Commercialization of. Potato Tuber Moth (PTM) Resistant Potatoes in South Africa: Introduction

Transcription

1 Commercialization of MSU IIA Potato Tuber Moth (PTM) Resistant Potatoes in South Africa: Introduction David S. Douches, Johan Brink, Hector Quemada, Karim Maredia, Kelly Zarka and Walter Pett (Michigan State University Bt Potato Team) International Potato Center (CIP) ARC-Roodeplaat VOPI Bt Potato Team 1

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3 Potato Tuber Moth (Phthorimaea operculella) World wide distribution Tropical and subtropical regions Africa, SE Asia, Southern US, Central and South America Several related species in Central America Leaf mining and defoliation in field may reduce yield by up to 30% Eggs and larvae in harvested tubers enter storage Storage losses may be 100% especially in small farmer storage conditions 3

4 Project Goals/Outcomes Provide safe, economic control of potato tuber moth Reduce application of chemical insecticides in the field Reduce or eliminate application of chemical insecticides to tubers in storage 4

5 Transgenic Product Development Trait Discovery Product Development Commercialization Product Concept Gene Discovery Transformation GH & Field Evaluation Line Selection Variety Development Field Production Market Post Market Technology Development Gene discovery and isolation; Transformation and regeneration Greenhouse testing Field tests, Proof of concept Product Development Multi-location field trials cultivar development bulking-up of material 5

6 pspud5 Bt-cry1IA1 0 oriv pspud NptII T Km (E.coli) RB Nos bp 3764 CaMV35S BamHI Bt-cry1Ia1 T LB 7528 BamHI pspud5 the Bt-cry1IA1 vector construct used in Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformations with Spunta. pbi121 binary vector with the Bt-cry1IA1 gene in place of the gus gene. 6

7 Transformation of Spunta variety at Michigan State University 7

8 Development of Tuber Moth Resistant Potatoes: Trials in the US, Egypt and South Africa United States Agronomic trials (MI): PTM Efficacy trials (WA): Egypt Agronomic & PTM Efficacy trials: Storage Trials: AGERI & CIP: South Africa Agronomic & PTM Efficacy trials: Storage Trials: ARC-VOPI

9 PTM Larvae per Stem MSU IIA Spunta BP1 G2 G3 7-Jan 22-Jan 9

10 Field Trial Results Complete control of PTM in Egypt and SA No infestation in field (leaves & tubers) No infestation in storage (up to 6 months) 10

11 Current Status of Transformation: MSU Confirmed BP-1 and Mnandi-Bt lines (pspud79) PTM resistant Ranger Russet selections (pspud5) confirmed Sequential transformations to develop marker-free Bt potatoes (pspud80) 11

12 Breeding with Spunta-G2 Spunta-G2 x MSJ461-1 (late blight resistant round white) Spunta-G2 x Jacqueline Lee (late blight resistant oval yellow fleshed) 26 selections from 2005 PTM tuber bioassays Further crossing of Spunta-G2 for

13 Feeding of Colorado potato beetle larvae in detached-leaf bioassays Feeding as % of Russet Burbank control (+/-SE) RBN15 Spunta Spunta-G2 Spunta-G3 Potato Clone

14 Detached-leaf bioassays using Spunta-Bt potato lines against various Lepidopteran potato pests Potato line European Corn Borer Black Cutworm Black Cutworm Beet (Tubers) Armyworm Percent Mortality (%) Tomato Hornworm Cabbage Looper Spunta-G Spunta Ten larvae per replication; data taken at 72h 14

15 Product Characteristics Table potato resistant to Potato Tuber Moth Preserves harvested yield Suitable for small and commercial farmer sector applications Reduced pesticide Lower input costs Increased food safety especially storage Reduced application on tubers Secondary infections fungal toxins 15

16 Decision to Commercialize the PTM Resistant Spunta Product in

17 Product Commercialization Approach MSU IIA Technology & Product Development Field tests, Proof of concept Product development: Multi-location field trials, cultivar development and bulking-up of material Marketing and Distribution Delivery strategy Extension Stewardship and liability COMMERCIALIZATION OF PTM RESISTANT POTATO Policy Regulatory file development: perform food safety analysis and environmental studies Freedom to operate and Licensing: Intellectual property ownership of product components Outreach & Communication Public communication of benefits and impacts Documentation of Socio- Economic Assessments 17

18 Selection of a Target Country for MSU IIA Product Commercialization Potential Target Countries for Bt Potato commercialization included Egypt, South Africa, Indonesia, India and Mexico South Africa (SA) selected as the initial Target Country Why South Africa? Potato Tuber moth is an important constraint in SA The Commercial Potato industry in SA is well developed A well established enabling environment for commercialization of bioengineered crops in SA cotton, maize and soybean commercialized A functioning Biosafety Regulatory Framework in SA Previous in-country experience with the development of GM Potato products in SA Product efficacy demonstrated in contained field trials of Bt Potatoes in SA 18

19 South Africa- Product Development and Commercialization Field trials of Spunta G2 and G3 On-station, Roodeplaat VOPI, Pretoria On-farm, Ceres, Western Cape Efficacy demonstrated in Ceres On-station, Kokstad, Kwazulu-Natal Multi location trials for 2004/05 and 2006/06 at 6 sites Spunta line to be commercialized G2 Transformation of cultivar Mnandi, and BP1 at ARC-Roodeplaat and MSU Variety registration process and licensing to growers Product introduction strategy and stewardship plan under development 19

20 Transgenic Product Development Trait Discovery Product Development Commercialization Product Concept Gene Discovery Transformation GH & Field Evaluation Line Selection Variety Development Field Production Market Post Market Early safety evaluation Regulatory Approvals Dept of Agriculture - Field tests, GMO Registrar Environment (DEAT) Exec. Council; NEMA Food (Dept of Health) Exec. Council Product stewardship 20

21 Additional transgenic studies Bt-cry1AC Avidin Combining resistance Natural host plant resistance Engineered host plant resistance 21

22 Alternate Bt gene: cry1ac Xho I/EcoICRI (destroyed) LB NOS- Pro NPTII (Kan r) NOS- Ter CaMV 35S Pro Cry 1a(c) improved NOS- Ter RB XbaI BamHI Hind III Sph I Pst I 22

23 Percent mortality (detached-leaf bioassay) of first instar PTM on Spunta and Spunta cry1ac transgenics a a a a a a Mortality (%) +/- SE a a a a b 0 Sp15.02 Sp15.05 Sp15.07 Sp15.06 Sp15.03 Sp15.11 Sp15.08 Sp15.10 Sp15.13 Sp15.04 Spunta Spunta Transgenic lines 23

24 80 Percent mortality (detached-leaf bioassay) of first instar PTM on ND and ND cry1ac transgenics. a a 70 ab 60 abc abc Mortality (%) +/- SE abc bcd cd ND15.10 ND15.11 ND15.07 ND15.05 ND15.01 ND15.12 ND15.13 ND ND transgenic lines 24

25 120 Percent mortality (tuber bioassay) of first instar PTM on ND and ND cry1ac transgenics. 100 a b 80 Mortality (%) +/-SE c 0 ND15.11 ND15.10 ND ND transgenic lines 25

26 Avidin Engineered Resistance a novel insecticidal protein Protein from chicken egg white Biotin binding protein K d = M Protects chicken embryo by sequestering biotin from disease causing organisms 26

27 Avidin Broad Spectrum Activity All insects require biotin for storing and accessing fat Biotin depletion via avidin Abnormal development Insect Mortality Avidin is effective against variety of pests (lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera) 27

28 Potato Tuberworm Bioassay Materials & Methods 10 1 st stage potato tuberworm larvae Evaluate adult emergence after 28 d ELISA: Quantify avidin 5 replications 28

29 Potato Tuberworm Bioassay Results (a) MSE149-5Y (susceptible) (b) E75.7 (avidin) (c) ND (S. chc-derived) (d) ND75.3 (avidin + S. chc-derived) 29

30 Durable Resistance in Potato MSU IIA Natural Resistance Engineered Resistance Durable Host Plant Resistance Combining resistance factors Different modes of action Better than individual sequential deployment Maximize useful life of each resistance factor 30

31 Work in progress Freedom to operate Licenses Liability issues Regulatory file Protein expression Toxicology Substantial equivalence testing Socioeconomic studies IRM strategy structured refuge? Marketing strategy Potato industry cooperation Consumer acceptance strategies Product delivery mechanism Seed potato growers Variety licensing Public communication Industry Consumers NGO opposition Post-marketing Product stewardship Regulatory compliance 31

32 Why is the Bt Potato Project important? The PTM resistant potato will be one of the first public sector-developed products to be de-regulated and deployed in a developing country. This product has the potential to also impact if released in other developing countries such as Indonesia and India, where PTM is a serious problem. Proper commercial development of this product can benefit all potato farmers in South Africa. This project will demonstrate the feasibility of efforts led by the public sector, and developing country institutions, to make biotechnology products available in Africa. It will also demonstrate the value of developing country involvement in generating safety assessment data, from the standpoint of scientific contribution and reduced cost. The project also provides important capacity building opportunities to public sector institutions with regard to the comprehensive approach that are required to commercialize GM crops. The expertise and know-how to commercialize GM products has almost exclusively been the domain of private companies. 32

33 Development Team MSU IIA Team Members - North America Project Director: J. Brink, Michigan State University (MSU) Coordinator - Product Development: D. Douches, MSU Coordinator - Regulatory file: H. Quemada, Crop Technology Consulting Coordinator - IP/FTO: K. Maredia, MSU Coordinator - Communication: M. Koch, AGBIOS Entomology: W. Pett, MSU Team Member International Project Coordinator for International Potato Center (CIP): M. Ghislain Team members-arc Roodeplaat, South Africa K. DeRonde Principal Investigator D. Visser Field trials, Entomology G. Bothma Protein, Communication D. Oelofse, I. Gazendam, R. Greyling -- Molecular L. van Emmenes, A.Veale Transformation Ineke Vorster Socioeconomic impact P. Fourie Field Trials 33

34 Development Team Collaborators South Africa ARC-Irene Compositional analysis Tshwane University of Technology Toxicology CSIR Bridging studies Potatoes South Africa Industry liaison/communication/marketing Human Sciences Research Council Socioeconomic Impact Farmers On Farm field trials 34

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