Socio Economic Profile of the Whangarei District

Transcription

1 Socio Economic Profile of the Whangarei District Received by Planning Committee on 9 September 2015

2 NOTE: The information in this report has been compiled by the Policy and Monitoring Department of Whangarei District Council, from Statistics NZ, the 2006 and 2013 Census, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Council data. While every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of this information, Council accepts no liability for use of this information. The Socio Economic Profile for the Whangarei District is regularly updated to include the most recent information as this becomes available. This report version was last updated based on data from Statistics NZ and Whangarei District Council data to July This report was published September Prepared By: Sonya Seutter Peer Reviewed By: Dr. Kerry Grundy Page 2 of 99

3 Executive Summary The socio economic profile of the Whangarei District follows on from the demographic profile of the Whangarei District, approved by Planning Committee on 15 May The socio economic profile, analyses the relationship between people and employment, education and income, as well as investigating socio-economic indicators, health and deprivation. The last socio economic profile for the Whangarei District was completed in Economic Activity and Employment Between 2004 and 2014, there was a 5.3% increase in the total number of businesses within the Whangarei District. The number of businesses associated with financial and insurance services grew the most at 109% from 270 in 2004 to 564 in The number of businesses associated with information media and telecommunications increased by 61% from 31 businesses in 2004 to 50 businesses in The Northland Region registered a 6.9% increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the March 2013 to March 2014 calendar year, which was the largest growth seen since March The average economic growth for Northland over the last 14 years was 5.4% per annum. Growth in non residential (commercial) building consents for new buildings averaged 125 building consents per year over the last ten years, while the residential consents for new dwellings has averaged 505 per year for the last ten years. In 2013, 69% of the Whangarei labour force was in full-time employment, compared with 67% for Northland and 72% for New Zealand. Of the remaining 31%, 22% of the labour force was in part time employment and 9% was unemployed. The highest percentage of full time and part time employed residents of the Whangarei District are between 45 and 64 years of age (48%), while the highest percentage of unemployed are aged years (36%). In 2013, 32,325 people aged 15 years and over were engaged in either full-time or part-time paid employment. This is a 3.2% decrease of the 33,414 figure in In 2014, around 75% of the Whangarei labour force was in the tertiary sector of the economy (services), with the majority being employed in the health care and social assistance industry (17%), the retail trade industry (12%) and the education and training industry (9%). In 2013, the rate of unemployment was slightly higher in the Whangarei District at 5.7% than for New Zealand on the whole (4.8%). In 2015, the unemployment rate for Northland Region was 8.8%, the highest in New Zealand. Unemployment levels were highest amongst Maori (12.4%) Page 3 of 99

4 and Pacific people (11.6%) compared with the New Zealand European (4.4%) in the Whangarei District. Education and Income In 2013, 75% of Whangarei residents had a school (51%), university (14%) or other tertiary (10%) qualification. Twenty five percent had no qualifications. Maori (36%) and Pacific people (31%) were the largest ethnic groups with no qualifications. Maori and Pacific people were less likely to have university (8% Maori and 10% Pacific people) or other tertiary qualification (16% Maori and 13% Pacific people), while Middle Eastern Latin American/Africans (33%) and Asians (30%) were more likely to have a university education. Many young people in the Whangarei District leave school with no qualifications (11%), while the majority leave school with NCEA Level 3 or higher (59%). In 2014, of the 258 students who went to university from the Whangarei District, 33% enrolled with the University of Auckland, 16% with the University of Otago, and 13% with Victoria University of Wellington. The median personal income for the Whangarei District was $25,300 in 2013, $3,200 less than the New Zealand median personal income ($28,500). Around 28% of the District s population aged 15 years and over earned less than $15,000 and 56% earned less than $30,000 a year. Eighteen percent of the District s resident population aged 15 years and over (10,185 people) received some form of government income support during the twelve months preceding the 2013 Census. The main source of personal income was from wages, salary, commissions, bonuses paid by employer (51%), while 25% of Whangarei residents receive superannuation and 18% receive income support. These values have changed since 2006 where 54% of personal income came from wages/salary, 22% from superannuation and 17% received income support. The main source of family income was from wages, salary, commissions, bonuses paid by employer (68%), while 26% of Whangarei families receive superannuation and 21% receive income support. Family income is derived by aggregating the total personal income of all the members of the family nucleus who are aged 15 years and over. The median household income in the Whangarei District was $52,000 in The main source of household income was from wages, salary, commissions, bonuses paid by employer (62%), while 34% of Whangarei households receive superannuation and 23% receive income support. Total household income is derived by taking the sum of the median personal income of all members of the household who are aged 15 years of age and over. Page 4 of 99

5 Health and Deprivation Evaluation of health data shows that rheumatic fever cases are the highest in Northland when compared to the rest of the country. In the first quarter of 2015, the rate of hospitalisation for rheumatic fever in Northland was 28.9/100,000 residents. Leading causes of hospitalisation in Northland include dental conditions, respiratory infections pneumonia and cellulitis. In children under the age of five, the top avoidable hospitalisations include dental conditions, gastroenteritis/dehydration and upper respiratory/ent infections In the Whangarei District a newborn girl can expects to live 83.1 years, and a newborn boy can expect to live 78.8 years. In Northland, a newborn girl can expect to live 84.5 years, and a newborn boy can expect to live 80.6 years, compared with New Zealand as a whole where a newborn girl can expect to live 83.2 years and a newborn boy 79.5 years. In Northland, 42.8% of deaths occur before the age of 75 years compared with 37.4% for New Zealand. Premature deaths are higher for males than females in the Northland Region with 48.4% of deaths occurring before the age of 75 years compared with 36.2% for females. Northland and parts of Whangarei are included in the most deprived areas of New Zealand according to the New Zealand Index of Deprivation In the Whangarei District, the most deprived areas are north and east of Whangarei City. In the City, the most deprived areas are Avenues, Morningside, Raumanga and Otangarei. Page 5 of 99

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT... 3 EDUCATION AND INCOME... 4 HEALTH AND DEPRIVATION... 5 LIST OF FIGURES... 7 LIST OF TABLES... 9 SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS ABOUT THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE LOCATION ECONOMIC ACTIVITY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) INDUSTRY AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT BUSINESS ACTIVITY ECONOMIC INDICATORS BUILDING CONSENTS Residential Building Consents Non-Residential Building Consents EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT LABOUR FORCE STATUS HOURS WORKED EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY TYPE UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BY MEDIAN PERSONAL INCOME MEANS OF TRAVEL TO WORK EDUCATION HIGHEST QUALIFICATION HIGHEST QUALIFICATION BY ETHNICITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF SCHOOL LEAVERS INCOME AND EDUCATION ATTAINMENT ACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATION INCOME INTRODUCTION PERSONAL INCOME Personal Income by Gender Personal Income by Age Personal Income by Ethnicity Personal Income by Industry Source of Personal Income Page 6 of 99

7 INCOME SUPPORT FAMILY INCOME Source of Family Income HOUSEHOLD INCOME Source of Household Income Household Economic Survey WEEKLY RENT HEALTH AND WELL BEING HEALTH SERVICE AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS Access to Hospital Services Access to Primary Health Services AVOIDABLE HOSPITALISATIONS Leading Causes of Avoidable Hospitalisations Leading Causes of Hospitalisation for Children 0-4 Years INCIDENCE OF DISEASE Rheumatic Fever Melanoma CAUSE OF DEATH Death by Age Malignant Neoplasm (Cancer) Deaths SMOKING BEHAVIOUR LIFE EXPECTANCY SOCIAL DEPRIVATION REFERENCES List of Figures FIGURE 1 - MAP OF THE NORTHLAND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS WHICH ARE IN THE REGION FIGURE 2- GDP PER CAPITA BY REGION FIGURE 3 - GDP PER CAPITA, NORTHLAND AND NEW ZEALAND, FIGURE 4 - INDUSTRIES AS A PROPORTION OF GDP, WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 5 - NUMBER OF DAIRY AND PASTORAL FARMS IN THE G9 COUNCILS FIGURE 6 - NUMBER OF DAIRY CATTLE, BEEF CATTLE AND SHEEP IN THE G9 COUNCILS FIGURE 7 - AVERAGE DAIRY AND PASTORAL HERD SIZE FOR THE G9 COUNCILS FIGURE 8- CHANGE IN TOTAL INDUSTRY GEOGRAPHIC UNITS FIGURE 9 - GEOGRAPHIC UNITS BY INDUSTRY FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND AND NEW ZEALAND, FIGURE 10 - REGIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INDEX, ANNUAL AVERAGE % CHANGE, AT DECEMBER FIGURE 11 - BUILDING CONSENTS FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 12 - BUILDING CONSENTS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 13 - VALUE PER M 2 FOR NEW RESIDENCES FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 14 - BUILDING CONSENTS FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN WHANGAREI DISTRICT Page 7 of 99

8 FIGURE 15 BUILDING CONSENTS FOR NEW NON RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS BY BUILDING TYPE FIGURE 16 - BUILDING CONSENTS FOR ALTERATIONS TO NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS BY BUILDING TYPE FIGURE 17 - LABOUR FORCE STATUS BY AGE - WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND AND NEW ZEALAND, FIGURE 18 - WHANGAREI DISTRICT LABOUR FORCE STATUS BY ETHNICITY, FIGURE 19 - TOTAL WEEKLY HOURS WORKED, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND AND NEW ZEALAND FIGURE 20 - EMPLOYEES BY INDUSTRY GROUP FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND AND NEW ZEALAND, FIGURE 21 - COMPARISON IN THE NUMBER OF GEOGRAPHIC UNITS AND EMPLOYEE COUNT BY INDUSTRY IN WHANGAREI DISTRICT, FIGURE 22 - % CHANGE IN EMPLOYEE COUNT IN INDUSTRY BY TOTAL EMPLOYEES, WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 23 - EMPLOYEE COUNTS BY INDUSTRY BY SECTOR, FIGURE 24 - INDUSTRY BY SECTOR AND AGE IN WHANGAREI DISTRICT, FIGURE 25 - INDUSTRY BY SECTOR AND GENDER, WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 26 - UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR NEW ZEALAND REGIONS, MARCH FIGURE 27 - UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FOR NORTHLAND AND NEW ZEALAND, MARCH FIGURE 28 UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL FOR LABOUR FORCE AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER AT 2001, 2006 AND 2013 CENSUS FIGURE 29 - UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL FOR LABOUR FORCE AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER, G9 COUNCILS, AT CENSUS FIGURE 30 - UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL BY ETHNICITY FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND REGION AND NEW ZEALAND, AT CENSUS FIGURE 31 - UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL BY GENDER, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND AND NEW ZEALAND, AT CENSUS FIGURE 32 UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL BY AGE, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND REGION AND NEW ZEALAND, AT CENSUS FIGURE 33 UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL BY GENDER AND AGE, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, AT CENSUS FIGURE 34 - UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL AND MEDIAN PERSONAL INCOME OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES, FIGURE 35 - MAIN MEANS OF TRAVEL TO WORK BY INDUSTRY, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, FIGURE 36 - HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED FOR THE USUALLY RESIDENT POPULATION AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER, FIGURE 37 - HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED BY AREA UNIT, WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 38 - HIGHEST QUALIFICATION ATTAINED BY ETHNICITY IN WHANGAREI DISTRICT, FIGURE 39 - HIGHEST QUALIFICATION OF SCHOOL LEAVERS, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND, NEW ZEALAND FIGURE 40 - INCOME BY HIGHEST QUALIFICATION FOR THE WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 41 - MEDIAN PERSONAL INCOME FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT AND G9 COUNCILS, FIGURE 42 - TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME FOR POPULATION AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER, FIGURE 43 - TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME BY GENDER, WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 44 - TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME BY AGE, WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 45- TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME BY ETHNICITY, WHANGAREI DISTRICT FIGURE 46 - TOTAL PERSONAL INCOME BY INDUSTRY, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, FIGURE 47 - PROPORTION OF POPULATION RECEIVING INCOME SUPPORT FOR THE G9 COUNCILS, FIGURE 48 - TYPES OF BENEFIT RECEIVED BY G9 COUNCILS, FIGURE 49 - FAMILY INCOME IN WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND REGION AND NEW ZEALAND, FIGURE 50 - MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME FOR THE G9 COUNCILS, FIGURE 51 - HOUSEHOLD INCOMES FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND REGION AND NEW ZEALAND, FIGURE 52 - MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME FOR THE G9 COUNCILS, Page 8 of 99

