Angiosperm Reproduction. Chapter 38
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1 Angiosperm Reproduction Chapter 38
2 Phylum Bryophyta Moss Non vascular Gametophyte is dominant generation (1n)
3 Vascular plants Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns Sperm flagellated (swim) Water required for fertilization
4 Phylum Anthophyta Angiosperms Most advanced vascular plants Flowering Phylum Coniferophyta Gymnosperms
5 Angiosperm plant reproduction Adult plant is a sporophyte Diploid Flowering Gametophyte Haploid
6 Organs 1. Sepal 2. Petal Reproductive organs 3. Stamens Flowers - Filament - Anther w/ pollen sacs (microsporangia) 4. Carpals (pistil) Stamen - Ovary - Style + Stigma (sticky to receive pollen) Anther Filament Petal Receptacle Stigma Style Ovary Sepal (a) Structure of an idealized flower Carpel
7 elderberry Great diversity in flower types Flower types Complete flowers have the 4 floral organs (both male and female)
8 Incomplete flowers May lack petals, sepals, repro organs Knotweed lacks petals Squash flower
9 Male gametophyte = pollen grain (microscopic) Completes its development in anther
10 Pollen sac (microsporangia) contain microsporocyte cells (2n) which divide into 4 microspores (1n)
11 Each microspore contains: 1 generative cell produces 2 sperm cells 1 tube cell will produce pollen tube
12 Pollen is unique
13 (a) Development of a male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Microsporangium (pollen sac) animation Microsporocyte (2n) MEIOSIS 4 microspores (n) Each of 4 microspores (n) Generative cell (n) forms 2 sperm Male gametophyte MITOSIS 75 µm 20 µm Nucleus of tube cell (n) Ragweed pollen grain
14 Female Gametophyte = embryo sac Location: Ovary Megasporocytes(2n) Produce 4 megaspores cells (1n) in ovules 1 megaspore survives female gametophyte
15 100 µm (b) Development of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) MEIOSIS Ovule Megasporangium (2n) Megasporocyte (2n) Integuments (2n) Micropyle Surviving megaspore (n) MITOSIS Ovule Integuments (2n) 3 antipodal cells (n) 2 polar nuclei (n) 1 egg (n) 2 synergids (n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Embryo sac
16 Female gametophyte contains: 1 Ovum 2 Polar nuclei
17 Pollination
18 Wind 20% of angiosperms Inconspicuous flowers Abiotic Pollination by Wind Ex. grasses No advantage to colorful flowers Hazel staminate flowers (stamens only) Hazel carpellate flower (carpels only)
19 Pollination by Bees Insects 65% of angiosperms Nectar Flowers bright colors Bees most important Common dandelion under normal light Common dandelion under ultraviolet light
20 Pollination by Moths and Butterflies Anther Stigma Moth on yucca flower
21 Pollination by Birds Hummingbird drinking nectar of poro flower Birds
22 Pollination by Bats Long-nosed bat feeding on cactus flower at night
23 Fertilization 1. Pollen grain lands on stigma Absorbs water Tube cell produces pollen tube
24 2 sperm released to female gametophyte Ovule Polar nuclei Egg Synergid 2 sperm
25 Double fertilization 2 sperm released to female gametophyte - Attracted to egg by chemicals - 1 sperm fertilizes egg to form zygote (2n) - Other sperm unites with polar nuclei to form 3n endosperm
26 Endosperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) (egg plus sperm)
27 Lily plant
28 Anther Pollen tube Germinated pollen grain (n) (male gametophyte) Ovary Ovule Embryo sac (n) (female gametophyte) FERTILIZATION Egg (n) Sperm (n) Key Mature sporophyte plant (2n) Zygote (2n) Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Germinating seed Seed Seed Embryo (2n) (sporophyte) (b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle Simple fruit
29 True or false? 1. Plants are the only photosynthetic organisms on Earth 2. Plants are heterotrophic organisms 3. Plants reproduce by binary fission 4. Angiosperms use double fertilization in sexual reproduction 5. Fern plants do not produce pollen 6. All stems are above ground 7. Apical buds are also lateral buds 8. Xylem is a vascular tissue of plants 9. Dermal tissue may be covered by a cuticle 10. Adult sporophytes may contain embryonic, meristematic, tissue 11. The male gametophyte is a pollen grain 12. Soil bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen 13. A complete flower has both anther and carpal 14. Microsporocyte cells are located in the plant ovary 15. Angiosperms contain the embryo in a seed 16. Haploid refers to a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes 17. Fertilization is the same process as pollination
30 Seed Development (Chapter 38) Each ovule develops into a seed Ovary becomes the fruit enclosing the seeds
31 Seed coat - hard protection around embryo Seed is dehydrated Tomato seeds with seed coat Apple seeds with seed coat
32 In the seed: Endosperm - Forms from 1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei (3n, triploid) Contains nutrients 3n 2n
33 Seeds with endosperm Coconut has liquid and solid endosperm
34 Mitosis cell division Plant development Zygote embryo seedling plant
35 The mature seed Dehydrated Dormant Metabolism/growth ceases Hard, protective seed coat Cotyledon Becomes first leaves (monocot and eudicot) Radicle Embryonic root radish
36 Seed develops from ovule Seed coat Radicle Epicotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons
37 seed coat, embryo, cotyledons, endosperm Bean germination
38 Radicle, cotyledon, seed coat Foliage leaves Cotyledon Hypocotyl Cotyledon Hypocotyl Epicotyl Cotyledon Hypocotyl Radicle Seed coat (a) Common garden bean Dicot
39 Foliage leaves Coleoptile Coleoptile Radicle (b) Maize monocot
40 Germination when conditions for growth are favorable Examples: Desert plant seeds germinate after substantial rainfall
41 Some seeds require exposure to winter/cold Some must pass through animal digestive tract to soften seed coat Some require fire Buttercup seed requires exposure to cold
42 Fruit forms from ovary Fruit protects seeds Aids in seed dispersal Dry fruits Nuts, legumes Columbine Milkweed Sweet pea Beans Peanut Runner Bean buckwheat sunflower Wheat Rice Corn Barley Rye Oats Walnut Hazelnut Chestnut Acorn
43 Fleshy fruits Lemon Grapefruit Limes Citron Mandarin Clementine Ugli fruit Orange Grapes Tomatoes Bananas Avocados Raspberry Eggplants Currants Persimmons Pears Apples Quince Chokeberry Haw Juneberry Medlar Rowan Sorb apple Cherry Peach Plum Apricot Olive Lychee Pin cherry Coconut Cucumber Watermelon Squash Pumpkin Honeydew melon Sunberry Blackberry Raspberry Boysenberry Loganberry Cloudberry Wineberry Strawberry Mulberry Pineapple Fig Pomegranate Date Cornelian cherry Goumi Jujube Jackfruit Loquat Kumquat Persimmon Kiwi Guava Longan Lychee Akee Breadfruit Camu Camu Carambola Chempedak Custard apple Durian Guarana Mamoncillo Mango Papaya Pineapple Rose apple Tamarind
44 Seed dispersal mechanisms include: 1. Water Dispersal by Water Ex. coconut is buoyant Coconut
45 2. Wind dispersal parachute Whirling Nut (Gyrocarpus) sycamore
46 3. animal dispersal Burdock seeds Tomato seeds
47 Stamen Ovary Fruits classified by developmental features: Simple Fruit Develops from one ovary Pea flower Stigma Ovule Seed (a) Simple fruit Pea fruit
48 Tomato Fruit: The solitary Ovary has produced one Fruit.
49 Aggregate fruit One flower, many ovaries (carpals fuse) Ex. strawberry
50 Multiple fruit
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