Digestive (GI) System Flashcards

Transcription

1 1. What are the two kinds of digestion? Mechanical Chemical 2. Which layer of the digestive tube contains Submucosa lots of elastic fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels? 3. The hepatic portal system has two distinct The first picks up nutrients and the second delivers capillary beds separated by a portal vein. The these nutrients to liver cells. functions of these two capillary beds are what? 4. What structure flaps over the glottis when we Epiglottis swallow food? 5. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in Vitamin B12 order to be absorbed? 6. What are the three main characteristics of the large intestine? 7. What are the three main characteristics of the small intestine? 1) It absorbs much of the water and salts 2) It contains the ascending, transverse, and descending colon. 3) It contains abundant bacteria. It is the site of nutrient absorption It breaks down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals. Stomach 8. Where does food first encounter proteinsplitting enzymes? 9. What is the function of the gallbladder? Storage (not secretion!) of bile 10. Secretin hen the acidic contents of the stomach enter the normally alkaline duodenum, what hormone is released that causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate? 11. What is the semi-fluid paste called that is a result of the food in the stomach being repeatedly squeezed and mixed with gastric juice? 12. What are four characteristics of the duodenum? 13. What are the five the primary functions of the stomach? 14. Does it dehydrate food materials before passing them to the small intestine? Chyme 1) It receives chyme from the stomach. 2) It is within the body cavity with the ileum or jejunum (not retroperitoneal). 3) It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum. 4) It is the site of action of liver and pancreas secretions. 1. Store Food, so it can be slowly released into a small intestine. 2. Churns food into a paste (chime) by mechanical means 3. Kill bacteria. 4. Starts digestion of proteins. 5. Some absorption of water, alcohol No

2 15. Does it store food for later use in the form of fat? 16. What is the terminal portion of the small intestine called? 17. Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another? 18. Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called what? 19. What is the only role of the levator ani muscle in defecation? 20. hat is the correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external? 21. What is the digestive organ primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water? 22. Why are bacteria are abundant in the large intestines, but not in the small intestines or the stomach? No Ileum muscularis externa Absorption It lifts the anal canal superiorly around the feces. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa Large intestine Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach, and the Ileocecal valve prevents the bacteria in the large intestines from migrating up into the small intestines. Stores fat 23. What is the only function of the greater omentum? 24. The epithelium that lines the stomach and intestines is simple columnar. What are the secretion and absorption basic functions of this epithelium? 25. Digestion of what food type would be Lipids affected the most if the bile secreting liver were severely damaged? 26. What are some functions of the liver? 1) detoxification of poisons 2) makes blood proteins 3) Regulates glucose levels 4) Processes fats and amino acids 5) Makes cholesterol 6) Picks up and processes nutrients from the portal blood 7) Storage of some vitamins 8) Makes and secretes bile to emulsify fats 27. Does the liver produce digestive enzymes? Just lipase to digest fats. It does not make protein digesting enzymes they are made by the stomach and pancreas only. 28. Lipids are primarily broken down by substances that are made where? 29. What organ makes most of the digestive enzymes? Liver and pancreas Pancreas

3 30. What cells secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes which kill bacteria in the stomach? 31. What stomach cells secrete an enzyme to digest protein? 32. Which cells secrete digestive enzymes in the pancreas? PARIETAL CELLS CHIEF CELLS Acinar cells 33. Which region of the pancreas secretes Islets of Langerhans insulin? 34. Functions of the digesting system. 1. INGESTION Taking food in by mouth 2.DIGESTION to break food down into simple molecules (Mechanical: churning of food in the stomach, manipulation of food with tongue, tearing and grinding with teeth. (Chemical: breakdown of food with hydrochloric acid) 3.ABSORPTION nutrients enter capillaries 4. DEFECATION to eliminate solid waste products 35. Regional terms of digestive system. Uper GI= stomach and areas superior, lower GI = areas inferior to the stomach 36. Roof of the mouth is also known as? Palate. Hard Palate = bone. Soft Palate = soft tissue. 37. The flap of skin under the tongue at the Lingual Frenulum midline. 38. Fibers in the tongue go in all direction and Good Range of Motion have no fascicles, allowing what? 39. What is the primary function of salivary To prevent bacterial growth and moisten food glands? 40. How many deciduous teeth (baby teeth) are 20 there? 41. How many incisors are there? 8: for cutting like scissors 42. How many canines are there? 4: for tearing 43. What are pre-molar bicuspids? (Bicuspids = 2 roots) 8: for chewing, some tearing. 44. How many molars are there? Gums are also known as what? Gingiva 46. What is the major cause of tooth loss? Periodontitis, which is when the gums pull away from the tooth and the bacteria extends down to the periodontal ligament and erode it. 47. What is the hardest substance in your body? The enamel of teeth 48. What is a rhythmic contraction to push Peristalsis something along by smooth muscle contraction?