9 FIGURE 53- HOUSEHOLD AVERAGE WEEKLY EXPENDITURE FOR THE NORTH ISLAND, FIGURE 54 - MEDIAN WEEKLY RENT FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND & NEW ZEALAND FIGURE 55 - HOSPITAL LOCATIONS IN THE NORTHLAND REGION FIGURE 56 - AVOIDABLE HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS, AGES 0-74 YEARS, NORTHLAND 1 JANUARY - 31 MARCH FIGURE 57 - RATE OF HOSPITALISATIONS FOR EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, NORTHLAND FIGURE 58 - AVOIDABLE HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS, UNDER 5 YEAR OLDS, NORTHLAND, 1 JANUARY - 31 MARCH FIGURE 59 - RHEUMATIC FEVER INCIDENCE CRUDE RATE PER 100,000 NORTHLAND FIGURE 60 DISTRICT HEALTH BOARD HOSPITALISATIONS FOR RHEUMATIC FEVER/HEART DISEASE 1 JANUARY -31 MARCH 2015 PER 100,000 PEOPLE FIGURE 61 - MELANOMA BY GENDER AGE STANDARDISED RATES PER 100,000 NORTHLAND FIGURE 62 - UNDERLYING CAUSES OF ALL DEATHS, NORTHLAND FIGURE 63 - TOTAL DEATHS BY MALIGNANT NEOPLASM (CANCER) BY AGE AND GENDER, NORTHLAND FIGURE 64 - CIGARETTE SMOKING BEHAVIOUR IN THE WHANGAREI DISTRICT, 2006 AND 2013 CENSUS FIGURE 65 PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS WHOSE PARENTS SMOKE IN THE HOME FIGURE 66- LIFE EXPECTANCY FOR G9 GROUP OF COUNCILS FIGURE 67 DEPRIVATION INDEX FOR THE NORTHLAND REGION, FIGURE 68 USUALLY RESIDENT POPULATION AND DEPRIVATION INDEX, FIGURE 69 USUALLY RESIDENT POPULATION AND DEPRIVATION DECILES FOR G9 COUNCILS, FIGURE 70 - INDEX OF DEPRIVATION FOR AREAS OF THE WHANGAREI DISTRICT, FIGURE 71 - INDEX OF DEPRIVATION FOR THE WHANGAREI URBAN AREA FIGURE 72 - INDEX OF DEPRIVATION FOR THE WHANGAREI DISTRICT List of Tables TABLE 1 - NUMBER OF BUSINESS GEOGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE WHANGAREI DISTRICT BY INDUSTRY TYPE, TABLE 2 - RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSENTS ISSUED FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND ALTERATIONS, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER TABLE 3 - NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSENTS ISSUED FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND ALTERATIONS, YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER TABLE 4 - LABOUR FORCE STATUS FOR USUALLY RESIDENT POPULATION AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER, 2001, 2006, TABLE 5 - STATUS IN EMPLOYMENT FOR THE EMPLOYED 15 YEARS AND OVER, TABLE 6 - MEANS OF TRAVEL TO WORK BY LABOUR FORCE AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER, TABLE 7 - INCOME BY HIGHEST QUALIFICATION FOR POPULATION AGED 15 YEARS AND OVER, TABLE 8 - PROPORTION OF SCHOOL LEAVERS WHO ATTENDED SCHOOL IN THE WHANGAREI DISTRICT IN THE YEAR PRIOR TO THE UNIVERSITY ENROLMENT YEAR TABLE 9 - SOURCE OF PERSONAL INCOME FOR G9 COUNCILS, TABLE 10 - SOURCE OF FAMILY INCOME, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND, NEW ZEALAND TABLE 11 - SOURCES OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME, WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND, NEW ZEALAND, TABLE 12 - MEDIAN WEEKLY RENT FOR WHANGAREI DISTRICT, NORTHLAND & NEW ZEALAND TABLE 13 - INTENTIONAL SELF-HARM HOSPITALISATION, NORTHLAND BY SEX, TABLE 14 - DEATH BY AGE AND SEX, NORTHLAND TABLE 15 - LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH TABLE 16 - DEPRIVATION INDEX VARIABLES, TABLE 17 - MOST AND LEAST DEPRIVED AREAS IN THE WHANGAREI DISTRICT, Page 9 of 99

10 Summary of Economic Indicators INDICATOR NEW ZEALAND NORTHLAND REGION WHANGAREI DISTRICT NCEA Level 2 Certificate gained at school or higher, 15+ years, percent % 80% 82% Unemployment, 15+ years, percent, June % 8.7% 8.3% No access to a telecommunications, households, percent, % 2.7% 2.0% No access to a motor vehicle, household, percent, % 7.5% 7.9% Not living in own home, 15+ years, percent, % 45.5% 44.7% Occupancy Rate, all ages, Infant Mortality (deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births), years 5.52 (annual Sept 2014) Data Not Available Data Not Available Life Expectancy (years of expected life at birth), Female 83.2 Male 79.5 Female 84.4 Male 80.6 Female 83.1 Male The occupancy rate (or the average number of residents per household) has been calculated as: the total number of usual residents in occupied private dwellings/the number of private occupied dwellings. Page 10 of 99

11 About the Socio-Economic Profile The socio economic profile report follows on from the demographic report, analysing the relationship between people and the labour force, education and income, as well as investigating economic indicators, health and deprivation. This report identifies key social and economic characteristics that might influence future resource and environmental needs for the District and will assist in future strategic planning. The main information sources have been: 1. Statistics New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings 2. Statistics New Zealand - Work and Labour Force 3. Statistics New Zealand Education and Training 4. Statistics New Zealand Incomes 5. Statistics New Zealand Industry 6. Statistics New Zealand Building Consents 7. Ministry of Education School Leavers and Qualifications 8. Ministry of Health Deprivation 9. Ministry of Health Health Priorities This report is in six sections covering: 1. Economic Activity Economic growth, main industries, agricultural activity, business activity and economic indicators (building consents). 2. Employment and Unemployment The number of people employed full-time, part-time or unemployed, the number of hours people work, the industries people are employed in and their means of travel to work. 3. Education Qualifications, the relation between income and education attainment, and the access to tertiary education for Whangarei school leavers. 4. Income Personal, family and household income, source of income and types of benefits received, weekly rents and house prices. 5. Health & Well Being Access to health services, avoidable hospitalisations, incidence of disease, causes of death, smoking behaviour, life expectancy. 6. Social Deprivation Indentifies areas that are less deprived and those that are more deprived, based on the criteria of deprivation (income, employment, family make up, communication, transport, support, qualifications, own home and living space). Page 11 of 99

12 Location The Whangarei District covers the south eastern part of the Northland Region. It extends from Langs Beach at the southern end of Bream Bay, to Bland Bay to the north, a distance of just under 100 km. The Kaipara District lies on its western boundary and the Far North District lies to the north. At its greatest width, the distance east to west is about 60 km. Whangarei District has an area of 2,852 km 2 inclusive of the off shore islands of the Poor Knights and the Hen and Chickens Islands. Because of its extremely indented coastline, no part of the District is more than 40 km from the sea. The City of Whangarei is 160 km from Auckland. It is the largest urban centre in the Northland region and is the principal commercial centre. It is the hub for most of the transportation and storage services into and out of Northland. Figure 1 - Map of the Northland Local Government Organisations which are in the Region Page 12 of 99

13 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY Page 13 of 99

14 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) In the year to March 2013, Northland s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was $5,562 million in current prices. Northland s GDP accounted for 2.6% of New Zealand s GDP. Northland s GDP is the sixth smallest regional GDP in the country, ahead of West Coast, Gisborne, Marlborough, Tasman/Nelson, and Southland (Statistics NZ 2013). In terms of GDP per capita, Northland s GDP per capita is the second lowest regional figure in the country, after Gisborne (Figure 2). The GDP per capita for the Whangarei District is approximately $39,594, compared with $35,068 for Northland and $47,532 for New Zealand (Infometrics 2013 and Statistics NZ 2013). Figure 2- GDP per capita by Region GDP per capita by Region (Year to March 2013, Current Prices) Taranaki Wellington Southland Canterbury Auckland West Coast Marlborough Otago Waikato Bay of Plenty Tasman / Nelson Hawke's Bay Manawatu-Wanganui Northland Gisborne 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 GDP per Capita ($) Source: Statistics New Zealand 2013 From , the GDP in Northland has been consistently growing alongside that of New Zealand (Figure 3). However, in the last 5 years, the GDP of Northland has been falling behind that of New Zealand. Between March 2013 and 2014, the GDP in Northland grew by 6.9% compared to New Zealand which grew by 5.5% in the same year. Page 14 of 99

15 Figure 3 - GDP per Capita, Northland and New Zealand, ,000 GDP per Capita Northland and New Zealand (Annual March) ,000 GDP Production Measure 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, Northland New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand 2013, 2010 prices Industry The economy of Whangarei District has a broad base of commercial enterprise in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The primary sector of the economy is the sector making direct use of natural resources. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. This includes agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining. The secondary sector of the economy includes those economic sectors that created a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures the finished good where they are suitable for use by other business, for export, or sale to domestic customers. The tertiary sector involves the production of services to businesses as well as final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from producer to a consumer as may happen in wholesaling and retailing, or may involve the provision of a service, such as in pest control or entertainment. Goods may be transferred in the process of providing a service, as happens in the restaurant industry or in equipment repair. However, the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods. The District s economy has been changing over the past decade with strong growth in the tertiary sector (see Table 1). The leading growth industries are financial and insurance services (up 10.9% from 2004), information media and telecommunications (up 6.1%), and administrative and support services (up 3.6%). Page 15 of 99

16 Currently (as of March 2015), the strongest industries in terms of GDP (the structure of how the different industries contribute to GDP) are manufacturing (31.1%), health care and social assistance (8.0%) and construction (5.7%) (Figure 4) (Infometrics 2014). Figure 4 - Industries as a Proportion of GDP, Whangarei District 2014 Manufacturing 23% 31% Health Care and Social Assistance Unallocated Owner-Occupied Property Operation Construction 4% 4% 5% 6% 6% 6% 7% 8% Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Retail Trade Education and Training All others Source: Infometrics, 2014 The manufacturing sector contributed $142 million to the GDP between 2004 and This is due to the fact that the District has the only petrol refinery in New Zealand. While the refinery accounts for only 5% of the direct employment in manufacturing, it produces almost a third of the sector s value to the District. This has also encouraged growth of the local engineering industry in and around Whangarei to service the plant s day to day operational needs as well as its staged development. Agricultural Activity in the District The Whangarei District is an area of native forest and bush, plantation forestry, pastoral agriculture and horticulture. The more intensive land uses (i.e. horticulture and dairying), are generally located on the flat to gently rolling country on a range of rock types (Whangarei District Land Use Report 2009), while the extensive forestry uses dominate less fertile areas on the boundary of the District (i.e. The western part of the District towards Dargaville, northern part in the Puhipuhi and southern end of Brynderwyn Range). Page 16 of 99

17 Dairying and pastoral farming are of importance to the District s economy, with almost 160,000ha of land currently used for this type of industry. There are 1,611 farms in the Whangarei District (as of 30 June 2012) and 1062 of these farms are used for dairy and pastoral (beef and sheep) activities 2. The District contains over 135,000 dairy cows on 330 dairy farms, totalling 50,620ha. There are 84,430 beef cattle and 84,000 sheep on 732 beef and sheep combined pastoral farms, totalling 108,835 ha (Statistics NZ as of 30 June 2012). Figure 5 illustrates the number of dairy and pastoral farms within the G9 Councils. Whangarei District has the second highest number of dairy and pastoral farms, behind Hastings District for pastoral farms and New Plymouth District for dairy farms. The combined GDP of dairy cattle, and sheep, beef cattle and grain farming is $136.7 million contributing to 4.1% of Northlands GDP. The number of dairy, beef and sheep livestock in the G9 councils are illustrated in Figure 6. Whangarei District has the third highest number of dairy cattle in the G9 Councils, behind Rotorua and New Plymouth Districts as well as the third highest number of beef cattle behind Gisborne and Hastings Districts 3. 2 Statistics New Zealand 30 June Tauranga District had confidential data on dairy cattle and sheep numbers Page 17 of 99

18 Figure 5 - Number of Dairy and Pastoral Farms in the G9 Councils Number of Dairy and Pastoral Farms in the G9 Councils Dairy Cattle Farming Pastoral (Beef and Sheep) Farms Source: Statistics NZ 30 June 2012 There are over 1 million sheep in both the Gisborne and Hastings District, while Whangarei has just over 84,000. Out of the G9 Councils, Whangarei is third to last for total sheep, just ahead of Napier and Palmerston North. Much of the pastoral farming in Whangarei is for beef cattle. Despite the Whangarei District having the third largest dairy cattle and beef cattle numbers, the second largest number of dairy farms and pastoral farms, the District ranks sixth in dairy herd size (ahead of Napier City, New Plymouth District and Palmerston North City) and had the lowest pastoral herd size out of the G9 Councils (see Figure 7). Page 18 of 99

19 Figure 6 - Number of Dairy Cattle, Beef Cattle and Sheep in the G9 Councils Palmerston North City Number of Dairy Cattle, Beef Cattle and Sheep in the G9 Councils Wanganui District New Plymouth District Napier City Hastings District Gisborne District Rotorua District Tauranga City Whangarei District 0 400, ,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 Total sheep Total beef cattle Total dairy cattle Figure 7 - Average Dairy and Pastoral Herd Size for the G9 Councils Source: Statistics NZ 30 June Average Dairy and Pastoral Herd Size in the G9 Councils ,211 0 Average Dairy Herd Size Average Pastoral (Beef and Sheep) Herd Size Source: Statistics NZ 30 June 2012 Page 19 of 99

20 Business Activity The business statistics presented in this section have been compiled from Statistics New Zealand Business Demographic Statistics. The business demographic statistics provide an annual snapshot of the structure and characteristics of businesses in New Zealand, by region and industry type. Table 1 shows the changes in the number of business geographic units in the Whangarei District between 2004 and 2014 across nineteen industry classifications. Table 1 - Number of Business Geographic Units in the Whangarei District by Industry Type, Industry (ANZSIC06) % change p/a Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 2,325 2,269 2,229 2,160 2,085 2,041 1,976 1,946 1,918 1,848 1, % Mining % Manufacturing % Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services % Construction % Wholesale Trade % Retail Trade % Accommodation and Food Services % Transport, Postal and Warehousing % Information Media and Telecommunications % Financial and Insurance Services % Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 1,412 1,447 1,558 1,700 1,761 1,,718 1,658 1,678 1,661 1,698 1, % Professional, Scientific and Technical Services % Administrative and Support Services % Public Administration and Safety % Education and Training % Health Care and Social Assistance % Arts and Recreation Services % Other Services % Total Industry 8,660 8,974 9,295 9,550 9,668 9,635 9,440 9,306 9,162 9,078 9, % Source: Statistics New Zealand 2014 The most notable increased business activity has been in Financial and Insurance Services (10.9%pa) and to a lesser extent in Information, Media and Telecommunications (6.1%pa). The largest decrease occurred in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing and Manufacturing (-2.2%pa). Between 2004 and 2014, there was a 0.5% increase in the total number of businesses within the Whangarei District from 8,660 in 2004 to 9,117 in 2014 (see Table 1). Page 20 of 99

21 Between , the largest decrease in industry units was in Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste (-19.0%) and the largest increase in units was in Information, Media and Telecommunications (6.0%). Much of the increase in the number of business units occurred in and Between 2008 and 2013, there was a decrease in total industry geographic units every year, resulting in a total loss between those years of 590 business units. In the last year, there was a slight increase in the industry geographic units, up 39 units or 0.4% (see Figure 8). Figure 8- Change in Total Industry Geographic Units % 3.0% Total Industry Change in Geographic Units Per Annum 3.6% 3.6% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% -1.0% 2.7% 1.2% -0.3% -1.4% -1.5% -0.9% 0.4% -2.0% -2.0% -3.0% % Change per annum Source: Statistics New Zealand 2014 Page 21 of 99

22 Figure 9 - Geographic Units by Industry for Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand, % 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Accommodation and Food Services Transport, Postal and Warehousing Information Media and Telecommunications Financial and Insurance Services Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Administrative and Support Services Public Administration and Safety Education and Training Health Care and Social Assistance Arts and Recreation Services Other Services 0% 0% 0% 4% 4% 4% 0% 0% 0% 3% 2% 4% 6% 6% 7% 3% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 1% 1% 1% 6% 4% 6% 7% 6% 3% 2% 3% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 5% 4% 4% 2% 2% 2% 4% 4% 4% 11% 10% 10% 10% 14% 20% 19% 18% 20% 28% Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand 2014 In 2014, 20% of industries in the Whangarei District were located in the primary sector compared with 27% for Northland and 13% for New Zealand. Of the remaining industries, 15% were located in the secondary sector, compared with 14% for both Northland and New Zealand and 65% of the industries in the Whangarei District were in the tertiary sector, compared with 59% in Northland and 74% for New Zealand (see Figure 9). Page 22 of 99

23 Economic Indicators Economic Indicators provide information about the performance of the economy based on data gathered from a range of business and industry sectors. The Regional Economic Activity Index (REA) in Figure 10 represents a composite index comprising the following economic indicators: Business and consumer confidence, Retails sales, Residential construction, and Commercial construction. The result is a proxy for overall economic activity in each region rather than a true nationalaccounts type measure of regional GDP. The regional economic activity index can then be used to compare economic activity between regions. Figure 10 - Regional Economic Activity Index, Annual Average % change, at December 2014 Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawke's Bay Taranaki Manawau-Wanganui Wellington Nelson-Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland 1.5% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% 3.0% 2.7% 2.6% 3.5% 5.1% 4.2% 4.7% 4.4% 4.1% 4.2% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% Source: ANZ Research According to the Regional Economic Activity Index, Northland registered a 5.1% growth in the year December As figure 7 shows, this was the highest economic growth in the country. From , Northland had registered a 3.5% growth. Page 23 of 99

24 Building Consents Building consent data is commonly used as an economic indicator due to the sensitivity of the building industry to economic growth or downturn. The data used in this report has been sourced from Statistics New Zealand building consents from 1977, and is based on the classification of a building according to its main intended function 4. Some of the consents are for a building that may have more than one purpose (such as a shop/office building.) From September 1989, consents below $5000 were excluded (Statistics New Zealand). For the purpose of this report, building consents do not include the following consents types used by the Whangarei District Council: change use/life, demolition, plumbing/drainage, relocation and other. Figure 11 - Building Consents for Whangarei District ,500 Residential and Non-Residential Building Consents Issued, ,000 Number of Building Consents 1,500 1, Total Residential Consents Total Non-Residential Consents Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents for the year ending September 4 A residential building consent includes apartments; non-apartment dwellings; dwelling alterations and additions; and domestic outbuildings. A non-residential building consent includes hostels and boarding houses; hotels and other short-term accommodation; hospitals and nursing homes; education buildings; social, cultural and religious buildings; shops, restaurants and taverns; offices and administration buildings; storage buildings; factories and industrial buildings; farm buildings; and miscellaneous buildings. Page 24 of 99

25 The total number of residential and non-residential building consents issued by the Whangarei District Council between 1977 and 2014 are shown in Figure 11. There is a breakdown between new buildings and alterations to existing residential buildings illustrated in Figure 12. A total of 836 building consents (437 for new buildings and 399 for alterations to an existing building) were issued in the Whangarei District for the year ending September 2014, which is 43% less than the average number of consents issued between 1977 and 2014 (1,476). Of the consents issued in 2014, 52% were for new buildings (77% residential and 23% nonresidential). Residential Building Consents The number of residential building consents issued in the Whangarei District has fluctuated over the last 37 years, averaging 1,213 residential building consents per year. The number of residential building consents in the Whangarei District peaked around 1983 with around 1,850 consents and again in 2007 with 1,523 consents. The lowest number of building consents issued occurred in 2014, with 666 consents. Of the 666 consents issued in 2014, 50% were for new residences. Figure 12 - Building Consents for Residential Buildings in Whangarei District ,000 Residential Building Consents Issued, ,800 1,600 Number of Building Consents 1,400 1,200 1, Residential Building Consents for New Builds Residential Building Consents for Alterations Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents for the Year Ending September Page 25 of 99

26 When comparing the split between the building consents for new residences and alterations to existing residential buildings, both values appear to follow a similar trend. However, as of 1991, there appears to be fewer consents for alterations relative to new residence when comparing to previous years. This may be because of a change in the building legislation, with regard to consents for alterations. This would also affect the total number of residential consents shown in Figure 12 in the sense that the total number of residential consents prior to 1991 may not be directly comparable, as an indicator of economic activity to post 1991 numbers. Because of amendment to the building legislation in 1991, fewer alterations may require building consents. The value of residential building consents for new buildings continues to rise (see Figure 13). This is in part due to the increase in the cost of building. Homes have also increased in size over the past 37 years, where the average size of a home in 1977 was 112m2, and in 2014, the average size was 199m2. The average cost of a building a new residence in 1977 was $22,000 whereas in 2014 it was $302,000. Figure 13 - Value per m 2 for New Residences for Whangarei District $1,800 $1,600 $1,400 $1,200 $1,000 $ per m2 $800 $600 $400 $200 $ Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents for the Year Ending September When comparing the number of residential building consents in Whangarei District against the number in Northland, the average is 48% (Table 2). When compared against New Zealand on the whole, the average is 2.1%. In 2014, both figures have gone down to all time lows of 43% of consents in Northland and 1.3% of consents in New Zealand. When examining the figures in 2007, Whangarei District s consents made up 51% of Northlands, up 3% over the average. Page 26 of 99

27 Table 2 - Residential Building Consents Issued for New Buildings and Alterations, Year Ending September Year Total number of residential building consents Whangarei District Consents as a percentage of Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Northland New Zealand ,902 42,577 46% 2.1% ,807 41,129 44% 1.9% ,751 43,054 45% 1.8% ,920 47,667 48% 1.9% ,769 47,950 46% 1.7% ,091 50,861 44% 1.8% ,156 2,371 52,243 49% 2.2% ,205 2,427 49,005 50% 2.5% ,274 2,564 54,167 50% 2.4% ,189 2,367 49,172 50% 2.4% ,080 2,282 46,431 47% 2.3% ,106 2,313 53,632 48% 2.1% ,343 2,718 61,503 49% 2.2% ,428 3,026 65,809 47% 2.2% ,408 3,044 60,777 46% 2.3% ,445 2,981 60,149 48% 2.4% ,523 3,000 59,866 51% 2.5% ,338 2,712 51,486 49% 2.6% ,776 39,662 48% 2.2% ,947 43,126 48% 2.2% ,475 37,144 47% 1.9% ,453 40,674 50% 1.8% ,465 44,985 50% 1.6% ,537 50,795 43% 1.3% Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents for the Year Ending September Non-Residential Building Consents The number of non-residential building consents issued in the Whangarei District has fluctuated over the last 37 years, averaging 263 consents per year. The number of building consents peaked in 1985 with 368 consents and again in 2002 with 338 consents. In 1985, 46% of building consents were issued for a new building, and in 2002, 51% of building consents were issued for a new building. The lowest number of building consents issued was in 1992 with 135 building consents. Of those 135 building consents issued, 28% were for a new building. Figure 14 shows the trend for non-residential building consents issued between 1977 and It also shows the split between the new buildings and alterations to existing buildings. The Page 27 of 99

28 relationship between consents has been between 23% to 60% (new builds to alterations), averaging 46%. Most recently new builds have made up 60% of all non-residential building consents. Figure 14 - Building Consents for Non-Residential Buildings in Whangarei District Non- Residential Building Consents Issued, Number of Building Consents Non-Residential Building Consents for New Builds Non-Residential Building Consents for Alterations Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents for the Year Ending September Over the last 23 years, an average of 51% of building consents were issued for new farm buildings and 12% for factories and industrial buildings. In the last 10 years, the average for farm buildings remains at 51%, however, factories and farm buildings has decreased to 11%, while storage buildings have went from an 8% average over the 23 years to an 11% average of building consents in the last 10 years (Figure 15). Over the last 23 years, an average of 20% of non-residential building consents for building alterations were issued for shops, restaurants and taverns, 19% for offices, administration buildings as well as for education buildings. In the last 10 years, shops, taverns and restaurants still have the highest average for alterations consents. In 2014, the majority of alteration consents were for education buildings (26%) and shops, restaurants and taverns (24%) followed by offices, administration buildings (16%) (Figure 16). Page 28 of 99

29 Figure 15 Building Consents for New Non Residential Buildings by Building Type % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Storage buildings Social, cultural, religious buildings Shops, restaurants, taverns Offices, administration buildings Miscellaneous buildings Hotels & other shortterm accommodation Hostels, boarding houses Hospitals, nursing homes Farm buildings Factories and industrial buildings Education buildings Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents for the Year Ending September Figure 16 - Building Consents for Alterations to Non-Residential Buildings by Building Type 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Storage buildings Social, cultural, religious buildings Shops, restaurants, taverns Offices, administration buildings Miscellaneous buildings Hotels & other shortterm accommodation Hostels, boarding houses Hospitals, nursing homes Farm buildings Factories and industrial buildings Education buildings Page 29 of 99

30 Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents for the Year Ending September Compared with residential building consents, the Whangarei District s non-residential building consents form a smaller proportion of the total number of building consents issued. Over the last 37 years, an average of 18% of all building consents issued was for non-residential building works. The number of non-residential building consents in the Whangarei District has fluctuated as a percentage of non-residential building activity in the country as a whole over the past 24 years. As Table 3 illustrates, Whangarei District s building consents are between 33% and 44% of Northland and between 1.3% and 2.0% of New Zealand Table 3 - Non-Residential Building Consents Issued for New Buildings and Alterations, year ending September Year Total number of non - residential building consents Whangarei District Consents as a percentage of Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Northland New Zealand ,516 39% 1.6% ,443 33% 1.3% ,051 40% 1.7% ,632 40% 1.8% ,009 44% 1.9% ,281 42% 1.7% ,425 41% 1.5% ,871 43% 1.9% ,155 43% 1.7% ,130 41% 1.7% ,680 44% 1.9% ,143 41% 2.0% ,840 44% 1.8% ,432 44% 2.0% ,648 40% 1.7% ,163 40% 1.6% ,858 43% 1.8% ,013 35% 1.5% ,332 35% 1.3% ,546 37% 1.6% ,698 43% 1.6% ,830 39% 1.3% ,093 40% 1.3% ,283 37% 1.4% Source: Statistics New Zealand Page 30 of 99

31 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT Page 31 of 99

32 Labour Force Status In 2013, 32,325 Whangarei District residents were in paid employment, a decrease of 3.3% from the 2006 figure of 33,414. The Whangarei District labour force makes up 52% of the total Northland Labour Force, and 1.7% of the New Zealand labour force. Table 4 - Labour Force Status for Usually Resident Population aged 15 Years and Over, 2001, 2006, Fulltime Parttime Unemployed Fulltime Parttime Unemployed Fulltime Parttime Unemployed Whangarei District 68% 22% 10% 72% 22% 6% 69% 22% 9% Northland Region 67% 23% 10% 70% 23% 7% 67% 23% 10% Total New Zealand 71% 21% 7% 73% 22% 5% 72% 21% 7% Source: Statistics New Zealand Compared with New Zealand, (72%), the Whangarei District had a lower proportion (69%) of peopled engaged in full time work (see Table 4). Between 2001 and 2013, the proportion of people employed full time has increased by 1% in the Whangarei District as well as for New Zealand on the whole, while Northland remained the same at 67%. However, in 2006, there was a higher rate of full time employment for all three areas. The proportion of part time employees has remained the same for all three areas from 2001 to 2013 with Whangarei District at 22%, Northland at 23% and New Zealand at 21%. Figure 17 shows the labour force status by age for New Zealand, Northland and the Whangarei District. Forty eight percent of the Whangarei District full time employed residents are in the older age group (between years) compared with 43% for New Zealand and 49% for Northland. The majority of the Whangarei District part-time labour force is also in this age category (45-64 years). The same is true for Northland and New Zealand. Of those unemployed in the Whangarei District, the majority are either years of age (35%) or years of age (36%). As the District continues to age, statistics show that many more people are staying in the workforce for longer, thus limiting jobs for young people. More people in the over 65 years of age category are working part time than full time. There are also many more people aged who are unemployed (35%) than part time employed (28%). This could take into account those that are at home raising children. Those under the age of 25 who are not in employment, education or training (NEET) for Northland was 22.5% in December 2013, whereas the NEET rate for all regions was 11.9%. The NEET rate for those is the highest in Northland, followed by Gisborne/Hawkes Bay at 19.1% and Bay of Plenty at 18.4%.(Statistics New Zealand). Page 32 of 99

