialis anterior 2) Extensor digitorum longus 3) Extensor hallucis longus 4) Peroneus tertius Extensor retinaculum at the ankle Action: in addition to dorsiflexion; tibialis ant. inverts foot peroneus tertius everts foot 41
42 42 Everters of the foot 1) Peronens longus 2) Peroneus brevis peroneal compartment superficial peroneal n.
43 43 Peronens longus around lat. malleolus med. Cuneiform + 1 st metatarsal (loops at the groove for Peroneus long on Cuboid) (Right, anterior view)
44 Peroneus brevis around lat.malleolus 5th metatarsal (Right, ant. lat. view) 44
45 Plantar flexors (tibial n.) Muscle inserting into the calcaneum 1) Gastroenemius 2) Plantaris 3) Soleus (L4-SI) Muscles inserting into the sole 4) Tibialis posterior (L4,5) 5) Flexor digitorum longus (L4-S1) 6) Flexor hallucis longus (L4-S1) 45
46 Gastroenemius two heads from femur calcaneal tendon Tibial n. (S1, 2) (posterior view) 46
47 Plantaris & Soleus Underneath gastronemius Plantaris: lat. condyle of femur calcaneum Soleus: soleal line, tibia, fibula calcaneal tendon (posterior view) 47
48 (posterior view) 48
49 (posterior view) 49 Tibialis posterior Interosseous mem.; tendon around med. malleolus tuberosity of navicular + cuneiform (med.+ intermediate) L4,5
50 Flexor digitorum longus medial, post. surface of tibia around med. malleolus 5 tendons, one joins flexor hallucis longus tendon, the others to base of distal phalanx of the lateral 4 digits. L4-S1 (posterior view) 50
51 Flexor hallucis longus inf. post. fibula and interosseous membrane; its tendon grooves caleaneum (sustentaculum tali) distal phalanx of great toe L4-S1 (posterior view) 51
52 52 Posterior compartment
53 Muscles of foot: Dorsum Extensor digitorum brevis; Extensor hallucis brevis (deep peroneal n., S2-3) Calcaneum (ant. dorsal surface), Inf. ext. retinaculum 1 tendon to great toe (prox. phalanx: extensor hallucis brevis) 3 tendons to 2-4 toes (dorsal expansion) (anterior view) 53
54 54 Muscles of Limbs Joints and Digits Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Fingers Hip, Knee, Ankle, Toes Compartments: Anterior, Posterior, (Lateral, Medial) Groups: Extensor, Flexor Abductor, Adductor Rotator Supinator, Pronator
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