Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are Divisions of the Biosphere. CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy O 2 + Sugar
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1 Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are Divisions of the Biosphere CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy O 2 + Sugar
2 Today! Biome review Ecosystems Abiotic factors Biotic factors Ecological hierarchy Begin workbook pages (due class AFTER next)
3 iomes review What is a biome? Name the 8 terrestrial biomes What do latitude, elevation, wind, and ocean currents influence? What is a climatograph? What are the 3 ways organisms can adapt?
4 Science 10 Chapter 1.2 Ecosystems
5 1.2 Ecosystems a biological community of interacting organisms (biotic) and their physical environment (abiotic) Are smaller subdivisions of biomes A habitat is where an organism lives
6 Abiotic factors ALLOW biotic factors to Abiotic factors: air, water, soil, nutrients, light Biotic factors: plants, animals, micro-organisms survive in an ecosystem
7 Back to Biomes
8 Ecosystems are different sizes A biome is made up of many similar ecosystems Small ecosystem examples: puddle, rotting stump, tide pool Large ecosystem examples: coastal Douglas Fir forest, Gary Oak, coast mountain range
9 Abiotic Examples in Terrestrial Ecosystems Light is required for photosynthesis stores solar energy as starches and carbohydrates Oxygen is produced by: green plants, some micro-organisms, used by animals and most other micro-organisms Water is necessary for all life Nutrients often enter food chain from plants (IMPORTANT for growth) Soil contains water, nutrients, and is a home to many plants/animals
10 Photosynthesis A chemical reaction in the chloroplast of plant cells where sunlight is used in the presence of chlorophyll to make food (glucose) for the plant. Sunlight + 6H CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (Sun + Water + carbon dioxide sugar + oxygen)
11 Soil Provides nutrients for plants, supports life for many small organisms Anchors plants in one place, absorbs and holds water, making it available to plants and animals Soil organisms maintain soil structure (e.g., Earthworms)
12 Soil Some soil organisms break down pollutants (e.g., Bacteria) Some store carbon by eating insects, taking OM underground, aerating soil Example: ground beetles, dung beetles
13 Habitat (Latin: it inhabits ) the natural environment where an organism lives the physical environment that surrounds (influences and is utilized by) a species population. E.g., sculpin s habitat = between bottom of tide pool ecosystem
14 Structure of Biotic Interactions Interactions of plants, animals, and microorganisms are organized in an ecological heirarchy Individual Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere 1. Individual: an organism 2. Species: a group of closely related organisms that can reproduce with each other
15 Structure of Biotic Interactions 3. Population: all members of a particular species within an ecosystem Many different species interact with each other to form a 4. Community: all the populations of different species that interact in an ecosystem E.g., mosquitoes, robins, raccoons, cougars
16 Niches (specializations) The role an organism has within an ecosystem, physically, chemically, and biologically Its job, how it contributes to, and fits in the environment Dragons den investors dislike micro-niches
17 The blue heron s niche Live near water where they can fish Can nest in nearby trees and bushes Feed alone, but tolerate other birds Can find food in deeper water because of long legs This allows them to occupy a different niche than short-legged herons Great Blue Heron
18 Coming up Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems 1. Symbiosis I. Commensalism II. Mutualism III. Parasitism 2. Competition 3. Predation 4. Mimicry
19 Today! Ecosystems Abiotic factors Biotic factors Ecological hierarchy Niches Begin WB (due class AFTER next)
20 Today! Biotic interactions in ecosystems WB pages due tomorrow Chapter review Thursday A Celebration! (of learning)
21 Fer-de-lance FPic
22 Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems 1. Symbiosis (symbiotic int.) I. Commensalism II. Mutualism III. Parasitism 2. Competition 3. Predation 4. Mimicry
23 Commensalism (a form of symbiosis) One species benefits and the other is not helped or harmed. an organism using another for transportation, housing, or something another created, after the death of the first. E.g., hermit crabs that use gastropod shells, or barnacles on a whale
24 Mutualism (a form of symbiosis) both individuals of the relationship derive a benefit. E.g.,: goby fish and shrimp. Shrimp digs/cleans a burrow in sand where they both live. Shrimp is almost blind (vulnerable to predators above) Danger! Goby fish touches shrimp with tail to warn it. Both quickly retreat into burrow.
25 Parasitism (a symbiotic relationship) One species benefits while harming the other E.g., Roundworms in humans
26 Fig wasps mutualism or parasitism?
27 Competition Organisms require the same resource at the same location at the same time (may occupy the same niche) Health, growth and ability to reproduce can be limited in individual organisms and populations. E.g., coyote territory, moose mating, scotch broom
28 Competition Successful Plants: - Some release chemicals into the soil to prevent growth of other plants - This can allow the plant to reproduce very quickly - Can be an invasive species E.g., Scotch broom (changes soil ph)
29 Predation The relationship between the eaters and the eaten Predators have adaptations to help catch prey, prey have adaptations to avoid predators Some work in packs, others hunt alone if small prey is abundant (rabbits, mice, squirrels) Lone hunters compete with each other (especially if food is scarce)
30 Predation term used to describe predator-prey interactions where one organism eats all or part of another organism One organism is harmed, one benefits (different from parasitism because parasites usually don t kill the host)
31 Predation Predator Adaptations: - Highly developed senses (eyesight, smell) - fangs, claws Prey Adaptations: - Spines, shells, poison, camouflage, mimicry
32 Caribbean Reef Squid Belize 2013
33 Caribbean Reef Squid Belize 2013
34 Coral Snake 0xQ Red touches yellow, you re a dead fellow Yellow touches black, good friend of Jack
35 Mimicry is so cool!
36 Mimicry Belize 2013
37 Today! Biotic interactions in ecosystems WB pages due next class Chapter review Coming up A Celebration! of learning)
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