33 Figure 17 - Labour Force Status by Age - Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand, 2013 Full Time Employees 60% 40% 42% 43% 49% 48% 35% 37% 20% 0% 11% 9% 9% 4% 7% 6% New Zealand Northland Region Whangarei District Part Time Employees 60% 40% 20% 23% 30% 34% 13% 40% 39% 26% 28% 15% 19% 16% 17% 0% -20% New Zealand Northland Region Whangarei District % 40% 20% 0% -20% 40% Unemployed 35% 33% 34% 36% 35% 30% 28% 24% 1% 2% 2% New Zealand Northland Region Whangarei District Source: Statistics New Zealand Census 2013 Page 33 of 99

34 Figure 18 - Whangarei District Labour Force Status by Ethnicity, % 90% 80% 7% 23% 20% 18% 8% 11% 17% 20% 6% 9% 19% 22% 70% 20% 21% 60% 50% 40% 30% 70% 60% 61% 74% 69% 75% 69% 20% 10% 0% European Maori Pacific Peoples Asian Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Other Ethnicity Total People Unemployed Employed part-time Employed full-time Figure 18 shows labour force status by ethnicity for the residents of Whangarei District. Europeans have the highest rate of part time employment (23%) compared with Asians who have the lowest rate at 17%. Excluding other ethnicity (6%), Europeans also have the lowest unemployment rate at 7%, while Maori and Pacific Peoples have the highest rate of unemployment 20% and 18% respectively. Those in the category of Other Ethnicity have the highest rate of full time employment at 75% followed by Asians at 74%. Table 5 - Status in Employment for the Employed 15 Years and Over, 2013 Paid Employee Employer Self- Employed and Without Employees Unpaid Family Worker Not Stated Whangarei District 74% 7% 14% 3% 2% Northland 69% 8% 16% 4% 3% New Zealand 78% 6% 12% 2% 2% Table 5 shows whether people in the labour force, who were working full time or part time, were employers or employees, self employed or unpaid workers. Compared with New Zealand on the whole, people in Whangarei District were more likely to be self employed or employers. Self employment and employing others is more typical of rural districts in New Zealand overall. Page 34 of 99

35 Hours Worked The total number of weekly hours worked by the Whangarei District labour force is much the same as Northland and follows the same trend as New Zealand (see Figure 19). Figure 19 - Total Weekly Hours Worked, Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand 2013 Total Weekly Hours Worked for Those in Labour Force, Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 1 9 Hours 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand Census 2013 However, there are more workers in Whangarei that work 60 or more hours per week than in the Northland Region or New Zealand on the whole, and there are 10% more employees working hours per week in New Zealand over Whangarei District. When comparing the number of employees working less than 40 hours per week, Whangarei District is slightly higher than New Zealand in all categories. Over half of the labour force in the Whangarei District worked for 40 hours or more. Page 35 of 99

36 Employment by Industry Type Census data on industry refers to the type of activity undertaken by the organization, enterprise or business in which a person is employed. An individual business is assigned an appropriate industry category on the basis of its predominant income producing activity. For this analysis, industry has been categorised into nineteen main groups. These nineteen industry classifications (according to ANZSIC06 division) are: Agriculture, forestry and fishing Mining Manufacturing Electricity, water, gas and waste services Construction Wholesale trade Retail trade Accommodation and food services Transport, postal and warehousing Information, media and telecommunications Finance and insurance services Rental, hiring and real estate services Professional, scientific and technical services Administrative and support services Public administration and Safety Education and Training Healthcare and social assistance Arts and recreation services Other services Employment within these nineteen industry groups is shown in Figure 20 for Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand. In the Whangarei District, the majority of employees are in the healthcare and social assistance group (17%), retail trade group (12%), manufacturing (11%), education and training (9%) and construction (7%). These five industries make up over 50% of the employees in the Whangarei District. Northlands top industry is also in healthcare and social assistance (15%), followed by retail trade (12%) while the whole of New Zealand is made up primarily of a mix of healthcare and social assistance (11%), and manufacturing (11%). Page 36 of 99

37 Figure 20 - Employees by Industry Group for Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand, 2014 Proportion of Employees by Industry Group for Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand % 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Accommodation and Food Services Transport, Postal and Warehousing Information Media and Telecommunications Financial and Insurance Services Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Administrative and Support Services Public Administration and Safety Education and Training Health Care and Social Assistance Arts and Recreation Services Other Services 5% 9% 6% 0% 0% 0% 11% 10% 11% 2% 1% 1% 7% 6% 6% 4% 3% 5% 12% 12% 10% 6% 8% 7% 4% 4% 4% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 3% 1% 2% 1% 5% 4% 8% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 6% 9% 10% 8% 11% 2% 2% 2% 4% 3% 3% 15% 17% Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand Page 37 of 99

38 When comparing the employee counts with the number of geographic units of that industry type, we can observe that the largest industries have some of the lowest employee counts and vice versa (see Figure 21). This is true for healthcare and social assistance, where over 5,000 employees work in less than 500 geographic units and in rental hiring and real estate, where 400 employees works in almost 1,700 geographic units. Figure 21 - Comparison in the Number of Geographic Units and Employee Count by Industry in Whangarei District, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services Construction Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Accommodation and Food Services Transport, Postal and Warehousing Information Media and Telecommunications Financial and Insurance Services Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Administrative and Support Services Public Administration and Safety Education and Training Health Care and Social Assistance Arts and Recreation Services Other Services Geographic Units Employee Count Source: Statistics New Zealand Page 38 of 99

39 Figure 22 - % Change in Employee Count in Industry by Total Employees, Whangarei District % Change in Employee Count in Industry by Total Employees in Whangarei District, % -1.5% -1.0% -0.5% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing -0.5% Mining 0.0% Manufacturing -1.2% Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 0.4% Construction -0.9% Wholesale Trade -0.4% Retail Trade -1.6% Accommodation and Food Services -0.7% Transport, Postal and Warehousing 0.2% Information Media and Telecommunications -0.3% Financial and Insurance Services -0.1% Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services -0.2% Professional, Scientific and Technical Services -0.2% Administrative and Support Services 1.7% Public Administration and Safety 0.6% Education and Training 1.3% Health Care and Social Assistance 2.5% Arts and Recreation Services -0.3% Other Services -0.2% Source: Statistics New Zealand Between 2006 and 2014, there was a 5.5% increase (0.7% per annum or 209 employees per annum) in the total number of employees in the Whangarei District compared with a 5.2% increase in New Zealand and 0.9% increase in Northland over the same period. As shown in Figure 22, much of the increase in the employee count by total number of employees in Whangarei District was in health care and social assistance (2.5%) and in administrative and support services (1.7%). The largest decrease in employee count by total number of employees was in retail trade (-1.6%) and in manufacturing (-1.2%). When examining the employee counts in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, we can observe in Figure 23 that most of the employees in the Whangarei District are in the tertiary sector while the primary sector employs the fewest numbers of employees. This is also true in Northland and in New Zealand. From 2006 to 2014, the tertiary sector in Whangarei gained 3% more of the employee share, while in New Zealand this gain was 6%. The primary sector Page 39 of 99

40 gained 4% more employees from in Northland, while in New Zealand on the whole, the opposite happened and the primary sector lost 4%, while the secondary sector lost 3% of employees. Figure 23 - Employee Counts by Industry by Sector, % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 72% 75% 74% 73% 70% 22% 20% 20% 18% 21% 5% 5% 6% 10% 10% 6% Whangarei District 2006 Whangarei District 2014 Northland 2006 Northland 2014 New Zealand % 18% New Zealand 2014 Primary Secondary Tertiary Source: Statistics New Zealand In 2013, the majority of Whangarei District Residents employed in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors were between the ages of years (43%, 46% and 47% respectively). The majority of those over the age of 65 years who are employed in the District work largely in the primary sector (Figure 24). Figure 24 - Industry by Sector and Age in Whangarei District, % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 6% 19% 7% 46% 47% 43% 28% 38% 35% 10% 11% 11% PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY Source: Statistics New Zealand Page 40 of 99

41 In 2013, the majority of the male labour force in the Whangarei District were employed in the secondary and primary sectors (82% and 69% respectively) while the majority of workers in the tertiary sector were female (60%) as show in Figure 25. Figure 25 - Industry by Sector and Gender, Whangarei District % Industry by Sector and Gender, Whangarei District 2013 % of Population Aged 15 Years and Over in the Workforce 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 18% 32% 60% 82% 69% 40% Primary Secondary Tertiary Male Female Source: Statistics New Zealand Unemployment Levels of unemployment are often used as an indicator for gauging social and economic wellbeing. Unemployment levels are defined as the number of people who are unemployed and actively seeking work as a percentage of the total labour force 5 aged 15 years and over. Figure 26 shows that Northland has the highest unemployment rate in New Zealand (8.8%), followed by Manawatu/Wanganui at 7.7%, compared with 5.7% for the whole of New Zealand. 5 The total labour force includes persons who are unemployed and actively seeking work Page 41 of 99

42 Figure 26 - Unemployment Rates for New Zealand Regions, March 2015 New Zealand Southland Otago Canterbury Tasman / Nelson / Marlborough / West Coast Wellington Manawatu - Wanganui Taranaki Gisborne / Hawke's Bay Bay of Plenty Waikato Auckland Northland 5.7% 3.6% 3.8% 3.2% 4.6% 5.7% 7.7% 5.2% 7.3% 6.4% 6.2% 6.3% 8.8% 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand, March 2015 Between March 1987 and March 2015, unemployment in the Northland Region has altered from the highs (14.7%) in 1994 to the low of 4.1% in Over the last 28 years, Northland s unemployment rate has consistently been higher than for the whole of New Zealand averaging 9.1% compared to 6.3% for New Zealand (see Figure 27). The greatest variance was in 1995 when the Northland rate was 6.2% higher than the national rate. The smallest variance occurred in 2008 when there was just a 0.4% difference between the two. Figure 27 - Unemployment Rate for Northland and New Zealand, March % 14.0% 12.0% Unemployment Rate 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Northland New Zealand Source: Household Labour Force Survey, Statistics New Zealand, March 2015 Page 42 of 99

43 On the Census night in 2013, 3,225 people in the Whangarei District aged 15 years of age and over indicated that they were unemployed. That gives an unemployment rate of 5.7%, which is 0.9% higher than the total unemployment rate for New Zealand of 4.8% on Census night. Figure 28 Unemployment Level for Labour Force aged 15 years and over at 2001, 2006 and 2013 Census 7.0% 6.0% Unemployment Level 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 6.1% 6.3% 5.0% 4.0% 4.2% 3.5% 5.7% 6.0% 4.8% 1.0% 0.0% 2001 Census 2006 Census 2013 Census Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand Census 2001, 2006 and 2013 Unemployment rates in the District have fluctuated over the 12 year period between 2001 and 2013, with the unemployment rates being lowest in The 2013 unemployment rates are much closer to the 2001 rates, albeit slightly lower. This is also consistent with Northland and New Zealand on the whole. At the 2013 Census, Whangarei District had the 14th highest unemployment in the country out of almost 70 local authorities, with similar rates to Horowhenua District (5.7%) and Wanganui District (5.8%). When comparing Whangarei to the G9 group of Councils, Whangarei District had the 4 th highest unemployment rate at 5.7% (see Figure 29). Rotorua District had the highest rate at 6.8%, while Gisborne District had an unemployment rate of 6.1% and Wanganui District was at 5.8%. Page 43 of 99

44 Figure 29 - Unemployment Level for Labour Force aged 15 years and over, G9 Councils, at Census % 7.0% Unemployment Level 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 5.7% 4.8% 6.8% 6.1% 4.6% G9 Average 5.2% 4.4% 3.7% 5.8% 5.0% 4.8% 1.0% 0.0% Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Work and Labour Force Status Maori and Pacific People are disproportionately represented in the unemployment statistics for the District (see Figure 30). Of the total Maori population aged 15 years of age and over in the Whangarei District, 12.4% stated that they were unemployed on Census night, while 11.6% of Pacific People stated that they were unemployed. Figure 30 - Unemployment Level by Ethnicity for Whangarei District, Northland Region and New Zealand, at Census % 12.0% Unemployment Level 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 4.4% 4.4% 3.7% 12.4% 12.1% 10.4% 11.6% 12.3% 10.0% 5.9% 5.7% 5.7% 7.9% 7.4% 8.5% 5.7% 6.0% 4.8% 0.0% European Maori Pacific Peoples Asian MELAA Total Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Work and Labour Force Status Page 44 of 99

45 Europeans had the lowest unemployment rates out of the total population aged 15 years and over in Whangarei District (4.4%), Northland (4.4%) and New Zealand (3.7%). Figure 31 - Unemployment Level by Gender, Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand, at Census % 6.0% 5.0% Unemployment Level 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 4.6% 4.9% 6.1% 5.9% 5.8% 5.6% 1.0% 0.0% New Zealand Northland Region Whangarei District Male Female Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Work and Labour Force Status Females in the Whangarei District were less likely to be unemployed than males in Unemployed males accounted for 5.8% of the total male workforce aged 15 years and over, while unemployed females accounted for 5.6% of the total female workforce. The same was true for Northland Region where unemployed males represented 6.1% of the male workforce, and females 5.9% of the female workforce. The opposite was true for New Zealand on the whole where 4.6% of males in the workforce and 4.9% of females in the workforce were unemployed. Figure 32 illustrates the unemployment rate for each age cohort, by comparing the number of unemployed and those stated as being in the workforce for each age cohort. The 2013 unemployment rate was highest amongst the youth (15-19 year old age cohort) where in the Whangarei District almost 15% were unemployed 6. The youth unemployment rate for Northland was 14.7% and 11.9% for New Zealand on the whole. 6 Note that the unemployed youth does not necessarily include students as they are accounted for as people who are not in the labour force. Page 45 of 99

46 The unemployment rate declines as people get older, with the lowest unemployment rate being for the 65+ age group where 0.5% of those in Whangarei District were unemployed. The rates for Whangarei District are higher in each age cohort than nationally, and in most circumstances (apart from the year age group) the rates were lower in Whangarei District than for the Northland Region Figure 32 Unemployment Level by Age, Whangarei District, Northland Region and New Zealand, at Census 2013 Unemployment Level 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% years years years years years years years years years years 65 + Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Work and Labour Force Status Figure 33 illustrates the unemployment levels amongst the ethnicities according to the specific age cohorts. New Zealand Europeans had consistently lower unemployment levels in every age cohort when comparing to other ethnicities. The unemployment level for young Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) youth (aged years) was amongst the highest at 25%, however, there were no unemployed MELAA in the rest of the age cohorts apart from the years of age grouping. Asians were more likely to be unemployed after the age of 45 years but in younger years had levels of unemployment comparable to the European ethnicity. The Maori population had consistently higher unemployment rates throughout every age group than the other ethnicities. Pacific people followed the same trend as the Maori apart from age and years of age where the unemployment rates for these ages was quite a bit Page 46 of 99

47 lower. However, this trend changes in the year age grouping where 14.3% of the unemployed are Pacific People, the highest of any of the ethnicities. Figure 33 Unemployment Level by Gender and Age, Whangarei District, at Census % 25.0% Unemployment Level 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% years years years years years years years years years years 65 + European Maori Pacific Peoples Asian Middle Eastern/Latin American/African Unemployment by Median Personal Income Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Work and Labour Force Status There is a low negative correlation between unemployment rates and the personal median income of a District/Local Authority, as shown in Figure 34. As the unemployment rates increase, the median personal income of a District decreases. For the areas with low unemployment, such as Selwyn, the District has a high median personal income. For the areas with the high unemployment rates, such as Kawerau, the District has low median personal income. Page 47 of 99

48 Figure 34 - Unemployment Level and Median Personal Income of Local Authorities, % Kawerau District 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% Opotiki District Whangarei District Wellington City 4.0% 2.0% Selwyn District MacKenzie District 0.0% $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $40,000 Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Work and Labour Force Status and Personal Income Data Means of Travel to Work The majority of people in Whangarei travel to work by car, either private or company (63%), as they do in Northland (59%) and in New Zealand on the whole (60%) (see Table 6).Of those that drove by car to work, 51% drove a private car in Whangarei District, compared with 49% nationally. The very low percentage of people (0.6%) that took a bus to work reflects the rural nature of the District and the lack of public transport in some areas. There are no trains available to take to work in Whangarei District; however, the percentage of people who took buses or trains to work nationally was 4.4%. Table 6 - Means of Travel to Work by Labour Force Aged 15 Years and Over, 2013 Means of Travel to Work Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Worked at Home 10.0% 13.5% 8.5% Did Not Go to Work Today 11.4% 10.8% 10.4% Drove a Private Car, Truck or Van 50.7% 47.5% 48.6% Drove a Company Car, Truck or Van 12.2% 11.5% 10.9% Passenger in a Car, Truck, Van or Company Bus 4.3% 3.9% 3.8% Public Bus 0.6% 0.4% 3.2% Train 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% Motor Cycle or Power Cycle 1.2% 1.4% 1.3% Bicycle 1.2% 0.9% 2.2% Walked or Jogged 4.0% 4.6% 5.3% Other 0.6% 0.8% 0.9% Not Elsewhere Included 3.8% 4.7% 3.7% Page 48 of 99

49 When examining the means of work and the type of industry for the employed usually resident population (Figure 35), we can see that quite a high number of people who work from home work in the primary industry (38%). Also, the highest broup of employees that motorcyle to work are also from the primary industry (42%). Those that walked or jogged to work mainly worked in the tertiary industry (88%), while a high number of those that drove a company vechile worked in the secondary industry (37%). Figure 35 - Main Means of Travel to Work by Industry, Whangarei District, % 90% 80% 70% 38% 6% 4% 6% 7% 13% 18% 37% 32% 2% 7% 42% 2% 21% 5% 6% 19% 21% 60% 11% 50% 40% 81% 78% 86% 16% 75% 88% 30% 20% 51% 57% 60% 40% 59% 10% 0% Worked at home Did not go to work today Drove a private car, truck or van Drove a company car, truck or van Passenger in a car, truck, van or company bus Public bus Motor cycle or power cycle Bicycle Teritary Secondary Primary Walked or jogged Other Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census 2013 Page 49 of 99

50 Page 50 of 99

51 EDUCATION Page 51 of 99

52 Highest Qualification The highest level of education attained by Whangarei District residents aged 15 years and over is shown in Figure 36. The highest qualifications have been grouped into four categories: University including Bachelor Degree, Postgraduate and Honours Degree, Masters Degree and Doctorate Degree, Other Tertiary including Level 4 Certificate, Level 5 or Level 6 Diploma, School Qualification Level 1, 2, 3 Certificate and Overseas Secondary School Qualification, No Qualifications attained at school upon leaving. The District has a higher proportion of people aged 15 years and over with no qualifications (25%) when compared with New Zealand on the whole (21%). However, consistent with national trends, the proportion has decreased since 2006, when it was 30% and in 2001 when it was 32%. Figure 36 - Highest Qualification Attained for Usually Resident Population Aged 15 Years and Over, 2013 Percent of Population Aged 15 Years and Over 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Highest Qualification Attained for Usually Resident Population Aged 15 Years and Over, % 12% 10% 51% 9% 51% 25% 27% 20% 9% 50% 21% Whangarei District Northland Region Total New Zealand No Qualificiation School Qualification Other Tertiary University Source: Statistics New Zealand 2013 Census More residents are achieving University education in Whangarei with an increase of 4% over 2006 figures. However, still lags behind New Zealand as a whole (20%) Page 52 of 99

53 Figure 37 - Highest Qualification Attained by Area Unit, Whangarei District 2013 Highest Qualification Attained by Area Unit, 2013 Census 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Opouteke-Tanekaha Marsden Point-Ruakaka Ngunguru Wharekohe-Oakleigh Maungatapere Waiotira-Springfield Punaruku-Kiripaka Bream Bay Waipu Pataua-Whareora Parua Bay Bream Head Springs Flat Three Mile Bush Te Hihi Abbey Caves Otaika-Portland Kamo West Kamo East Tikipunga West Tikipunga East Whau Valley Otangarei Western Hills Kensington Mairtown Regent Woodhill Vinetown Whangarei Central Riverside Horahora Maunu Raumanga East Morningside Parahaki Raumanga West Port-Limeburners Sherwood Rise Onerahi Hikurangi No Qualification School Qualification Other Tertiary University Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census The proportion of the usual resident population with no formal qualification (see Figure 37) was considerably higher in the Otangarei area (45%), Raumaunga East (38%) and Hikurangi and Tikipunga West areas (both 36%). There are some areas where the proportion of usual residents with university qualification was higher Kensington (25%), Te Hihi (24%) and Hora Hora and Parua Bay (22%). Highest Qualification by Ethnicity Compared with other ethnicities, Maori and Pacific People over the age of 15 are more likely to have no qualifications. As Figure 38 shows, 36% of Maori and 31% of Pacific People had no Page 53 of 99

54 formal qualification in 2006, compared with 23% of NZ Europeans, 17% of other ethnicities, 15% of Asians and 10% of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) people. Maori are less likely to attain a University qualification than all other ethnic groups, with only 8% attainment in a university qualification in Asian and MELAA people had higher qualifications with 30% and 33% respectively attaining a university qualification. Figure 38 - Highest Qualification Attained by Ethnicity in Whangarei District, % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Highest Qualification Attained by Ethnicity in Whangarei District, % 23% 40% 23% 8% 10% 16% 13% 40% 47% 36% 31% 30% 33% NZ European Maori Pacific Peoples Asian Middle Other Ethnicity Eastern/Latin America/African 15% 40% 15% 22% 34% 10% 15% 27% 41% 17% No qualification School Qualification Other Tertiary University Educational Attainment of School Leavers Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census The Whangarei District youth continue to leave school with fewer qualifications compared with the total New Zealand school leaving population. Figure 39 illustrates the highest qualifications attained by Whangarei District school leaver compared with Northland and the rest of New Zealand. In 2013, 805 students left the secondary school system in the Whangarei District of whom the largest percents (59%) had gained Level 3 or higher, compared with 64% of New Zealand School leavers. More young people in the Whangarei District leave school with no qualifications (11%) compared with New Zealand (8%) (see Figure 39). However, consistent with national trends, this percentage has decreased since 2006 where 20% of those in Whangarei District left school with no qualifications compared with 18% in New Zealand. Page 54 of 99

55 Figure 39 - Highest Qualification of School Leavers, Whangarei District, Northland, New Zealand 2013 Highest Qualification of School Leavers, % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 59% 55% 23% 25% 64% 22% 7% 8% 6% 11% 12% 8% Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Little or no formal attainment Level 2 qualification Level 1 qualification Level 3 qualification or higher Source: Ministry of Education 2013 Income and Education Attainment There is a strong link between educational attainment and income. Table 7 provides information about income levels and highest qualifications gained for New Zealand and Whangarei District populations over 15 years of age. Table 7 - Income by Highest Qualification for Population Aged 15 years and over, 2013 New Zealand Highest Qualification Attained (%) Whangarei District Highest Qualification Attained (%) Personal Income None School Other Tertiary University None School Other Tertiary University Loss 0.7% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% $0 - $15,000 36% 31% 18% 16% 37% 29% 18% 15% $15,001 - $30,000 32% 22% 22% 16% 35% 27% 26% 16% $30,001 - $40,000 12% 13% 13% 9% 11% 13% 13% 10% $40,001 - $50,000 7% 10% 11% 10% 6% 10% 10% 10% $50,001 - $70,000 7% 13% 17% 18% 7% 12% 18% 20% $70,001 or more 4% 10% 19% 32% 4% 8% 16% 29% Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census 2013 Total Personal Income and Highest Qualification For both populations, as the income levels increase, the proportions of people with university qualifications also increase. Conversely as income levels decrease, the proportions of people with no qualifications increase. This is illustrated in Figure 40. Page 55 of 99

56 In the Whangarei District, 80% of people with no qualifications earn less than $40,000 annually, while 60% of people with university qualifications earn over $40,000 annually. Figure 40 - Income by Highest Qualification for the Whangarei District % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Income by Highest Qualification for the Whangarei District, % 9% 7% 17% 7% 11% 32% 12% 9% 19% 12% 11% 18% 32% 22% 13% 10% 9% 22% 16% 36% 35% 17% 16% No Qualification School Qualification Other Tertiary University 0-$15,000 $15,001-$30,000 $30,001-$40,000 $40,001-$50,000 $50,001-$70,000 $70,001 or more Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census 2013 Total Personal Income and Highest Qualification Access to Tertiary Education The University of Auckland is the closest university to the Whangarei District, with the main campus in Auckland and the Tai Tokerau Campus in Whangarei, as well as courses being offered at the Northland Polytechnic (North Tec). In the 2014 Academic year, the Auckland University student role was at 33,468 Equivalent Full Time Students (EFTS), the largest attended university in the country. Of the school leavers from Whangarei, the majority of them attended the University of Auckland (33%), followed by 16% at the University of Otago in Dunedin (see Table 8). Massey University had the least proportion of Whangarei school leavers at 7%. Page 56 of 99

57 Table 8 - Proportion of School Leavers who attended School in the Whangarei District in the Year Prior to the University Enrolment Year University Total Equivalent Full Time Students (EFTS) 2014 Number of First Year University Students from Whangarei Percent of First Year University Students from Whangarei University of Auckland 33, % Auckland University of Technology (AUT) 19,178 Not Available Not Available University of Canterbury 11, % Lincoln University N/A 30 12% Massey University 19, % University of Otago 18, % Victoria University of Wellington N/A 33 13% University of Waikato 12, % Total 114, % The Northland Polytechnic (NorthTec), is the largest provider of tertiary education in the Northland Region, with campuses and learning centres in Whangarei, Auckland CBD, Kaikohe, Kaitaia, Kerikeri, and Rawene. In the 2014 academic year, approximately 3,500 equivalent full times students (EFTS) were enrolled at NorthTec. NorthTec remains the only Northland based Tertiary Education Institute (TEI) that provides programmes from foundation to degree level. Te Wananga o Aotearoa is one of New Zealand s largest tertiary education providers, operating from over 80 locations throughout New Zealand. They offer a comprehensive range of certificate to degree qualifications to New Zealanders of all ages, with 75% of programmes being fees-free. Te Wananga o Aotearoa consists of seven major Rohe (regions) throughout New Zealand. The Whangarei Campus offers a range of subjects including Business, Computing, Social Services, Health and Fitness, Arts, Te Ara Reo Maori and Te Arataki Manu Koreru. People Potential offers computer and IT training, pre trade and advanced hairdressing, sports and recreation, security, as well as hospitability and retail and customer service courses. They are dedicated to providing educational opportunities towards industry employment. Campuses are located in Whangarei, Kaikohe and Dargaville. Page 57 of 99

58 Page 58 of 99

59 INCOME Page 59 of 99

60 Introduction The personal, family and household income received by Whangarei District residents are examined in this section. There are three levels of income: Personal Income refers to the gross total income received by an individual aged 15 years and over. Family Income is the combined, gross, total income that persons aged 15 years and over in a family receive. Household Income is defined as the total income, including income support, before tax, that members of a household aged 15 years and over receive from all sources. There are two ways to indicate income levels at the aggregate level, the mean or average and the median or midpoint. The median measure is usually the most reliable as the mean can be distorted by a few very high or very low incomes. For the purpose of this report, the median will be used to indicate income levels. Personal Income Total personal income represents the before-tax income in the 12 months ending 31 March 2013 of individuals 15 years of age and over (Statistics New Zealand, 2013). Figure 41 - Median Personal Income for Whangarei District and G9 Councils, 2013 $35,000 $30,000 Median Personal Income NZ Median $28,500 G9 Median $26,500 Median Personal Income $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $25,300 $27,100 $26,900 $24,400 $26,500 $26,000 $29,100 $23,500 $27,000 $5,000 $- Whangarei District Tauranga City Rotorua District Gisborne District Hastings District Napier City New Plymouth District Wanganui District Palmerston North City Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census In 2013, the median personal income for the Whangarei District population of 15 years and over was $25,300 (see Figure 41). This is $3,200 less than the New Zealand median income of Page 60 of 99

61 $28,500 and $1,200 less than the G9 median income of $24,400. The median personal income of the Whangarei District is third lowest in the G9, with the Wanganui and Gisborne Districts being the lowest. In New Zealand, the Whangarei District has the 17th lowest median personal income, similar to the Masterton and Waitaki Districts. Wellington has the highest median personal income at $37,900. Figure 42 - Total Personal Income for Population aged 15 Years and Over, % 30% 30% 28% 28% 29% 28% 25% 23% 20% 15% 10% 12% 12% 12% 9% 8% 10% 13% 12% 11% 10% 9% 14% 5% 0% 0-$15,000 $15,001-$30,000 $30,001-$40,000 $40,001-$50,000 $50,001-$70,000 $70,000+ Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census The distribution of incomes for the Whangarei District is similar to the income distribution for New Zealand incomes as a whole, with a slightly higher proportion of Whangarei residents in the lower income category. Fifty six percent of Whangarei residents earn less than $30,000 a year, compared with 51% for New Zealand on the whole (see Figure 42). New Zealand leads in the upper income levels where 27% earning over $50,000 a year, compared to 22% of Whangarei residents. Personal Income by Gender Figure 43 shows that there is considerable difference in the personal income distribution of men and women living in the Whangarei District. In 2013, 36% of females earned over $30,000 compared to 52% of males. Conversely, 14% of females earned $5,000 or less (compared with 11% of males) and 49% of females earned between $5,000 and $30,000 (compared to 37% of males). Women in the low income brackets (less than $20,000) are more likely to be a part of the non-labour force caring for children or working in part time paid employment. Page 61 of 99

62 In 2013, the largest percentage of females earned between $10,000-$20,000 (25%), while the largest percentage of males earned $50,000 or more (30%). Figure 43 - Total Personal Income by Gender, Whangarei District % 30% 30% 25% 20% 20% 25% 18% 22% 20% 15% 11% 14% 13% 16% 10% 5% 4% 6% 0% $5,000 or less $5,001-$10,000 $10,001-$20,000 $20,001-$30,000 $30,001-$50,000 $50,001 or more Male Female Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Personal Income by Age In Figure 44, we can observe the broad income range across age groups in the Whangarei District. The majority (85%) of the District youth (15-24 years) earn less than $30,000 a year, compared with almost 44% of residents between the ages of years and 74% of those over the age of 65 years. Over half the residents aged earn over $30,000 a year, while approximately 30% earn over $50,000 a year. The largest percentage of seniors (over 65 years of age) earn $10,00-20,000 (46%). While almost half (48%) of youth (under 25 years of age) earn $5,000 or less per year. Page 62 of 99

63 Figure 44 - Total Personal Income by Age, Whangarei District % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 3% 13% 13% 14% 10% 30% 33% 26% 24% 9% 14% 25% $50,001 or more $30,001-$50,000 $20,001-$30,000 40% 30% 20% 48% 14% 13% 15% 17% 46% $10,001-$20,000 $5,001-$10,000 $5,000 or less 10% 0% 5% 5% 10% 8% 2% 1% Years Years Years 65 Years and Over Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Personal Income by Ethnicity Personal income levels vary across different ethnic groups in the Whangarei District (Figure 45). In 2013, over 50% of Pacific Peoples earned less than $20,000 a year, while 61% of Europeans earned more than $20,000 a year. Middle Eastern/Latin America/Africans had the highest percentage of those earning over $50,000 a year (26%), compared with 24% of Europeans, 20% of Asians, 15% of Maori and 15% of Pacific Peoples. Figure 45- Total Personal Income by Ethnicity, Whangarei District % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 24% 21% 16% 23% 5% 12% 15% 15% 20% 20% 15% 14% 23% 8% 19% 19% 7% 20% 19% 14% 19% 5% 26% 16% 15% 18% 5% 26% 23% 20% European Maori Pacific Peoples Asian Middle Eastern/Latin American/African $50,001 or more $30,001-$50,000 $20,001-$30,000 $10,001-$20,000 $5,001-$10,000 $5,000 or less Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Page 63 of 99

64 Personal Income by Industry Figure 46 shows the total personal income by industry (ANZSIC06) for the Whangarei District in The lowest paying industries were accommodation and food services where 73% of employees earn less than $30,000 a year and retail trade where 52% of employees earn less than $30,000 a year. The highest paid industries were public administration and safety, where 87% of employees earn more than $30,000 a year and 86% of electricity, gas, water and waste services employees and financial and insurance services earn more than $30,000 a year. Just over one quarter (27%) of accommodation and food service employees earn less than $10,000 per year, while 63% of public administration and safety employees earn more than $50,000 per year. This table does not illustrate full time and part time employment, so the lower paying industries may include more part time employees. Page 64 of 99

65 Figure 46 - Total Personal Income by Industry, Whangarei District, % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8% 4% 13% 15% 28% 31% Mining 4% 4% 12% 23% 58% Manufacturing 3% 6% 10% 29% 50% Electricity, gas, water, and waste services 5% 7% 27% 59% Construction 2% 3% 7% 14% 36% 38% Wholesale trade 2% 4% 7% 10% 36% 41% Retail trade 8% 5% 16% 23% 33% 15% Accommodation and food services 16% 11% 23% 23% 20% 7% Transport, postal, and warehousing 2% 9% 3% 11% 35% 39% Information media and telecommunications Financial and insurance services 4% 11% 3% 4% 2% 7% 11% 29% 29% 57% 40% Rental, hiring, and real estate services 4% 4% 13% 15% 29% 36% Professional, scientific, and technical services 3% 3% 7% 10% 29% 49% Administrative and support services 6% 6% 20% 16% 30% 23% Public administration and safety 3% 7% 24% 63% Education and training 4% 3% 13% 13% 23% 44% Health care and social assistance 3% 3% 13% 17% 31% 34% Arts and recreation services 9% 5% 15% 18% 27% 27% Other services 5% 5% 13% 20% 33% 24% $5,000 or less $5,001 - $10,000 $10,001 - $20,000 $20,001 - $30,000 $30,001 - $50,000 $50,001 or more Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Page 65 of 99

66 Source of Personal Income Like New Zealand as a whole, wages and salaries were the most common source of personal income in the Whangarei District in However, the percentage of people receiving wages and salaries (51%) was slightly lower than the country as a whole (58%). Table 9 - Source of Personal Income for G9 Councils, 2013 G9 Council Wages/Salary Self Employment Pension Benefits Other No Source of Income During that Time Whangarei District 51% 15% 25% 18% 25% 7% Tauranga City 54% 14% 27% 16% 30% 6% Rotorua District 57% 12% 20% 19% 23% 7% Gisborne District 57% 13% 20% 23% 22% 6% Hastings District 57% 14% 22% 17% 26% 6% Napier City 56% 11% 26% 17% 27% 6% New Plymouth District 58% 14% 23% 14% 27% 6% Wanganui District 52% 11% 27% 22% 24% 6% Palmerston North City 62% 10% 19% 16% 30% 7% Total New Zealand 58% 14% 19% 15% 27% 7% Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Other notable differences between the Whangarei District and New Zealand include the high proportions of people receiving superannuation (25% for Whangarei, compared with 19% for New Zealand) and the high proportion of people receiving the unemployment benefit, sickness benefit, domestic purposes benefit or invalid benefit (18% for Whangarei District compared with 15% for New Zealand). When comparing Whangarei District to the other G9 Councils, we are the lowest in terms of those earning a wage/salary (51%) but had the highest amount of self employment (15%). In the Whangarei District there were 25% of people earning a pension, compared to a high in Tauranga City and Wanganui District, each with 27% of their population receiving a pension and a low of 19% in Palmerston North. Income Support Income support refers to government funded income supplements received from Work and Income New Zealand. Figure 47 illustrates the percentage of residents aged 15 years and over, from the G9 group of councils who received income support during the 12 months preceding the 2013 census (Statistics New Zealand, 2013). Page 66 of 99

67 Figure 47 - Proportion of Population Receiving Income Support for the G9 Councils, % 20% G9 Average 18% 15% 10% 5% 18% 16% 19% 23% 17% 17% 14% 22% 16% 15% 0% Whangarei District Tauranga City Rotorua District Gisborne District Hastings District Napier City New Plymouth District Wanganui District Palmerston North City Total New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Eighteen percent (10,185) of the Whangarei District resident population aged fifteen years of age and over had received some form of government income supplement in the 12 months prior to the 2013 census 7. This value is consistent with the G9 average and is fourth highest in the G9 Councils with Gisborne having the highest percentage of residents receiving income support at 23%, Wanganui at 22% and Rotorua at 19%. The types of income supplement received by Whangarei District residents were generally similar to the rest of the G9 Councils. Of the 18% of the resident population receiving some form of income support, 22% received the unemployment benefit in Whangarei, 16% received the sickness benefit, 23% the domestic purposes benefit, 16% the invalids benefit and 24% on other government benefits. Figure 48 compares our district with the G9 Councils and the black stars illustrate the highest amount of the benefit per category. 7 Taken from residents aged 15 years of age and older, when collecting personal income data. Government income supplement includes domestic purposes benefit, invalids benefit, unemployment benefit, sickness benefit and other government benefits, payments or pension. Page 67 of 99

68 Figure 48 - Types of Benefit Received by G9 Councils, % 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Whangarei District Tauranga City Rotorua District Gisborne District Hastings District Napier City New Plymouth District Wanganui District Palmerston North City Unemployment Benefit Domestic Purposes Benefit Other Govt Benefits, Payments or Pension Sickness Benefit Invalids Benefit Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Census Family Income Family is a derived variable that classifies family nuclei according to the presence or absence of couples, parents and children. A family nucleus is a couple, with or without child(ren), or one parents and their child(ren) usually resident in the same dwelling. The children do not have partners or children of their own living in the same household. People who usually live in a particular dwelling, and are members of a family nucleus in that dwelling. Total family income is derived by aggregating the total personal income of all the members of the family nucleus who are aged 15 years and over (Statistics New Zealand, 2013). Family income is considered to be more useful than personal income for measuring social and economic well-being. This is because individual income does not show differences between one and two income families. Family income refers to the total combined income that all persons aged 15 years of age and over in a family unit receive (Statistics New Zealand, 2013). Figure 49 illustrates family income of the Whangarei District, Northland and New Zealand. Page 68 of 99

69 Figure 49 - Family Income in Whangarei District, Northland Region and New Zealand, % Family Income % 25% 20% 15% 31% 10% 5% 8% 10% 7% 10% 12% 8% 22% 23% 17% 17% 17% 16% 21% 19% 21% 22% 19% 0% $20,000 or less $20,001 - $30,000 $30,001 - $50,000 $50,001 - $70,000 $70,001 - $100,000 $100,001 or more Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 Eighteen percent of families in the Whangarei District earned less than $30,000 per annum, compared with 22% for Northland and 15% nationally. Sixty percent of families in Whangarei District earned more than $50,000 per annum compared with 55% for Northland and 68% for New Zealand on the whole. Just over one fifth (22%) of families in Whangarei earned over $100,000 per annum compared with 31% of families nationally. Family incomes were generally lower in the Whangarei District compared with the rest of the G9 Councils (Figure 50). The median family income for the G9 Councils was $63,400, while the New Zealand Median Family Income was $72,700. Page 69 of 99

70 Figure 50 - Median Family Income for the G9 Councils, 2013 $80,000 $70,000 Median Family Income 2013 G9 Median $63,400 NZ Median $72,700 $60,000 Median Family Income $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $61,400 $64,800 $63,400 $57,300 $64,600 $62,700 $72,900 $56,300 $69,000 $10,000 $- Whangarei District Tauranga City Rotorua District Gisborne District Hastings District Napier City New Plymouth District Wanganui District Palmerston North City Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 The median family income of the Whangarei District is the third lowest in the G9 at $61,400, with the Gisborne and Wanganui Districts being the lowest. In New Zealand, the Whangarei District has the 19 th lowest median family income, similar to Waitaki and Waimate Districts. Source of Family Income As with personal income, wages and salaries were the most common source of family income in the Whangarei District in 2013 (see Table 10). Also, like personal income, the percentage of families receiving wages and salaries, 68% were lower than the country as a whole (75%). Table 10 - Source of Family Income, Whangarei District, Northland, New Zealand 2013 Source of Family Income Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Wages/Salary 68% 65% 75% Self Employment 27% 29% 27% Pension 26% 27% 21% Benefits 21% 23% 16% Other* 44% 42% 47% Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2013 *Other includes: Interest, dividends, rent, other investments, payments from a work accident insurer, student allowance, other sources of income, other government benefits, payments, or pensions. Page 70 of 99

71 The number of families receiving superannuation in the Whangarei District (26%) is higher than for New Zealand (21%), and the number of families receiving income support is also higher for Whangarei (21%) compared with the rest of the country (16%). Household Income A household is either one person who usually resides alone, or two or more people who usually reside together and share facilities (such as for eating, cooking, or a living area; and bathroom and toilet) in a private dwelling. Included are people who were absent on census night but usually live in a particular dwelling and are members of that household, as long as they were reported as being absent by the reference person on the dwelling form. Total household income is derived by taking the sum of the median personal income of all members of the household who are aged 15 years and over (Statistics New Zealand, 2013). Figure 51 - Household Incomes for Whangarei District, Northland Region and New Zealand, % Household Income % 20% 15% 28% 10% 5% 14% 16% 11% 14% 15% 11% 21% 22% 18% 15% 15% 15% 17% 16% 18% 19% 16% 0% $20,000 or less $20,001 - $30,000 $30,001 - $50,000 $50,001 - $70,000 $70,001 - $100,000 $100,001 or more Whangarei District Northland Region New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census 2013 The distribution pattern of household income at the District level is different to that of family income. That is because the majority of households in the Whangarei District comprise of two people. Figure 51 shows that there were more household with incomes of $30,000 or less in the Whangarei District (28%) than in New Zealand (22%) in Conversely, there were fewer Page 71 of 99

72 households in the Whangarei District with incomes of $50,000 or more (51%) compared with New Zealand (61%). The median household income in the Whangarei District ($52,000) was considerably lower than for New Zealand as a whole of $63,800 (see Figure 52). It was also slightly lower than the median household income for G9 Group of Councils ($55,500). The median household income for the Whangarei District was fourth lowest in the G9, with Wanganui District, Gisborne District and Napier City being the lowest. Figure 52 - Median Household Income for the G9 Councils, 2013 $70,000 $60,000 Median Household Income 2013 G9 Median $55,500 NZ Median $63,800 Median Household Income $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $52,000 $55,800 $55,500 $50,500 $55,900 $51,900 $59,900 $43,800 $58,500 $10,000 $- Whangarei District Tauranga City Rotorua District Gisborne District Hastings District Napier City New Plymouth District Wanganui District Palmerston North City Source of Household Income Similar to personal and family income, the main source of household income was from wages/salaries in 2013, with the percentage of Whangarei District households receiving wages and salaries (62%) being lower than for New Zealand Households (70%) as shown in Table 11. Compared with the country on the whole, a greater proportion of Whangarei District households received income support and superannuation in Twenty three percent of households received income support compared with 18% in New Zealand and 34% received superannuation in Whangarei District compared with 29% of New Zealand households. Page 72 of 99

73 Table 11 - Sources of Household Income, Whangarei District, Northland, New Zealand, 2013 Source of Household Income, 2013 Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Wages/Salary 62% 58% 70% Self Employment 23% 25% 24% Pension 34% 35% 29% Benefits 23% 25% 18% Other* 42% 40% 47% Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census 2013 *Other includes: Interest, dividends, rent, other investments, payments from a work accident insurer, student allowance, other sources of income, other government benefits, payments, or pensions. Household Economic Survey The Household Economic Survey (HES) collects information on household expenditure and income, as well as a wide range of demographic information on individuals and households. Purchases recorded by households include such things as fruit and vegetables, footwear and cars, as well as spending on services such as electricity, telecommunications and health. The survey also asks for detail on where households get their money from for example, wages and salaries, self-employment, investments, or benefits. Figure 53- Household Average Weekly Expenditure for the North Island, 2013 Miscellaneous goods and services, $98.40 Education, $13.30 Other expenditure, $94.40 Food, $ Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and illicit drugs, $27.20 Clothing and footwear, $28.00 Communication, $33.40 Recreation and culture, $99.50 Transport, $ Housing and household utilities, $ Health, $24.80 Household contents and services, $44.80 Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household Economic Survey 2013 In Figure 53, average weekly expenditure for the North Island is shown (Auckland and Wellington are not included in this diagram). The largest weekly expenditure was for housing and household utilities ($236/week), followed by food ($178/week) and then by transport ($138/week). Page 73 of 99

74 The three main objectives of HES are: to contribute to the reweighting of the consumers price index (CPI); to supply expenditure statistics for use in estimating gross domestic product (GDP), and to provide an indication of the overall living standards of New Zealanders. The HES survey is completed every three years. There is also a HES (Income) survey performed, which is a shortened version of the full three yearly HEs. The shorter survey runs in the two years between the full HES to collect data on household and personal income, living standards, and housing cost expenditure. The primary objective of HES (Income) is to provide indicators on how personal and household income, housing costs, and living standards have changed over time. Information from HES (Income) is used to support policy development and decision making by government agencies. Weekly Rent The median weekly rent in the Whangarei District increased by 35% between 2006 and 2013, compared with a 31% increase in Northland and a 24% increase for New Zealand on the whole. Table 12 - Median Weekly Rent for Whangarei District, Northland & New Zealand Median Weekly Rent % Change Whangarei District $141 $185 $250 31% 35% Northland $136 $176 $230 29% 31% New Zealand $174 $225 $280 29% 24% Source: Statistics NZ Census 2001, 2006, 2013 These increases follow a 31% increase for Whangarei District between , and 29% increases for both Northland and New Zealand between The cost of rental accommodation is higher in the rest of New Zealand when compared to Whangarei and Northland, where the median weekly rent is $280. (see Figure 33) Figure 54 - Median Weekly Rent for Whangarei District, Northland & New Zealand Median Weekly Rent $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $ Whangarei District Northland New Zealand Source: Statistics NZ Census 2001, 2006, 2013 Page 74 of 99

75 HEALTH AND WELL BEING Page 75 of 99

76 While there is no single measure of health status, health status indicators have traditionally focussed on measures of health service usage, mortality (death) and morbidity (illness) levels. The majority of the data in this section has been taken from the Ministry of Health datasets and specifically observes the Northland District Heath Board area. Health Service Availability and Access Though only a very small percentage of the population live more than minutes away from any hospital, access to services in Northland is difficult for many people. Barriers to physically reaching services result from a combination of many factors: long driving distances (5 ¼ hours from north to south and 1 ½ hours from east to west); a deprived and scattered population; limited public transport (exists only in urban Whangarei and only at certain times of the day, excluding Sunday); often poor vehicle quality. Access to Hospital Services There are four public hospitals (see Figure 55) and three private hospitals in the Northland Region. There are two private hospitals located in Whangarei, and one in the Far North in Kaikohe. Page 76 of 99

77 Figure 55 - Hospital Locations in the Northland Region Access to Primary Health Services Source: Northland District Health Board Primary health organisations (PHOs) are funded by district health boards to support the provision of essential primary health care services through general practices to those people who are enrolled with the PHO. A PHO provides services either directly or through its provider members. These services should improve and maintain the health of the entire enrolled PHO population, as well as providing services in the community to restore people s health when they are unwell. The aim is to ensure GP services are better linked with other primary health services (such as allied health services) to ensure a seamless continuum of care, in particular to better manage long-term conditions (Ministry of Health, 2015). Page 77 of 99

78 There are two PHOs in the Northland Region The Te Tai Tokerau PHO and the Manaia PHO. Mangawhai Heads is covered by Coast To Coast Health Care, a primary healthcare service which is in association with Waitemata PHO. As of 1 July 2012, the Te Tai Tokerau PHO had 61,147 patients enrolled, while the Manaia PHO currently has approximately 93,000 patients registered, for a total of just over 154,000 patients, suggesting that the PHOs have achieved 100% coverage of Northland Population. Manaia Health is the primary health organization (PHO) operating in the Whangarei District. Manaia Health funds and coordinates services, provides resources and expertise for providers and delivers some specialised primary healthcare services. The PHO also works closely with a number of other health, social services, iwi, sport, housing, education and local community organisations and the local territorial authority to improve the overall health and wellbeing of the enrolled population. First level primary healthcare is being provided by 23 general practise organisations (Manaia Health, 2015). A summary of health care providers (as of July 2015) for Whangarei and the Northland region shows there are: Four Maori health providers - two in the Whangarei District. 41 general practice organizations 23 in the Whangarei District. 304 doctors including 70 general practitioners, doctors, and 40 general practitioners in the Whangarei District Four hospitals with a total of 315 beds in the Northland Region 57 oral health practitioners in the Whangarei District. Avoidable Hospitalisations Leading Causes of Avoidable Hospitalisations Ambulatory Sensitive Hospital Admissions (ASH) data has been collected and reported in New Zealand since ASH conditions are a subset of all health conditions that are believed to be relatively amenable to out-of-hospital management, and ASH rates are undoubtedly impacted by the quality of primary care services, but also by high quality population health care, and the interfaces between population health, primary/community care, and secondary/hospital care. Figure 56 illustrates the ASH admissions for the population aged 0-74 and the Maori statistics versus the other ethnicities. The data presented is for a 3 month period between January and March of 2015 for the whole of Northland. Page 78 of 99

79 Dental conditions make up the top ASH admission with 13%, followed by respiratory infections pneumonia and cellulitis 8 (both at 12%) When comparing the Maori and other ethnicities, there are generally equal amounts of admissions. However, there were more than double the Maori admissions when examining asthma, bronchitis, congestive heart failure, dental conditions, dermatitis and eczema, diabetes and rheumatic fever/heart disease. In the first three months of 2015, there were a total of 3,911 avoidable hospitalisations in Northland. Figure 56 - Avoidable Hospital Admissions, Ages 0-74 Years, Northland 1 January - 31 March 2015 Number of Hospitalisations Angina and chest pain Asthma Bronchiectasis Cellulitis Cervical cancer Congestive heart failure Constipation Dental conditions Dermatitis and Eczema Diabetes Epilepsy Gastroenteritis/dehydration GORD (Gastro-oesphageal reflux disease) Hypertensive disease Kidney/urinary infection Myocardial infarction Nutrition defiency and anaemia Other isochaemic heart disease Peptic ulcer Respiratory infections - pneumonia Rheumatic fever/heart disease Sexually transmitted infections Stroke Upper respiratory and ENT infections Vaccine preventable disease - other Vaccine preventable disease MMR Maori Other Source: Ministry of Health Figure 57 illustrates the rate of hospitalisations for hazardous substances in Northland. From , the figures show a downward trend in hospitalisations, however, there is still a rate of around 25 per 100,000 of the population. Hazaradous substance hospitalizations are also those relating to exposure to the substance in a non-occupational setting. For example, 8 Cellulitis is a diffuse infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Page 79 of 99

80 household cleaners, detergents, insecticides, paint, petrol, cosmetics, are just a few examples of a hazardous substance. Figure 57 - Rate of Hospitalisations for Exposure to Hazardous Substances, Northland per 100,000 of the population Year Source: Ministry of Health, 2015 In Table 13, the hospitalisations for intentional self harm are documented. Females are more likely to be hospitalised for self harm than males in Northland. For the two years between 2010 and 2012, there were a total of 375 hospitalisations for all ages and 109 hospitalisations for youth aged years of age. Table 13 - Intentional Self-Harm Hospitalisation, Northland by sex, Northland Number of intentional self-harm hospitalisations by age group Intentional self-harm hospitalisation rates by age group Youth (15 24 years) All ages Youth (15 24 years) 1 All ages 2 Male Female Total Age-specific rates measuring the frequency of suicides per 100,000 population relative to particular population age groups 2 Age-standardised rates per 100,000 population standardised to the WHO world standard population Leading Causes of Hospitalisation for Children 0-4 Years When examining the top ASH admissions in young children under the age of five, dental conditions are the most prevalent with over 200 cases in the first three months of 2015 (see Page 80 of 99

81 Figure 58). Gastroenteritis/dehydration, upper respiratory and ENT 9 infections, and respiratory infections - pneumonia are also high with just over 100 cases each in Northland for this first quarter of Figure 58 - Avoidable Hospital Admissions, Under 5 year olds, Northland, 1 January - 31 March 2015 Number of Hospitalisations Asthma 31 8 Cellulitis Constipation 6 9 Dental conditions Dermatitis and Eczema 28 4 Gastroenteritis/dehydration GORD (Gastro-oesphageal reflux disease) 1 Nutrition defiency and anaemia 1 - Respiratory infections - pneumonia Upper respiratory and ENT infections Vaccine preventable disease - other Maori Other Source: Ministry of Health, 2015 Maori children generally have more cases than non-maori children of avoidable hospital admissions, except in the case of constipation. In the first three months of 2015, there were a total of 684 avoidable hospitalisations for children under the age of 5 in Northland. Incidence of Disease Rheumatic Fever Rheumatic Fever is a non contagious acute fever marked by inflammation and pain in the joints 10. Rheumatic Fever can develop after a throat infection caused by a group A Streptococcus bacteria (Strep Throat). If strep throat is left untreated it may lead to rheumatic fever one to five weeks after a sore throat. The heart, joints, brain and skin may become inflamed and swollen. In New Zealand, Maori and Pacific children and young adults (aged 4-19 years) have the highest rates of rheumatic fever. 9 ENT Infections = ear, nose and throat infections 10 Google Page 81 of 99

82 The Ministry of Health has examined the rates of rheumatic fever in Northland between 2002 and Rates since 2002 have more than doubled and the trend line for rheumatic fever incidence illustrates a sharp advance over a short period of time. Figure 59 - Rheumatic Fever Incidence Crude Rate per 100,000 Northland Crude rate per 100,000 usual resident population Source: Ministry of Health, 2011 Rheumatic fever is likely caused by overcrowding in homes as well as socio-economic deprivation and barriers to access to healthcare. Rheumatic fever is unevenly distributed in New Zealand with most cases recorded in the North Island (see Figure 60). When comparing the District Health Boards across the country, Northland had the highest number of hospitalisations cases per 100,000 people at 28.9, followed by Counties Manukau at 23.9 and Lakes at District Health Boards on the South Island all had rates below 8 per 100,000. Page 82 of 99

83 Figure 60 District Health Board Hospitalisations for Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease 1 January -31 March 2015 per 100,000 people Rate per 100,000 people Source: Ministry of Health, 2015 Melanoma Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. threatening. It can progress quickly and be life Melanoma is characterised by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells that colour skin, hair and eyes. It is treatable if diagnosed early, but if the cancer spreads to other parts of the body (metastasises) the prognosis is poor 11. Figure 61 demonstrates the rate of melanoma registrations over time. Age-standardised rates per 100,000 usual resident populations are given. Rates are standardised to the WHO standard population. Rates for males are generally higher than for females. Trend lines for both females and males is steady, despite the various changes over the seven year period. 11 Melanoma New Zealand Page 83 of 99

84 Figure 61 - Melanoma by Gender Age Standardised Rates per 100,000 Northland Rate per 100,000 people Year Northland Male Northland Female Source: Ministry of Health, 2011 Cause of Death In June 2015, The Ministry of Health released mortality tables from 2012 at the District Health Board level. The following data contains information on the underlying causes of all deaths registered in Northland in In Figure 62, the underlying causes of deaths in Northland in 2012 are illustrated. Cancer is the leading cause of death and accounts for over 60% of all deaths until the age of 75. After the age of 65, ischaemic heart disease 12 is a leading cause of death, causing nearly 50% of all deaths over the age of Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle usually due to coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries). Its risk increases with age, smoking, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels), diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure) and is more common in men and those who have close relatives with ischaemic heart disease. Page 84 of 99

85 Figure 62 - Underlying Causes of all Deaths, Northland Cancer Cerebrovascular diseases Ischaemic heart diseases 95 Number of Deaths Age Source: Ministry of Health, 2012 Cerebrovascular disease affects fewer people than cancer or ischaemic heart disease. However, after the age of 70, the number of deaths caused by cerebrovascular disease begins to increase 13. Death by Age Table 14 shows deaths in the Northland District Health Board Area for 2012 by age and sex. The rate of premature death in the Northland Region is higher than for New Zealand. The basic measure of premature death is the proportion of deaths that occur before 75 years of age. In Northland, 42.8% of deaths occur before the age of 75 years compared with 37.4% for New Zealand. Premature deaths are higher for males than females in the Northland Region with 48.4% of deaths occurring before the age of 75 years compared with 36.2% for females. These figures are also higher than for New Zealand where 43.9% of premature deaths in males occur before the age of 75 years, compared with 31.2% of females. 13 Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain. Page 85 of 99

86 Table 14 - Death by Age and Sex, Northland 2012 Northland New Zealand Male Female Total Male Female Total Less than 5 Years 1.5% 1.7% 1.6% 0.5% 1.0% 0.8% 5-14 Years 0.7% 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Years 1.8% 1.4% 1.6% 1.9% 0.9% 1.4% Years 2.8% 3.0% 2.9% 4.5% 3.0% 3.7% Years 17.6% 13.1% 15.5% 17.4% 12.2% 14.8% Years 24.1% 16.9% 20.7% 19.2% 13.8% 16.5% Years 28.1% 23.9% 26.2% 30.2% 25.2% 27.7% 85+ Years 23.5% 39.8% 31.1% 25.9% 43.7% 34.9% Source: Ministry of Health, 2012 Mortality Table Malignant Neoplasm (Cancer) Deaths Deaths caused by malignant neoplasm (cancer) by age and gender in Northland are included in Figure 63. Figure 63 - Total Deaths by Malignant Neoplasm (Cancer) by Age and Gender, Northland % Percentage of Deaths by Malignant Neoplasm 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Less than 5 Years 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 5-14 Years Years 3.5% 5.3% Years Age 23.5% 26.6% Years 31.5% 25.0% Years 26.5% 28.7% Years 14.6% 14.4% 85+ Years Male Female Source: Ministry of Health, 2012 In total, cancer deaths predominantly affect those aged Men have more cancer deaths than women overall (58%). Men aged between have the highest rate of cancer deaths when comparing all ages at 31.5%, while the highest cancer deaths for women occur for those aged years (28.7%). Page 86 of 99

87 Smoking Behaviour In 2006, Statistics New Zealand began asking about smoking behaviour on the Census. Information on cigarette smoking behaviour is used by both government and private health sector agencies, special interest groups, researchers, other organisations and individuals to plan health promotion programmes, identify and monitor changes in smoking prevalence and withdrawal rates and to identify at risk groups in the population. Cigarette smoking refers to the active smoking of one or more manufactured or hand rolled tobacco cigarettes, from purchased or home grown tobacco, per day. The term smoking refers to active smoking behaviour, that is, the intentional inhalation of tobacco smoke. Smoking does not refer to or include passive smoking (the unintentional inhalation of tobacco smoke). Cigarette smoking does not include: the smoking of tobacco in cigars, pipes and cigarillos; the smoking of any other substances, e.g. herbal cigarettes or marijuana; or the consumption of tobacco products by other means, such as chewing (Statistics New Zealand 2013 Census). Smoking behaviour is illustrated in Figure 64, where since 2006, the number of regular smokers in the Whangarei District has decreased (from 23% in 2006 to 17% in 2013) and the number of ex-smokers and those that never smoked regularly has increased (from 77% in 2006 to 83% in 2013) Figure 64 - Cigarette Smoking Behaviour in the Whangarei District, 2006 and 2013 Census Percentage of Usually Resident Population 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 51% 55% 23% 26% 28% 17% Regular Smoker Ex-Smoker Never Smoked Regularly Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census 2013 Page 87 of 99

88 The Ministry of Health has data showing the number of adolescents exposed to second hand smoke in the home through their parents. This indicator is taken from the ASH adolescent smoking survey which is carried out annually. Figure 65 illustrates that 20% of students reported that their parents smoked in the home in This is a 62% decrease from 2009, where 53% of parents smoked in the home. Decreases in smoking over the last few years could be a result of increased tobacco prices, more smoke-free areas in the country and government initiatives to assist in quitting smoking. Figure 65 Percentage of Students Whose Parents Smoke in the Home 60% 50% Percentage of Students 40% 30% 20% 53% 49% 46% 44% 10% 20% 0% Year Source: Ministry of Health, 2015 Life Expectancy According to the Statistics New Zealand Life Tables, in the Whangarei District a newborn girl can expects to live 83.1 years, and a newborn boy can expect to live 78.8 years. In Northland, a newborn girl can expect to live 84.5 years, and a newborn boy can expect to live 80.6 years, compared with New Zealand as a whole where a newborn girl can expect to live 83.2 years and a newborn boy 79.5 years (see Table 15). Table 15 - Life Expectancy at Birth New Zealand Northland Whangarei District Female Total Population Male Total Population Maori Female Data not available Maori Male Data not available Source: Statistics New Zealand Period Life Tables Page 88 of 99

89 For Maori, life expectancy at birth is lower than non-maori. In Northland, a newborn Maori girl can expect to live 75.9 years and a newborn Maori boy can expect to live 71.3 years, compared with New Zealand as a whole where a newborn Maori girl can expect to live to 77.1 years and a newborn Maori boy 73.0 years. The Whangarei District has the second highest life expectancy for females in the G9 (see Figure 66), behind Tauranga at 84.6 and tied with New Plymouth District at The male life expectancy is the fifth highest at 78.8, behind Tauranga City, New Plymouth District, Palmerston North City and Napier City. Figure 66- Life Expectancy for G9 Group of Councils Life Expectancy (Years of Age) Whangarei District Tauranga City Rotorua District Gisborne District Male Hastings District Female Napier City New Plymouth District Wanganui Palmerston District North City Source: Statistics New Zealand Life Tables Page 89 of 99

90 SOCIAL DEPRIVATION Page 90 of 99

91 This section of the report is based on the Index of Deprivation (NZDep2013). The Index of Deprivation is an academically rigorous integration of nine variables from the 2013 Census, reflecting eight dimensions of deprivation. These dimensions reflect income, employment, communication, transport, support, qualifications, home ownership and living space. The Deprivation Index was developed by researchers at the Health Services Research Centre, a joint venture between the Wellington School of Medicine, the University of Otago and the Institute of Political Studies, Victoria University of Wellington. Table 16 - Deprivation Index Variables, 2013 Dimension of Deprivation Communication Income Income Employment Qualifications Owned home Support Living space Transport Description of Variable (in order of decreasing weight in the index) People aged <65 with no access to the Internet at home People aged receiving a means tested benefit People living in equivalised* households with income below an income threshold People aged unemployed People aged without any qualifications People not living in own home People aged <65 living in a single parent family People living in equivalised* households below a bedroom occupancy threshold People with no access to a car Source: Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington * Equivalisation: methods used to control for household composition. The telecommunication variable used in previous versions of NZDep no access to any phone at home has been dropped in 2013, after careful investigation, and has been replaced by another telecommunication variable no access to Internet at home. Internet at home The Index of Deprivation provides a deprivation score for each meshblock in New Zealand. The New Zealand Deprivation Index (NZDep2013) scale ranges from 1 to 10 where 1 represents the least deprived areas and 10 the most deprived areas. The NZDep2013 scale from 1 to 10 divides New Zealand into tenths of the distribution of the first principal component scores. For example, a value of 10 indicates that the meshblock 14 is in the most 14 A meshblock is the smallest geographic unit for which Statistics New Zealand collects statistical data. Meshblocks vary in size, from part of a city block to large areas of rural land. At the time of the 2013 Census, there were 46,637 meshblocks in New Zealand. Page 91 of 99

92 deprived 10 percent of areas in New Zealand, according the NZDep2013 scores. It should be noted that the NZDep2013 deprivation scores apply to areas rather than individual people, the 1 to 10 scale is ordinal not interval and deprivation scores may be used, if desired, instead of the 1 to 10 scale. Figure 67 Deprivation Index for the Northland Region, 2013 Source: WDC GIS Mapping& Ministry of Health Page 92 of 99

93 Of the three districts in the Northland Region, the district that has relatively more area of deprivation is the Far North District, where 74% of the populations Index of Deprivation scores range from 7-10 deciles (see Figure 67). The District that has relatively fewer areas of deprivation is the Whangarei District where 53% of the populations Index of Deprivation scores range between 7-10 deciles. Figure 68 Usually Resident Population and Deprivation Index, % 62% Percent of Usually Resident Population 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 13% 19% 53% 0% Northland Region Least Deprived Whangarei District Most Deprived Source: WDC GIS Mapping& Ministry of Health When comparing Whangarei District with Northland Region the Northland Region is generally more deprived than Whangarei, however the difference in the population in the least deprived areas is slight (6%) (see Figure 68). Figure 69 Usually Resident Population and Deprivation Deciles for G9 Councils, % Percentage of Usually Resuident Population 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Whangarei District Tauranga District Rotorua District Gisborne District Hastings District Napier City New Plymouth District Wanganui District Palmerston North City Source: Ministry of Health Page 93 of 99

94 When comparing the G9 Councils (see Figure 69), Gisborne and Wanganui Districts have the greatest areas of deprivation, where 68% and 65% of the usually resident population have scores ranging between 7-10 Deciles (respectively). The G9 Councils with the lowest levels of deprivation were New Plymouth and Tauranga where 31% and 27% of the usually resident population have scores ranging between 1 and 3 deciles. The rural residential areas of the Whangarei District are the least deprived in terms of usually resident population, where 64% of scores range from 1-3 deciles, compared to 33% of rural areas, 25% of coastal areas and 7% rural areas (Figure 70). Figure 70 - Index of Deprivation for Areas of the Whangarei District, % 74% Percentage of Usually Resident Population 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 25% 34% 33% 23% 64% 17% 7% 0% Coastal Rural Rural Residential Urban Least Deprived Most Deprived Source: WDC GIS Mapping& Ministry of Health The urban areas of the Whangarei District are generally more deprived than the rest of the District, where 74% of the urban deprivation scores range from 7-10 deciles, compared with 34% for coastal areas, 23% for rural areas and 17% for rural residential areas. Page 94 of 99