Grid Connection Equipment and Technology Best Practice and Philosophy
|
|
- Angel Todd
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Grid Connection Equipment and Technology Best Practice and Philosophy CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION GENERATOR GRID CONNECTION - PRINCIPLES SYNCHRONIZATION AND CONNECTION 1 3 SYNCHRONIZATION VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION SYNCHRONISATION LIMITS SYNCHRONISATION OF INDUCTION MACHINES SYNCHRONISATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES INTERCONNECTION PROTECTION INTERCONNECTION PROTECTION OUTLINE UNDER AND OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION UNDER AND OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION TIME DELAY ON VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY PROTECTION ISLANDING HAZARDS OF ISLANDING UNEARTHED OPERATION LOWER FAULT LEVELS OUT OF SYNCHRONISATION RECLOSURE VOLTAGE LEVELS QUALITY OF SUPPLY RISK TO MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL ISLANDING SUMMARY LOSS OF MAINS PROTECTION RATE OF CHANGE OF FREQUENCY VOLTAGE VECTOR SHIFT INTER TRIPPING OTHER POSSIBLE METHODS 7 4 INTER CONNECTION PROTECTION IMPLEMENTATION INTERCONNECTION PROTECTION SETTINGS INTERCONNECTION PROTECTION TESTING OTHER SYSTEM TESTING 8
2 1 Introduction The issues to be covered in this section are: Grid connection principles Synchronisation requirements and methods Interconnection protection Islanded operation meaning and hazards Loss of Mains protection Protection implementation and testing 1.1 Generator Grid Connection - Principles The distribution network should not be unacceptably affected by the generator. That is to say, the quality of supply to customers should be maintained at all times. This is the prime DNO requirement. Conversely, the generating equipment is not to be damaged by the distribution system. The generator should be able to operate, and export power to the grid as intended. Safety should be maintained at all times for the generator, distribution system and customers 2 Synchronization and Connection A generator must be synchronized with the grid prior to connection. Specific regulations must be followed for the interconnection arrangements and protection, for example G59 or G83 in the UK. Other requirements that must be complied with include: Electrical safety, earthing, voltage regulation, harmonics 3 Synchronization Synchronisation means the minimisation of the difference in: magnitude (voltage) frequency phase angle between the corresponding phases of the generator output and the grid supply prior to the connection of the two supplies. Synchronisation MUST occur before a generator can be connected to the grid Synchronisation can be achieved either manually or automatically, Automatic synchronisation is preferred. It is very unlikely that new installations will include only manual synchronisation. If manual synchronisation is suggested for a particular reason, its safe and reliable operation should be seriously considered and implemented carefully. DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 1
3 3.1 Voltage Fluctuation There will normally be a voltage fluctuation on the distribution line when a generator is synchronised. During Synchronisation of a generator, the induced voltage fluctuation on the grid should: 1. not normally exceed 3% at the Point of Common Coupling, and 2. should meet the requirements for voltage step and flicker 3.2 Synchronisation limits The normal limits specified for allowing synchronisation are: Phase angle +/- 20 degrees Maximum voltage difference 7% Maximum slip frequency 0.44 % These are the maximum settings of a synch check relay Synch Check relay A synch check relay must be used to check that the synchronisation of the generator and the grid is within the specified limits. The relay must operate on at least two, and preferably all three phases to ensure phase rotation is correct. The use of synch check relays does not apply to induction generators. The requirement for a synch check relay in addition to automatic synchronisation systems is: 1. to act as a backup during synchronisation and 2. to act as a backup to ensure a generator will not connect to a dead distribution line 3.3 Synchronisation of Induction machines An Induction generator is easily synchronised and connected with the grid. It just needs to be run up to synchronous speed and connected BUT there will be a large inrush current and consequent drop in voltage. Some standards require that there is limited inrush current The two main methods of synchronization are: 1. Use an electronic soft start unit to motor the generator up to the synchronous speed. This method can be used to control inrush current. A standard motor controller is used to run the generator up to the synchronous speed and is then bypassed by a contactor. 2. Use the turbine shaft power (with the control valve very slightly open), to mechanically drive the generator up to synchronous speed. Once the generator is at the synchronous speed, the generator may be connected to the grid. It is best if the generator speed is slightly above the synchronous speed as the generator will then export power as it slows down to the synchronous speed. 3.4 Synchronisation of Synchronous Machines A Synchronous machine needs to be running at synchronous speed and has the additional requirement that the generator s output voltage waveform should be in phase with the grid DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 2
4 voltage waveform. Put another way, the phase angle between the generator output and the grid supply must be within specified limits. Not only should the generator s output voltage waveform be in phase with the grid voltage waveform but, during the process of synchronizing, the rate of change in phase angle between the grid and the generator must be within specified limits. A Synch Check relay is used to ensure that the generator is connected to the grid only when it is in synch. Synchronisation can be achieved by either: 1. Controlling the turbine power so that the generator speed will slowly pass through the synchronous speed and hoping that the voltages will pass through being in phase this needs good turbine speed control. 2. Control of the load on the generator to achieve synchronisation. This can practically be achieved with an Electronic Load Control (ELC) system. ELC systems are described in another section of this guide. This method of synchronization permits a very smooth an accurate way of connecting the generator to the grid. 3.5 Variable Speed Drives A variable speed drive arrangement can be used to maintain a constant output frequency whilst allowing the generator speed to vary. This can be useful with low head reaction turbines which only run efficiently if the speed of the turbine matches the flow if the flow changes, the speed of the turbine needs to change to maintain efficiency. Such turbines include the Propellor turbine and the Archemedies screw type turbines (such as one implemented by GP Electronics at the Dart Country Park). Using a variable speed drive, the turbine can be run at it s optimum operating speed for the available flow and head. A pair of variable speed motor drives are used to connected back-toback with one half of the system running in regenerative breaking mode. Fig Variable speed drive example DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 3
5 3.6 Interconnection Protection Interconnection Protection describes the protection required between the generator and the distribution system. The Interconnection Protection is required to ensure the principles outlined in the Introduction for generator connection are complied with. The required Interconnection Protection will depend on a number of factors, including: 1. Individual and cumulative generation capacity 2. Generator type 3. Relative size compared to captive load 3.7 Interconnection Protection Outline The primary types of interconnection protection required for embedded generators include: Under and Over Voltage Under and Over Frequency Loss of Mains (Islanding) protection includes: ROCOF true ROCOF Voltage Vector Shift Intertripping Neutral Voltage Displacement Under and over voltage protection Under and over voltage protection is required to: 1. Ensure the grid system is operating within specification and is suitable for connection (e.g. it will not damage the generator). 2. Act as a backup Loss of Mains protection Typical settings: Under voltage -10% of nominal voltage Over voltage +10% of nominal voltage Under and over frequency protection Under and over frequency protection is required to: 1. Ensure the grid system is operating within specification and is suitable for connection (e.g. it will not damage the generator) 2. Act as a backup Loss of Mains protection Typical settings: Under frequency -6% of nominal frequency Over frequency +1% of nominal frequency DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 4
6 3.7.3 Time delay on voltage and frequency protection A time delay is usually allowed for the operation of voltage and frequency protection. This time delay is to minimise nuisance tripping due to grid system disturbances. The maximum time delay must be less than the minimum operating time of auto-reclose devices used on the distribution line. Typical maximum time delay is 0.5 secs this includes the operation time of any relays and breakers in the control and protection system. Generator operators should make use of this time delay to minimise nuisance tripping. 3.8 Islanding An Islanded situation is where the generator(s) and some local loads have become disconnected from the main distribution system. The usual situation is a section of distribution line (or the complete distribution line or lines), becomes disconnected from the main distribution / transmission system. The generator(s) output may balance with the load demand. 3.9 Hazards of Islanding The hazards created during islanded operation are: 1. Unearthed operation of the distribution system 2. Lower fault levels 3. Out of synchronisation reclosure 4. Voltage levels outside statutory limits 5. Reduction in quality of supply 6. Risk to maintenance personnel Unearthed operation Usually the distribution line is only earthed at the grid sub station. At the generating site the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer is in delta configuration with no earth. When the distribution line, and its generator(s), are disconnected from the grid sub-station the line is not earthed. This is a potential hazard as line voltages may become excessive in a fault. This is detected by Neutral Voltage Displacement protection Lower Fault Levels In an islanded condition the fault level will be reduced. The fault level contribution from the grid sub station has been lost. The reduction in fault level will affect the operation of protection on the distribution line. There may not be sufficient current generated in a fault condition to operate the protection Out of Synchronisation Reclosure During islanded operation the island will not maintain synchronisation with the grid system. When the grid system attempts to reconnect the islanded distribution line to the grid system there will an out of synchronisation siituation at the reconnection point. If out of synchronisation reclosure occurs, there will be sudden and potentially large power flows and voltage disturbances. This may cause damage to distribution, generator and consumer equipment DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 5
7 The use of synch check or dead line check relays on auto reclose breakers will protect against out of synchronisation reclosure. If auto reclosers are to be used on distribution lines that have emebedded generators connected to them, the reclose time should be at least twice the maximum disconnection time of any generator protection systems Voltage Levels The voltage levels of an islanded distribution line are controlled by the generator voltage regulators, the generated power and the load demand. Voltage levels may go outside statutory or normal operating limits Quality of supply The quality of supply of an islanded distribution line will generally be reduced. It will be subject to voltage variations as there is limited generating capacity and may be little control on the output of this capacity Risk to Maintenance Personnel There is a risk to the distribution system maintenance personnel from islanded operation. For example, a line may be disconnected for maintenance purposes and the maintenance personnel may assume the line will become, or remain, dead. Should a generator continue to be connected, or become connected later, this will be a hazard for them Islanding summary Due to the hazards listed the operation of an islanded situation is generally not allowed. There may be an advantage to consumers, and generating companies, to allow islanded operation. This is the maintenance of supply when a line has been disconnected. This advantage is small and the hazards outweigh the advantages. It may be allowed in special situations with appropriate additional protection 3.10 Loss of Mains Protection Loss of Mains (LoM) Protection is designed to sense when the generator, and any local loads, have become disconnected from the main grid system that is to say, when an island has been created. Normal forms of Loss of Mains protection for G59 sized systems are: 1. Rate of Change of Frequency usually referred to by the terms RoCoF or df/dt 2. Voltage Vector Shift usually referred to by the term dv 3. Inter tripping Rate of Change of Frequency When an island occurs, there is usually an imbalance between the generator output and local captive load. The generator will therefore speed up or slow down. This causes a change of frequency. The change of frequency can be detected by a Rate of Change of Frequency relay (RoCoF or df/dt). Settings of the relay required depend upon the relative size of generation, captive load and system inertia. The first two items are difficult to quantify. A typical setting is 0.15 Hz/second. DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 6
8 Voltage Vector Shift At the moment when an island occurs, there will be a jump in the voltage waveform as the current flow is disturbed. The size of the waveform jump will depend upon the current flow and system characteristics. This jump is known as Voltage Vector Shift. It can be single or three phase usually single phase is asked for to detect loss of a single overhead line. Typical settings are 6 to 8 degrees. Setting requirement will be as the same as given for Rocof, however, it will depend on the generation and location Inter tripping Inter tripping is a communication connection between the distribution sub-station and the generator. If there is a trip at the sub-station (e.g. caused by a line fault) this will signal to the generator to disconnect as an island has formed. Whilst is very reliable, it is expensive to make arrangements for and implement. This is because it requires fail safe, reliable communications. In order to arrange for this, the distributed network operator (DNO might need a fixed leased line. Usually this kind of arrangement is only made for larger generation schemes of several MW or more Other possible methods Other methods of islanding protection that may be considered for some particular situations include: 1. Low power or reverse power protection 2. Fault throwing causing a line fault which will operate other forms of protection 3. Reverse VAR protection- detecting a flow of reactive power from the generator to the grid. Requires the generator to normally import reactive power and have stable power factor control 4 Inter connection Protection Implementation Inter connection protection necessitates the use of standard relays or proprietary systems. Standard protection relays are available from several manufacturers such as Selco, Areva, P&B Engineering and SEG/AVK. Nowadays, the equipment is always digital. Proprietary systems have been developed for specific applications. These are analogue or digital systems. From a specification view point, always use relays designed and manufactured to IEC standards e.g. IEC 255 to ensure performance and compatibility. It is also good practice to have a direct operation of the breaker / contactor by the protection relay. If relying on a PLC system then the PLC code may need to be proved and verified which could be time consuming and expensive Interconnection Protection settings The standards and connection agreement will specify protection settings. Loss of Mains relays are a common source of nuisance tripping. For example, local grid disturbances (particularly on weak distribution lines), can cause voltage dips and vector shifts. This may cause problems for a generator loosing generation time and may be a reason to discuss possible changes to settings. A common cause of tripping can be a problem when a fault on one distribution line causes tripping on other lines. Some forms of islanding protection are more subject to common cause tripping. DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 7
9 4.2 Interconnection Protection testing An on-site test will normally be required by the Network Operator when the system is first grid connected. Testing is required to prove the operation of the interconnection protection and verify settings. Testing is undertaken by the generator and witnessed by the Network Operator engineer. It is the responsibility of the generator to provide a suitable test procedure and test equipment. It is normally the Generator operator s responsibility to maintain and re-test the protection equipment at regular intervals (typically every 3-5 years). In order to do this, the following preparations will need to be made before the day of the test: 1. Discuss and agree tests to be undertaken and test procedures with the Network Operator engineer before hand 2. Check through the test form to be completed by the Network Operator engineer 3. Provide single line protection drawings to the Network Operator engineer 4. Use calibrated test equipment 5. Agree where signals are to be injected and protection operation is to be measured Tests will include: Over and Under Voltage Over and Under Frequency Loss of Mains ROCOF and / or Voltage vector shift Loss of supply disconnect main supply Loss of phase disconnect one phase of the supply. On an LV connected system the Utility can usually pull one supply fuse. On an HV connected system the Generator may have to add a facility to disconnect one phase Loss of supply to the protection relay 4.3 Other System Testing It is the generator operator s responsibility to undertake testing of all other electrical equipment. These tests will include at least the following: 1. Cable integrity, connections and fixing 2. Insulation resistance 3. Earthing continuity 4. Earth system resistance 5. Control system operation 6. Sensor operation 7. Generator AVR and PFC setup and commissioning A clear record must be made of all tests and the test procedures should comply with the appropriate legislation. This is a large subject which is beyond the scope of this section. David Roberts MorbenHydro November 2008 DR-S6-RevA.doc Section 6 Page 8
Advanced Protection of Distribution Networks with Distributed Generators
Date:- 8 10 March 2011 Venue: University of Manchester EES-UETP Course title Advanced Protection of Distribution Networks with Distributed Generators Peter Crossley Director of the Joule Centre School
More informationINTRODUCTION TO SYNCHRONIZING AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZING CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION TO SYNCHRONIZING AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZING CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION It is the intention of this presentation to provide an explanation of the automatic synchronizing process,
More informationSPECIFICATION COG-2007
Cleco Power LLC SPECIFICATION COG-2007 FOR PARALLEL OPPERATION OF CUSTOMER-OWNED GENERATION ON CLECO S ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Revised: March 7, 2014 CONTENTS ITEM NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.0 Scope 3 2.0 Policy On
More informationTransmission Protection Overview
Transmission Protection Overview 2012 Hands-On Relay School Brian Smyth Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Pullman, WA Transmission Line Protection Objective General knowledge and familiarity with transmission
More informationNuclear Power Plant Electrical Power Supply System Requirements
1 Nuclear Power Plant Electrical Power Supply System Requirements Željko Jurković, Krško NPP, zeljko.jurkovic@nek.si Abstract Various regulations and standards require from electrical power system of the
More information100% Stator Ground Fault Detection Implementation at Hibbard Renewable Energy Center. 598 N. Buth Rd 3215 Arrowhead Rd
100% Stator Ground Fault Detection Implementation at Hibbard Renewable Energy Center Introduction Roger Hedding Steven Schoenherr, P.E. ABB Inc. Minnesota Power 598 N. Buth Rd 3215 Arrowhead Rd Dousman,
More informationGenerator Stator Protection, under/over voltage, under /over frequency and unbalanced loading. Ramandeep Kaur Aujla S.NO 250447392
1 Generator Stator Protection, under/over voltage, under /over frequency and unbalanced loading By Ramandeep Kaur Aujla S.NO 250447392 ES 586b: Theory and applications of protective relays Department of
More informationSIZING THE PRIMARY POWER SYSTEM FOR RESISTANCE WELDERS
SIZING THE PRIMARY POWER SYSTEM FOR RESISTANCE S By Jack Farrow, May, 2004 WELDING TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION ABSTRACT Information on how to select the correct size of substation transformer and 480V bus to
More informationDistribution Operations with High-penetration of Beyond the Meter Intermittent Renewables. Bob Yinger Southern California Edison April 15, 2014
1 Distribution Operations with High-penetration of Beyond the Meter Intermittent Renewables Bob Yinger Southern California Edison April 15, 2014 Southern California Edison SCE provides power to: Nearly
More informationDC TRANSMISSION BASED ON VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS
DC TRANSMISSION BASED ON VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS by Gunnar Asplund, Kjell Eriksson, Hongbo Jiang, Johan Lindberg, Rolf Pålsson, Kjell Svensson ABB Power Systems AB Sweden SUMMARY Voltage Source Converters
More informationGeneral Validation Test Program for Wind Power Plants Connected to the Hydro-Québec Transmission System
General Validation Test Program for Wind Power Plants Connected to the Hydro-Québec Transmission System Direction Planification des actifs et expertise de transport February 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CONDUCTING
More informationEngineering Recommendation G59 Issue 3 Amendment 1 August 2014
PRODUCED BY THE OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE OF ENERGY NETWORKS ASSOCIATION Engineering Recommendation G59 Issue 3 Amendment 1 August 2014 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONNECTION OF GENERATING PLANT TO THE DISTRIBUTION
More informationSession 10: General Overview of Interconnection Standards & Grid Codes for High Penetration PV October 21, 2015 Santiago, Chile
Session 10: General Overview of Interconnection Standards & Grid Codes for High Penetration PV October 21, 2015 Santiago, Chile Michael Coddington National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado,
More informationConnection of micro-generation to the electricity distribution network
Connection of micro-generation to the electricity distribution network Network recommendation YA9:09 Sivu 1(20) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...3 1. MARKINGS AND DEFINITIONS...3 2. DEFINITION OF MICRO-GENERATION
More informationTransfer Equipment Controls
Control Types Manual Transfer Switches Nonautomatic Transfer Switches Automatic Transfer Switches The type of control system for the transfer switch will vary depending on the type of switching equipment
More informationInstallation manual. Generator Paralleling Controller GPC multi-line 2 4189340225C
Installation manual Generator Paralleling Controller GPC multi-line 2 Software ver. 1.3X Compact system in one unit - dynamic synchronisation - load sharing - generator protection DEIF A/S 3-phase AC RMS
More informationHow the National Grid System Operates. Chris Gorman Lead Account Executive Syracuse
How the National Grid System Operates Chris Gorman Lead Account Executive Syracuse 2 Parts of the Electric System Parts of the Electric System 1. Generating Station: Produces Electricity. 2. Transmission
More informationTypical Data Requirements Data Required for Power System Evaluation
Summary 66 Carey Road Queensbury, NY 12804 Ph: (518) 792-4776 Fax: (518) 792-5767 www.nepsi.com sales@nepsi.com Harmonic Filter & Power Capacitor Bank Application Studies This document describes NEPSI
More informationGuidelines for ATS selection: How to choose the right transfer solution for your power application.
Power topic #7012 Technical information from Cummins Power Generation Inc. Guidelines for ATS selection: How to choose the right transfer solution for your power application. > White Paper By Gary Olson,
More informationIntegration of Distributed Generation in the Power System. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2171489/ Integration of Distributed Generation in the Power System. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering Description: A forward
More informationCLASS Voltage Regulation Scheme. 27 February 2014
CLASS Voltage Regulation Scheme 27 February 2014 Functional Specifications and Voltage Regulation Scheme for the Autonomous Substation Controllers (ASCs) Date: 27 February 2014 Page 2 of 26 Table of Contents
More informationECE 586b Course Project Report. Auto-Reclosing
ECE 586b Course Project Report Auto-Reclosing Srichand Injeti May 5, 2008 Department Of Electrical and computer Engineering University Of Western Ontario, London Ontario Table of contents 1. Introduction...1
More informationFRCC Standards Handbook. FRCC Automatic Underfrequency Load Shedding Program. Revision Date: July 2003
F R C C FRCC Standards Handbook FRCC Automatic Underfrequency Load Shedding Program Revision Date: July 2003 FRCC Underfrequency Load Shedding Program Modification and Approval Process Requests to modify
More informationELECTRICAL INSULATION TESTING OF HV EQUIPMENT UP TO 33kV
1. SCOPE This document details PowerSystems requirements for electrical testing of HV Equipment up to and including 33kV. 2. ISSUE RECORD This is a Reference document. The current version of Controlled
More informationTest & Data Management Software
Test & Data Management Software TDMS protective relays energy meters transducers power quality CT-VT-PT transformers ground grid circuit breakers batteries surge arresters The Integrated Testing Solution
More informationCO-ORDINATION OF PARALLEL AC-DC SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE
CO-ORDINATION OF PARALLEL AC-DC SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE Ana Diez Castro & Rickard Ellström Ying Jiang Häfner Christer Liljegren Vattenfall Utveckling AB ABB Power Systems Gotlands Energiverk AB
More informationReactive Power and Importance to Bulk Power System OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ENGINEERING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Reactive Power and Importance to Bulk Power System OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ENGINEERING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DIVISION Outline What is Reactive Power and where does it come from? Why is it important?
More informationBasics of Electricity
Basics of Electricity Generator Theory PJM State & Member Training Dept. PJM 2014 8/6/2013 Objectives The student will be able to: Describe the process of electromagnetic induction Identify the major components
More informationFor a phase-to-phase voltage between 100 V and 1000 V. The standard ratings are: 400 V - 690 V - 1000 V (at 50 Hz)
24 1. NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS definition Standard IEC 38 defines voltage ratings as follows: - Low voltage () For a phase-to-phase voltage between 100 V and 1000 V. The standard ratings are: 400 V - 690
More informationFREJA Win Software for FREJA relay testing system
Software for FREJA relay testing system A Megger Group Company Software for FREJA relay testing system In FREJA Win, the all-round General instrument program serves as a convenient, easy to understand,
More informationWIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
Module 2.2-2 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY Electrical System Gerhard J. Gerdes Workshop on Renewable Energies November 14-25, 2005 Nadi, Republic of the Fiji Islands Contents Module 2.2 Types of generator systems
More information..OR How To Protect your 3-Phase Equipment Investment with 3-Phase Monitors from Time Mark...
..OR How To Protect your 3-Phase Equipment Investment with 3-Phase Monitors from Time Mark... TIME MARK CORPORATION 11440 EAST PINE STREET TULSA, OK 74116 USA tel 918 438-1220 fax 918 437-7584 www.time-mark.com
More informationSpecifying a Variable Frequency Drive s
Specifying a Variable Frequency Drive s Put on by Bruce Reeves and Jeremy Gonzales Dykman Electrical Covering the Western US For all of your VFD and Soft Start and Motor Needs How To Specify a Variable
More informationMOTOR CONTROL IS OUR NATURE
MOTOR CONTROL IS OUR NATURE profile Founded in 1977, Solcon Industries Ltd. is a dynamic Power Electronics Company that develops, manufactures and manages worldwide product sales all under one roof. Our
More informationIsolated-Parallel UPS Configuration
Isolated-Parallel UPS Configuration 1 Inhalt 1 Introduction... 4 2 IP systems configuration... 6 3 Projects... 17 4 Conclusions... 17 2 Abstract The isolated-parallel UPS configuration has become well
More informationREVIEWED BY CAPITAL PROJECTS MANAGER (DAN REDDY) GENERAL MANAGER EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING & ASSET MANAGEMENT (HAMILTON NXUMALO)
SA Port Operations DOCUMENT TYPE: REFERENCE EEAM-Q-014 (ORIGINAL SPECIFICATION HE8.2.3 Ver5) REVISION 0 SPECIFICATION TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR ELECTRICAL MOTORS AND GENERATORS PAGE 0 of 07 COMPILED BY
More informationmax 6f / computer max
POWER FACTOR REGULATORS computer max max 6f / computer max max 12f Instructions Manual ( M98234601-03-10A ) - 1 - Index 1 INTRODUCTION AND SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS... 3 1.1 DELIVERY SPOT CHECK... 3 1.2 STARTING
More informationABB PSPS Erich Steinmann; Generator control-2013
ABB PSPS Erich Steinmann; Generator control-2013 GENERATOR CONTROL THE MODULAR SOLUTION FOR GENERATORS To make sure that power is efficiently converted into electric energy, it is necessary to supervise
More informationSYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES The geometry of a synchronous machine is quite similar to that of the induction machine. The stator core and windings of a three-phase synchronous machine are practically identical
More informationTDMS Test & Data Management Software
Test & Data Management Software TDMS protective relays energy meters transducers power quality CT-VT-PT transformers ground grid circuit breakers batteries surge arresters The Integrated Testing Solution
More informationPacifiCorp Original Sheet No. 476 FERC Electric Tariff, Substitute 6 th Rev Volume No. 11 APPENDIX 2 TO SGIP
PacifiCorp Original Sheet No. 476 APPENDIX 2 TO SGIP SMALL GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION REQUEST (Application Form) Transmission Provider: Designated Contact Person: Address: Telephone Number: An Interconnection
More informationInterconnection of Generators to EDI s Distribution System
Interconnection of Generators to EDI s Distribution System May 22, 2002 This document sets forth the guidelines for connecting a power producing facility to the Alberta Interconnected Electric System through
More informationANCILLARY EQUIPMENT AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Power Supply Systems and Electrical Equipment for Desalination Plants - Y.M. Hamud and A.H.
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR DESALINATION PLANTS Y.M. Hamud and A.H. Anwar Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE Keywords : Electrical System, Network for Desalination,
More informationVOLTAGE REGULATOR AND PARALLEL OPERATION
VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND PARALLEL OPERATION Generator sets are operated in parallel to improve fuel economy and reliability of the power supply. Economy is improved with multiple paralleled generators by
More informationTorque control MSF Softstarter
Torque control MSF Softstarter INTRODUCTION Soft starting an AC motor refers to any one of several starting methods that limit the starting current and torque of the motor. The method discussed in this
More informationPower Quality Centre VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM. Technical Note No. 7 August 2003
Technical Note No. 7 August 2003 Power Quality Centre VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM This Technical Note discusses voltage fluctuations, their causes and adverse effects, what levels
More information32VFD Variable Frequency Drives for Centrifugal Chillers
32VFD 32VFD Variable Frequency Drives for Centrifugal Chillers ENERGY-SAVING CONTROL FOR CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS Reduce energy consumption in your existing centrifugal chiller Your chiller was specified to
More informationContext: significant penetration of DG = increased risks for system security
Distributed Generation: towards an effective contribution to power system security IEEE Tampa GM 2007: Panel on Impact of Dispersed Generation on Power System structure & security Bruno Meyer Outline Context:
More informationHVDC-VSC: transmission technology of the future
A bi-pole ± 285 kv HVDC line sandwiched between 3-phase 400 kv HVAC lines. HVDC-VSC: transmission technology of the future A new hybrid HVDC circuit technology using voltage source converters is only half
More informationD. Infrared scanning reports with pictures printed in a final report with any deficiencies and actions taken to rectify.
SECTION 263354 STATIC UPS TESTING AND COMMISSIONING PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section Includes 1. System start-up services. 2. Battery charging. 3. Load bank testing. 4. Battery load testing. 5.
More informationStep Voltage Regulators
Step Voltage Regulators Don Wareham Field Application Engineer Today s Agenda Introduction Voltage Regulator theory Voltage Regulator application considerations Installation and proper bypassing Wrap-up/questions
More informationFuture grid infrastructure Field tests of LVDC distribution
Future grid infrastructure Field tests of LVDC distribution LUT LVDC Research Group: Andrey Lana, Pasi Nuutinen, Antti Pinomaa, Tero Kaipia, Pasi Peltoniemi, Aleksi Mattsson, Jarmo Partanen Introduction
More informationPower Quality Paper #3
The Effect of Voltage Dips On Induction Motors by: M D McCulloch 1. INTRODUCTION Voltage depressions caused by faults on the system affect the performance of induction motors, in terms of the production
More informationThe following table shows approximate percentage wise the
SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION INTRODUCTION Designing an electrical system is easy and simple, if only the normal operation of the network is taken into consideration. However, abnormal conditions which are
More informationPower products and systems. Intelligent solutions for power distribution Zone concept
Power products and systems Intelligent solutions for power distribution Zone concept Securing continuous power supply ABB is one of the world's leading power and automation technology companies whose products,
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 61400-1 Second edition 1999-02 Wind turbine generator systems Part 1: Safety requirements Aérogénérateurs Partie 1: Spécifications de sécurité IEC 1999 Copyright - all rights
More informationRegister of Completed Embedded Generation Projects (Non-registered, typically 30kW to 5000kW)
Register of Completed Embedded Generation Projects (Non-registered, typically 30kW to 5000kW) Should you have any questions in relation to this information, please contact us: Email - LCC@energex.com.au
More informationDistributed Generation and the Impact on a Distribution System. Brian Lassiter Technical Sales Engineer
Distributed Generation and the Impact on a Distribution System Brian Lassiter Technical Sales Engineer Company Overview Founded in 1989 in Abilene, TX Industry leader in Engineering and Operations Utility
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE USING A MODEL 3060-MS SERIES AS A REGENERATIVE AC SOURCE FOR PV INVERTER TEST APPLICATIONS. Abstract.
USING A MODEL 3060-MS SERIES AS A REGENERATIVE AC SOURCE FOR PV INVERTER TEST APPLICATIONS Abstract This application note describes the necessary procedure to use a standard Pacific Power Source Model
More informationMotor Fundamentals. DC Motor
Motor Fundamentals Before we can examine the function of a drive, we must understand the basic operation of the motor. It is used to convert the electrical energy, supplied by the controller, to mechanical
More informationThe Application and Benefits of Multi-phase Auto-reclosing
he Application and Benefits of Multi-phase Auto-reclosing etsuya Miyoshi*, Atsushi Kasai* Abstract - In this paper we explain the disadvantages in using single- and three-phase auto-reclosing on double
More informationWhat Matters for Successful Integration of Distributed Generation
What Matters for Successful Integration of Distributed Generation Thomas Ackermann Energynautics GmbH, Germany t.ackermann@energynautics.com Expert User of DIgSILENT PowerFactory for Power Systems Studies
More informationHigh Voltage (HV) Electricity System Safety Rules and Associated Safety Guidance
Annex I To Loughborough University (LU) Facilities Management (FM) Health and Safety Policy High Voltage (HV) Electricity System Safety Rules and Associated Safety Guidance 1. Introduction a. These Safety
More informationEarthing Guidance Notes
Central Networks Earthing Manual Section E2 Earthing Guidance Notes Version: 2 Date of Issue: September 2007 Author: Nigel Johnson Job Title: Earthing Specialist Approver: John Simpson Job Title: Head
More informationAdvance Electronic Load Controller for Micro Hydro Power Plant
Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 8 (2014) 1802-1810 D DAVID PUBLISHING Advance Electronic Load Controller for Micro Hydro Power Plant Dipesh Shrestha, Ankit Babu Rajbanshi, Kushal Shrestha and Indraman
More informationPilot-wire differential relay for lines with two or more terminals
Pilot-wire differential relay for lines with two or more terminals Page 1 Issued: March 2003 Revision: A Data subject to change without notice Pilot-wire differential relay with RXHL 401 Features Phase
More informationFACTS. Solutions to optimise network performance GRID
Solutions to optimise network performance GRID Solutions to optimise your network Our worldwide presence: Better solutions for your network all around the world Tampere Philadelphia Stafford Konstanz Beijing
More informationG8 - Contracts for Difference Metering
PUBLIC G8 - Contracts for Difference Metering EMRS Guidance EMR Settlement Limited Version 1.0 12 October 2015 CONTENTS Change Amendment Record...4 1. Introduction...5 2. Purpose...5 3. What is the Electrical
More informationParalleling Switchgear
Paralleling Switchgear By Maurice D Mello, P.Eng. Systems Engineer, GE Consumer & Industrial, Canada What is Paralleling? Paralleling is the operation in which multiple power sources, usually two or more
More informationSynchronous motor. Type. Non-excited motors
Synchronous motor A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which the rotation rate of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the AC supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to
More informationSDG&E Electric Distribution System Interconnection Handbook. <Revised as of 10/21/2015>
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction... 1 1.1 Purposes... 1 1.2 Applicability and Related Tariffs... 1 1.3 Interconnection Agreement Required... 1 1.4 Technical Requirement... 1
More informationSCADA Controlled Multi-Step Automatic Controlled Capacitor Banks & Filter Banks
SCADA Controlled Multi-Step Automatic Controlled Capacitor Banks & Filter Banks Introduction SCADA (Supervisory Controlled and Data Acquisition) controlled multi-step metalenclosed automatic capacitor
More informationSELECTION OF FINAL CIRCUIT PROTECTION
SELECTION OF FINAL CIRCUIT PROTECTION By Phil Williams, Product Marketing Manager, Power Distribution Components, Eaton Executive summary The selection of devices for final circuit protection in electrical
More informationCahier technique no. 196
Collection Technique... Cahier technique no. 196 Integration of local power generation in industrial sites and commercial buildings T. Hazel "Cahiers Techniques" is a collection of documents intended for
More informationImpact of Distributed Resources on Distribution Relay Protection
Impact of Distributed Resources on Distribution Relay Protection A report to the Line Protection Subcommittee of the Power System Relay Committee of The IEEE Power Engineering Society prepared by working
More informationThe Right Drive to Maximize Efficiency and Production for Large Overland Conveyors
The Right Drive to Maximize Efficiency and Production for Large Overland Conveyors By: Nicole Hampton, P.Eng. ABSTRACT: This paper examines various drive systems available for large overland conveyors,
More informationEMTP STUDIES PERFORMED TO INSERT LONG AC CABLES IN THE FRENCH GRID
Tension (kv) Impedance (Ohms) EMTP STUDIES PERFORMED TO INSERT LONG AC CABLES IN THE FRENCH GRID frequency (Hz) Simon DESCHANVRES Yannick VERNAY RTE, CNER, Substations Department t (ms) EMTP-RV Users Group
More informationCHECKING AND TESTING ELECTRICAL INSTALLING WORK
CHECKING AND TESTING ELECTRICAL INSTALLING WORK Department of Consumer and Employment Protection Energy Safety Preface It is a requirement of the Electricity (Licensing) Regulations 1991 that all electrical
More informationEarth Fault Detection Basics in Theory
Earth Fault Detection Basics in Theory Author: Dipl.-Ing. Ingo Kühnen Woodward Power Solutions Krefelder Weg 47 47906 Kempen, Germany Kempen, 16.04.2010 Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 1 1. Star
More informationEverything you need for protection scheme testing
Power System Simulator for Testing Protection Relays and Schemes Everything you need for protection scheme testing The is the only instrument with the high power, flexibility and software to perform full
More informationAutomated test systems for distribution transformers Part II. Detailed analysis of the test system features EVENTS ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
TESTS EVENTS ABSTRACT Distribution transformers are used worldwide and in very large quantities as a link between regional mediumvoltage networks and local low-volt age distribution systems. To ensure
More informationEquipment: Power Supply, DAI, Synchronous motor (8241), Electrodynamometer (8960), Tachometer, Timing belt.
Lab 9: Synchronous motor. Objective: to examine the design of a 3-phase synchronous motor; to learn how to connect it; to obtain its starting characteristic; to determine the full-load characteristic of
More informationHyperlinks are Inactive
Prepared by: NIB/EOB PLANNING GUIDE FOR SINGLE CUSTOMER SUBSTATIONS SERVED FROM TRANSMISSION LINES 05503 Department: Electric T&D Section: T&D Engineering and Technical Support Approved by: G.O. Duru (GOD)
More informationCAPACITOR BANK TESTING SWP
1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this Standard Work Practice (SWP) is to standardise and prescribe the method for testing Capacitor Banks including capacitors, tuning reactors and inrush limiting reactors.
More informationControl Development and Modeling for Flexible DC Grids in Modelica
Control Development and Modeling for Flexible DC Grids in Modelica Andreas Olenmark 1 Jens Sloth 2 Anna Johnsson 3 Carl Wilhelmsson 3 Jörgen Svensson 4 1 One Nordic AB, Sweden, andreas.olenmark@one-nordic.se.
More informationMonitoring the Operation of Wind Turbines Alex Robertson, Vestas Northern Europe
Monitoring the Operation of Wind Turbines Alex Robertson, Vestas Northern Europe Renewable Efficient Energy II Conference, 21.03.2012, Vaasa, Finland Modern wind power plant produce more data than ever
More informationGENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY STABILITY VIS-A -VIS SELECTION OF CTS MR. H. C. MEHTA & MR. JAY MEHTA Power Linker Group Co.
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY STABILITY VIS-A -VIS SELECTION OF CTS MR. H. C. MEHTA & MR. JAY MEHTA Power Linker Group Co., Mumbai ABSTRACT : For generator differential protection, one set of
More informationA.Y. McDonald Mfg. Co. Troubleshooting Submersible and Jet Pumps
A.Y. McDonald Mfg. Co. Troubleshooting Submersible and Jet Pumps Troubleshooting Submersible Pumps Fuse overload or circuit breaker trips when motor is started 1. Incorrect line voltage. Check the line
More informationAdvantages of Fixed Circuit Breaker Switchgear
Advantages of Fixed Circuit Breaker Switchgear by Lionel Mackay, EDF Energy, and Mike Adams, Schneider Electric Ltd Introduction The purpose of this paper is to review the advantages of fixed circuit breaker
More informationAdditional Benefits of VFDs In addition to energy savings and better process control, VFDs can provide other benefits:
Variable Frequency Drives (or VFDs) are becoming almost standard part of aquatics equipment room packages. Most VFDs are fairly simple to install and operate however, they are quite complex with respect
More informationThree phase circuits
Three phase circuits THREE PHASE CIRCUITS THREE-PHASE ADVANTAGES 1. The horsepower rating of three-phase motors and the kva rating of three-phase transformers are 150% greater than single-phase motors
More informationINTRODUCTION TO HARMONIC ASSESSMENT IN POWER SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO HARMONIC ASSESSMENT IN POWER SYSTEMS LIST OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 2. HARMONIC VOLTAGE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENT IN THE UK... 2 3. THE ASSESSMENT... 2 3.1. SYSTEM MODELLING...3 3.2.
More information2012 San Francisco Colloquium
2012 San Francisco Colloquium http : //www.cigre.org HVDC and Power Electronic Systems for Overhead Line and Insulated Cable Applications B4-8 Trans Bay Cable A Breakthrough of VSC Multilevel Converters
More informationN.J.A.C. 14:8-4 NET METERING FOR CLASS I RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
N.J.A.C. 14:8-4 NET METERING FOR CLASS I RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS 14:8-4.1 Scope This subchapter sets forth net metering requirements that apply to electric power suppliers, basic generation service providers
More informationENGINEERING REPORT. XYZ Corporation 100 Anyplace Drive Chicago, Illinois 60613
ENGINEERING REPORT XYZ Corporation 100 Anyplace Drive Chicago, Illinois 60613 PERFORMED BY: MIDWEST ELECTRICAL CONSULTANTS, INC 18055 UPLAND DRIVE TINLEY PARK, ILLINOIS 60487 (708) 444-0001 fax: 444-0003
More informationHow To Understand And Understand The Theory Of Electricity
DIRECT CURRENT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT SYSTEMS N. Rajkumar, Research Fellow, Energy Systems Group, City University Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK Keywords: Electrical energy, direct current, alternating
More informationNET METERING SUB-CODE. for Connecting Renewable Energy Generating Systems to the Distribution Network in Ghana
for Connecting Renewable Energy Generating Systems to the Distribution Network in Ghana JANUARY 2015 1 Table of Contents PART A: BACKGROUND... 1 1 Introduction... 1 1.1 Objective... 1 1.2 Status... 1 2
More informationSX460. Generator Automatic Voltage Regulator Operation Manual
SX460 Generator Automatic Voltage Regulator Operation Manual Self Excited Automatic Voltage Regulator Compatible with Newage SX460* * Use for reference purpose only and not a genuine Newage product. 1.
More informationGenerator Differential Relay Electrical Apparatus
Generator Differential Relay Electrical Apparatus MD3G Rotating Machine Differential Relay 150-3 The MD3G Rotating Machine Differential Relay is a member of Cooper Power Systems Edison line of microprocessor
More informationElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers
Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers by Steve Mackay EIT Micro-Course Series Every two weeks we present a 35 to 45 minute interactive course Practical, useful with Q & A throughout
More information