Extension Viticulture Program

Transcription

1 Extension Viticulture Program Bernd Maier Extension Viticulture Specialist viticulture.nmsu.edu Cooperative Extension Service

2 Subjects of Engagement Supporting agents with vine/grape related issues Assisting grape growers with day to day management issues Consulting and working with commercial organizations on industry challenges Providing the public at large with information on grape and wine production

3 Specific Tasks Conducting workshops on viticultural topics Evaluating the adaptability of grape varieties to different environments Collecting environmental data to understand growing issues Teaching winemaking

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5 Matching Cultivar and Orchard Site Considerations: Climate & Microclimate Soil & Water Pests & Diseases

6 Absolute Winter Temperature Last Late Frost Date Heat Accumulation (Growing Degree Days GDD) First Fall Freeze Date

7 New Mexico Map

8 Thermal Air Inversions In hilly areas, the Best place to locate your vineyard is in the Thermal zone. Source: The Backyard Vintner, 2005

9 Mean Daily Temperature Range for March Springtime Daily Temperature Range Source: NOAA

10 Growing Degree Days (GDD) Base 50F

11 First Freeze Date Mean

12 NMSU Climate Center:

13 Environmental Modifications Floating Row Cover 3 Season Tunnel Green House Wind Machines Frost Protection Irrigation

14 Rain Cover and Bird Netting

15 Apple Orchard Protected by Hail Netting

16 Richard Heerema Extension Pecan Specialist Extension (75%): Western Pecan Growers Association Conference (every March) Western Pecan Production Short Course (every other September) Otero Pistachio Workshop Pecan/Tree Nut Workshops & Field Days around NM Publications: Extension Pubs, Pecan South, PNP

17 Richard Heerema Extension Pecan Specialist Research (25%): Mineral Nutrition: Nitrogen, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Nickel Irrigation Photosynthesis Flowering Rootstocks Pruning Antioxidants

18 Richard Heerema Extension Pecan Specialist CONTACT INFO: office phone: office location: Skeen N246

19 Matching Cultivar and Orchard Site Considerations: Climate & Microclimate Soil & Water Pests & Diseases

20 Matching Cultivar and Orchard Site Considerations: Climate & Microclimate Soil & Water Pests & Diseases - Soil borne diseases/nematodes - Pests/Diseases/Vectors present - Nearby fields - Rainfall patterns/humidity

21 Matching Cultivar and Orchard Site Considerations: Climate & Microclimate Soil & Water Pests & Diseases - Soil ph and lime content - Soil texture - Slope - Water table and flooding - Salinity - Water source - Irrigation system

22 Matching Cultivar and Orchard Site Considerations: Climate & Microclimate Soil & Water Pests & Diseases - No. of frost-free days - Absolute winter low temp - Chill accumulation - Diurnal temp variation - Summer heat - Wind - Rain - Hail

23 A Basic Principle to Remember: Trees & Vines Were Only Introduced to NM Recently Native Range for Vitis vinivera (grape)

24 A Basic Principle to Remember: Fruit trees are wild trees! Native Range for Pecan Commercial Range for Pecan Source:

25 What is winter chilling? Many temperate fruit trees need a specific amount of exposure to cool temperatures during dormancy before they break bud and bloom in the spring. Different species and different cultivars within the same species may have very different chilling requirements.

26 What is Winter Chilling?? Source: Sparks, 1992.

27 The importance of picking a cultivar with appropriate chilling requirement Insufficient winter chilling Delayed foliation Increased suckering Delayed and extended bloom Poor pollination and reduced % fruit set Reduced fruit quality

28 The importance of picking a cultivar with appropriate chilling requirement Excessive winter chilling Early bloom Increased risk for freeze injury

29 Post-Chill Heat Requirement Heat is required to trigger bud break after the chill requirement is met. Stone fruit typically have a low post-chill heat requirement. Some fruit species have very low chill requirements, but also have a high post-chill heat requirement. Fig Pomegranate Pecan

30 <45 F Model: Calculating Chill Hours -Three Different Models- Each hour below 45 F counts as a chill hour F Model: Each hour between 32 F and 45 F counts as a chill hour.

31 Calculating Chill Hours -Three Different Models- Utah Model 1 hour below 34 F = 0.0 chill unit 1 hour F = +0.5 chill unit 1 hour F = +1.0 chill unit 1 hour F = +0.5 chill unit 1 hour F = 0.0 chill unit 1 hour F = -0.5 chill unit 1 hour >65.01 F = -1.0 chill unit

32 Species Almond Chill Requirement (hours) Apple (mostly >700) Apricot Asian Pear Blackberry Cherry (Sweet) European Pear European Plum Fig Hazelnut/Filbe rt 800 Grape 100+ Japanese Plum Species Jujube Chill Requirement (hours) Low Kiwi Mulberry <400 Peach/Nectarine (mostly ) Pecan <400 (?) Pistachio 800 hours Persimmon Plumcot, etc (a few higher) Pomegranate Quince Strawberry Raspberry Walnut

33 Just to Make it Even More Complicated The Post-Chill Heat Requirement Heat is required to trigger bud break after the chill requirement is met. Stonefruit typically have a very low post-chill heat requirement. Pome fruit typically have a longer post-chill heat requirement. Some fruit species have very low chill requirements, but also have a high post-chill heat requirement. Fig Pomegranate Jujube Pecan

34 NMSU Climate Center:

35 Dave Wilson Nursery Website:

36 Most Importantly: Talk to the Neighbors! Find neighbors that have lived and grown fruit trees/vines in the area for many years. Try to find out what fruit cultivars have worked for others in the area.