4 49. A back-and-forth squeezing of the muscle to Segmentation grind up food. Food moves forward then backward a little, then forward again. Function is to churn up the food inside. 50. The esophagus goes through the thoracic Cardiac Sphincter. cavity and empties to the stomach through this. It is a thickening of the muscularis externa 51. What are the regions of the stomach? 1. Cardiac region. 2. fundus 3. body 4. pyloric region. 5. pyloric sphincter. 52. What are the folds that allow the stomach to Rugae expand? 53. The parietal cells in the stomach secrete a Intrinsic factor. substance called? 54. What vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? 55. Third layer of the muscularis externum found only in the stomach, that helps churns food in a third plane. 56. This describes when acid from the stomach leaks into the esophagus, and causes erosion of the lining. This is known as heartburn. 57. How is Helicobacter pylori infections spread? Vitamin B12 Oblique Layer Acid reflux Sharing saliva with someone who has stomach ulcers, especially sharing a toothbrush. 58. How can people vomit? Because the cardiac sphincter is not a true sphincter, it doesn t close well, which allows us to throw up. 59. Part of the stomach, protrudes through HIATAL HERNIA esophageal hiatus, that causes pain and difficulty swallowing. 60. This is where most digesting and absorption Small Intestine. of food takes place. 61. Folds in the small intestine. Plicae Circularis 62. What is a Brush Border? Plicae, which have villi, which have microvilli 63. Regions of the small intestine. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum 64. Where is the site of action of liver and DUODENUM pancreas secretions? 65. What organ is an endocrine gland, and a Pancreas digestive gland, and makes most of the digestive enzymes? 66. What makes bicarbonate to increase the ph Pancreas (decrease the acidity) of the chyme coming from the stomach. 67. What hormone tells the pancreas to secrete Secretin bicarbonate? 68. What happens when bile salts crystallize? Gall Stones Form.

5 69. What are treatments for gall stones? Gall bladder is usually taken out. 70. This is the part of the small intestine where JEJUNUM most digestion and much absorption occurs 71. All the rest of the absorption in the small Ileum intestine takes place here. 72. This is where the new epithelial cells come Crypt of Lieberkuhn from, and they are pushed upwards into the villi to replace the digested cells. 73. Its function is to absorb breakdown Lacteals products of fat 74. Its an autoimmune disease of the GI tract, Crohns Disease. and commonly affects the small intestine. It is usually caused by genetics, and commonly occurs to males in their 20 s 75. Genetic autoimmune disorder of the small Celiac disease (sprue) intestine, causing chronic diarrhea when the person is allergic to gluten. 76. What is steatorrhea? having pale, loose and greasy stools 77. How do you get intestinal gas? When there are certain carbohydrates that are not digested, and are instead eaten by bacteria in the intestine. The bacteria produce the gas 78. a disease which attacks the large intestine, Cholera preventing water absorption, and can be fatal in hours. 79. Regions of the Large Intestine Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus 80. This is a lymph node below the cecum and is Appendix a lymph node, and contains E Coli 81. This muscle lifts the sigmoid colon Levator Ani muscle superiorly, to allow fecal matter to release. When it is relaxed, only gas can pass. 82. These muscles control defecation at the Internal and External anal sphincter. rectum/anus. 83. How long does it take food to be processed 24 hrs through the entire digestive tract? 84. What are the four functions of intestinal bacteria (coliforms)? 1) Makes vitamins (B5, K, and biotin) 2) Keeps out harmful bacteria 3) Eats fiber (plant cell walls), which we cannot digest 4) Allows material to move through the large 85. is a group of inflammatory condition of the colon and small intestine. intestine easier Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

6 86. An intermittent disease, the main symptom is Ulcerative Colitis constant diarrhea mixed with blood, of gradual onset. Colectomy (partial or total removal of the large bowel through surgery) is occasionally necessary, and is considered to be a cure. 87. Symptoms of this are chronic abdominal IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) pain, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any detectable organic cause. May manifest as diarrhea or constipation or may alternate between the two 88. What is an accurate test for colon cancer? Colonoscopy 89. Varicose veins in the rectum. Hemorrhoids 90. This is the largest internal organ of the body, The Liver located on the right side, below the diaphragm, and extends below the costal margin (can palpate). It has many functions and is the most complex organ except the brain, and as over 500 known functions. 91. What are the two main sources of blood for The hepatic artery, and the Hepatic portal system. the liver? 92. What is the functional unit of the liver? Liver Lobule 93. Function of Hepatocytes Detox of poisons, picking up and processing of nutrients from the portal blood, and storage of some vitamins. 94. What are Kupffer Cells? They are macrophages in the liver. 95. How does the liver remove old RBC s? As blood flows through the sinusoids, they phagocytize old erythrocytes. The released Hgb is given to the hepatocytes, which convert it to bilirubin, one of the main components of BILE. 96. What is Hepatitis? Infection of the liver. 97. Why is it that liver transplant patients and Because the liver is able to regenerate donors end up successful? 98. Congenital condition in which the major Situs Inversus visceral organs in the thorax and abdomen are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions.