Small Business in New Zealand

Transcription

1 Parliamentary Library Background Paper No. 21 Small Business in New Zealand Andrew Morrison Economist, Parliamentary Library November 1999 NEW ZEALAND PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY

2 Members wishing an oral briefing or further Information on this subject should contact Andrew Morrison on extension Parliamentary Library Wellington, New Zealand November 1999 Copyright NZ Parliamentary Library Except for educational purposes permitted under the Copyright Act 1994, no part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including information storage and retrieval systems, other than by Members of Parliament in the course of their official duties, without the consent of the Parliamentary Librarian, Parliament Buildings, Wellington, New Zealand. The author would like to thank Geoff Bertram (Victoria University of Wellington) for his comments during the preparation of this paper. 2

3 Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Definitions and data The size of the small business sector in New Zealand a. New Zealand businesses are predominantly small b. Small businesses dominate some industries more than others c. Small businesses are more prevalent in some regions than others Who are the small business people The causes of small business growth The importance of small businesses to New Zealand a. Small businesses and their contribution to GDP b. Small business as a generator of employment growth c. Implications Bibliography Glossary Appendix

4 Executive Summary Data on small businesses in New Zealand comes mainly from Statistics New Zealand s Business Directory, which is updated annually. Unfortunately, this database does not include all businesses with fewer than two employees. Moreover, its coverage has changed (increased) over time. 89% of New Zealand enterprises have five or fewer (full-time equivalent) employees. These enterprises contribute 29% of all employment in New Zealand. The number of people employed by these enterprises has increased 51.3% since 1987, which compares with an overall rise in employment of 6.9%. Most OECD countries have shown a similar pattern of small business growth. New Zealand has a higher proportion of small businesses than many (but not all) OECD countries. Small businesses dominate some industries more than others, especially: agriculture; construction; property and business services; and retail trade. They are also more prevalent in some regions than others, especially the more rural regions. The self-employed (with or without employees) tend to have a higher proportion of Asians and Europeans, men, middle-aged and older people, and higher income and very low-income people among their number. They also include a greater proportion of people working very long hours. There is no New Zealand data on those employed in small businesses (apart from the self-employed). However, United States data shows them to be relatively more: female; white ; part-time; poorly educated; and poorly paid. Major factors driving small business growth in New Zealand have been: deregulation; growth of the service sector; changing management practices; and technological changes. The small business sector makes a sizeable contribution to GDP, although this is somewhat less than its contribution to employment. The OECD concludes that a vigorous SME (small and medium sized enterprise) sector makes a positive contribution to economic growth. Data also suggests that small businesses have been a major force driving employment growth. However, caution is needed in reaching policy conclusions. The small business sector is complex, as is its link to other sectors of the economy and to employment and GDP growth generally. 4

5 1. Introduction Small businesses are a major feature of the New Zealand economy and are sometimes said to be significant contributors to employment and economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to identify the significance of small businesses in the New Zealand economy and to describe some of the characteristics of people working in small businesses. 2. Definitions and data A glossary of the more technical terms is given at the bottom of page 15. This paper categorises businesses by their number of employees. Such a breakdown is easily understood and data is readily available. The paper focuses especially on those businesses with five or fewer full-time-equivalent (FTE) employees, but data will also be given for other businesses. As to what constitutes a small business, commentators have used a myriad of definitions. For example, the influential 1971 Bolton committee 1 developed a set of characteristics which resulted in different definitions for different industries. Their approach was followed for years. More recently, the European Commission began the trend for analysts to focus on employee numbers in a standard manner. However, they defined small businesses as those with fewer than 100 employees, and medium-sized businesses as those with fewer than 500 employees considerably more than the focus of New Zealand studies. Most analyses nowadays focus on employee numbers. 2 The main data used in this paper comes from the Statistics New Zealand Business Directory, which has been updated regularly since Census data is also used to look at those classified as self-employed or employers. Note that, as is usually the case with data, care must be taken in its interpretation. For example, Business Directory data is not comprehensive: it only records reported data from economically-significant firms; in the past it missed some sectors of the economy (such as agriculture); and it is unlikely to capture any of the black economy. Furthermore, definitions and survey approaches have changed over time. In the case of snap-shot analysis of Business Directory data, data from 1998 is used because it includes all sectors of the economy whereas the 1999 data excludes agriculture. For analysis of trends over time, the data series is made as consistent as possible by using a somewhat less comprehensive coverage of sectors 3 and backdating more recent data by using annual changes in the older data. 1 Bolton, F.E. et al. Report of the Committee of Enquiry on Small Firms. London : HMSO, A good discussion of the different approaches is found in Storey (p. 8-16). 3 Agriculture is excluded, along with some minor service industries. 5

6 3. The size of the small business sector in New Zealand 3a New Zealand businesses are predominantly small Most New Zealand businesses are small. Almost 89% of the enterprises recorded in the Business Directory had five or fewer FTE employees in 1998, and less than 1% had 50 employees or more. 4 However, because of the sheer size of the larger businesses, they employ a significant number of New Zealanders. This is shown clearly in the following graph. (See Table 1 in Appendix) (% of total) Enterprises - by size Enterprises FTE Employees plus Number of FTE Employees in Firm Source: Statistics NZ's Business Demographic Statistics (1998) The trend since 1987 has been for small businesses to increase significantly in terms of both the number of enterprises and the number of FTE employees within them. This can be clearly seen in the following graph, which also shows that the trend has eased off over the last few years. 5 (See Table 2 in Appendix) 60 Employees as a % of employees in all enterprises: by (FTE) size of enterprise (%) February Source: Statistics NZ's Business Demographic Statistics plus While the Business Directory data only starts in 1987, an indication of trends before then is given by Census information on the percentage of the labour force classifying 4 The difference would be even greater if account were taken of those businesses not included in the Business Directory, namely non-economically-significant businesses and black market businesses. 5 Figures used in the chart have been adjusted to take account of underlying data inconsistencies. 6

7 themselves as either self-employed or employers. 6 This shows that the rising trend over the last decade or so stands in marked contrast to what has been happening for most of the century. (See Table 3 in Appendix) Employers, and Unpaid Relatives as a Percentage of all People Employed for 20 hours or more Unpaid Relatives Self-Employed Employers (%) Source: Statistics NZ's Censuses Census Year The following chart shows that New Zealand has more employment in smallish enterprises than many countries. 7 However, there are some countries with a higher percentage of businesses that are small. Like New Zealand, the general trend in OECD countries has been one of smaller enterprises increasing their share of total employment over the last couple of decades. 8 U.S. Canada Ireland Germany U.K. France Belgium Portugal Japan N.Z. Greece Denmark Spain Italy Employees in Firms with fewer than 100 employees (as % of all employees) Source: OECD (Percent) 6 The data obtained for this graph contained two data inconsistencies, which have been adjusted for. First, data from 1971 onwards relates to those aged 15 years and over, whereas data for the years previous to that was for the whole population. The older data has been adjusted using the difference between those over 15 years and the total population in each category in The effect is minimal. Second, published information from the 1996 Census does not aggregate data for those working 20 hours or more. The 1996 data used in the graph has therefore been adjusted using 1991 Census data showing the relative difference between those working 20 hours or more and all those working. 7 The graph is made up of data from OECD s SMEs: employment, innovation and growth: the Washington workshop, p. 21 (henceforth referred to in the footnotes as OECD). 8 OECD, p. 9 and p

8 3b Small businesses dominate some industries more than others The Business Directory shows that agriculture is the industry most dominated by small businesses. At the other end of the scale is government administration. The following chart shows each industry s employees working in small enterprises both as a percentage of employees in that industry and as a percentage of all employees in small enterprises. (See table 4 in Appendix) Employees in Enterprises with 0-5 FTE Employees - by Industry (1998) Govt.Admin, Defence Electricity, Gas, Water Education As % of employees in specified industry As % of employees in all 0-5 FTE Enterprises Finance,Insurance Manufacturing Mining Health/Community Serv. Communication Services Transport, Storage Wholesale Trade Accomod.,Restaurants TOTAL Cultural/Recreational Serv. Personal/Other Serv. Retail Trade Property/Business Serv Construction 50.3 Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing Percent Source: Statistics NZs Business Demographic Statistics, c Small businesses are more prevalent in some regions than others Northland is the region with the highest percentage of its employees working in 0-5 employee enterprises (46%), and Wellington is the region with the lowest (24%). With some exceptions, the more rural regions tend to have more smaller enterprises and the more urban regions larger enterprises. (See Table 5 in Appendix) 8

9 4. Who are the small business people The 1996 Census includes data on the different characteristics of wage and salary earners, self employed people with no employees, and self-employed people with employees. Compared with wage and salary earners, the self-employed (with or without employees) have a higher proportion of (See Tables 6a - 6f in Appendix): Asians and Europeans men middle aged and older people high income earners and people with very low incomes agricultural and fishing workers, and builders. The self-employed people with no employees category has a lower proportion of people with university qualifications and more people with no qualifications at all than both other categories. people work considerably longer hours than wage and salary earners. Census data shows that 17% of wage and salary earners worked 50 hours or more in their main job, whereas the figure was respectively 40% and 57% for the self-employed without and with employees. Unfortunately, New Zealand does not have much information on those who are employees in small businesses. Overseas studies, however, give a clue An OECD analysis found that workers in small firms tend to have worse pay and conditions than workers in large firms. However, it concluded that there were justifiable reasons for this, for example the workers in smaller firms tended to be less experienced. 9 An analysis by the U.S. Small Business Administration (1997) showed that, compared with firms in any other size category, U.S. firms with fewer than 10 employees had relatively: more women more whites more younger employees more part-timers more people with just high school qualifications or less more employees receiving some type of public assistance fewer employees taking part in employer pension plans or health insurance fewer employees in management, administration support, and professional speciality occupations more employees in sales and service occupations lower wages. 9 OECD, p Also see Haines (p. 32) and Storey (p ). 9

10 5. The causes of small business growth in New Zealand A range of factors lies behind the strong growth of small businesses over the last fifteen years. 10 Industries with a predominance of small businesses have grown faster than other industries. All but one of the industries experiencing positive employment growth from 1987 to 1999 had a greater proportion of small enterprises than the average. (See Table 7 in Appendix) One reason is that it was mainly the big enterprise industries which were most negatively affected by Government restructuring, deregulation, and the introduction of greater competition. For example, considerable job-shedding followed the corporatisation of government enterprises in the electricity, transport and communications industries. Manufacturing employment has been negatively affected by the reduction of tariffs and the high interest rates and exchange rates at various times in the last fifteen years. Another reason is likely to be the general trend in many developed countries of service industry growth and manufacturing industry contraction. Firms in the service industry tend to be smaller than those in manufacturing. But other factors are important. Small business growth has occurred across all industries, and big enterprise employment has fallen in all but two (out of nine). (See Table 7 in Appendix) Deregulation has tended to help smaller businesses compete better with the larger enterprises. Trucking firms, smaller telecommunications firms, and smaller health organisations, for example, are now better able to compete against the established organisations in their industries. Deregulation and competition have reduced the size of many big businesses. Changing management practices such as greater outsourcing and sub-contracting - have favoured small business growth. Technological change - such as desktop publishing, computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing, and photolabs 11 - has also increased the ability of small firms to compete. During periods of recession, small businesses produce more new jobs than do large businesses, whereas both make the same contribution to job growth during periods of economic expansion. 12 New Zealand experienced low or negative economic growth over the late 1980s and early 1990s, and again more recently. 10 Haines covers these and other factors in his publication (p. 7-11), as does Storey (p ). 11 Haines, p OECD, p

11 6. The importance of small businesses to New Zealand 6a. Small businesses and their contribution to GDP How much do small businesses contribute to GDP? The OECD has estimates of the contribution of small and medium sized enterprises to GDP in 14 countries. In all but one country, they contributed a lower proportion to GDP than was their contribution to employment. On average, their contribution to GDP was 28 percent less than their contribution to employment (in relative terms), although figures varied considerably from country to country. 13 As regards New Zealand, one very approximate method of estimating small businesses contribution to GDP is to apply each industry s GDP contribution per employee to the number of small business employees in that industry, and to sum the result. This gives the following results, 14 which appear in line with the OECD figures. Enterprise size (no. employees) Contribution to employment (%) Contribution to GDP (%) 15 Contribution to GDP 16 (1996/97; $m) , , , , ,079 This method, however, fails to differentiate between small and large firms within each particular industry. Within any industry, smaller enterprises may or may not be more productive than large enterprises and may or may not contribute more to industry growth. Reasons given for small enterprises contributing substantially to growth include the following: 17 they tend to have high levels of entrepreneurship, energy and innovation they tend to be more flexible and able to quickly identify and fill market gaps they put competitive pressure on larger firms they flourish in new developing industries most large successful firms were once small. 13 OECD, p. 20. These figures relate to enterprises with fewer than 500 employees. 14 Using full-time-equivalent employment figures from the February 1997 Business Directory (making adjustments using 1998 figures for agriculture, as agriculture was not included in 1997); and using the GDP figures for the 1996/97 year estimated in the NZ Institute of Economic Research s New Zealand Industry Outlook: Excluding the contribution of ownership of owner occupied dwellings (i.e., imputed rent, depreciation, and rates), as this is not attributed to what are normally understood as enterprises. 16 See previous footnote. The difference between total GDP ($94,592 million) and the sum of this column is the item ownership of owner occupied dwellings and a $36 million rounding discrepancy. 17 Most of these points are made by Lawrence (p. 5). 11

12 Reasons given for small enterprises contributing less to growth than larger enterprises include the following: 18 they lack the skills and resources available to larger firms they lack the economies of scale necessary in many industries they are more focussed on day-to-day survival than larger firms, and are therefore less likely to make long-term investment in research and development they have poor access to finance they are less stable and more prone to failure Unfortunately, the data available is not adequate enough to give any conclusive findings. The main problem is the limited amount of the right sort of data that tracks individual businesses over time. 19 A survey of available data leads the OECD to conclude that a vigorous SME [small and medium sized enterprise] sector has a causal impact on subsequent economic growth. 20 However, they caution that small firm growth is not the only factor behind economic growth, and that large firms also have an important role. Furthermore, there is a great variety amongst small firms themselves. One finding of several studies is that only about 10 percent of small firms are responsible for most of the growth in the small firm sector. 21 6b. Small businesses as a generator of employment growth The analysis in section three showed that small enterprises employ a large proportion of New Zealanders, and that employment in them has grown strongly. However, this does not necessarily mean that they are generators of employment growth. For example, larger firms contracting to become smaller firms will show up as small firm employment growth. So also does growth of industries dominated by small firms, whether or not small firms are more dynamic than larger firms. What is needed is data which tracks individual firms over time. Lawrence undertook a study using data on two New Zealand manufacturing industries over the period 1974/75 to 1978/79. He showed that small establishments and small business units had a considerably higher ratio of births to deaths than bigger ones. Furthermore, of those that survived, smaller units tended to increase the number of jobs whereas larger units reduced jobs. For both reasons, smaller establishments and business units added to employment. These findings have been repeated in most overseas analyses. 22 However, qualifications need to be made about these studies: adequate data is available only from the end of the 1980s; 23 methodology has a significant effect on the results; 24 and the results vary according to the stage of the economic cycle, the sector of the economy, and the size 18 Lawrence, p OECD, p OECD, p Storey, p Storey (p. 201), OECD (p. 42) and Schreyer (p. 13). 23 Storey, p Schreyer, p

13 distribution of firms. 25 Small firms and their role in the economy continue to be the subject of much ongoing analysis. As to why smaller firms grow faster, possible reasons were covered in sections 5 and 6(a). Lawrence also suggests that, whereas innovations in small firms tend to be job creating, large firms research and development often concentrates on increased efficiency and reducing jobs. 26 6c Implications The reason for much of the analysis of small firms has been to assist in policy development. A clear implication of the research is that small firms are important to modern economies However, researchers advise caution in drawing up policy conclusions. There is a wide variety of small firms. If the small firm sector is important for economic growth and employment generation, more needs to be known about the determinants of firm size and of successful firms. The links and interactions between firms of different sizes also need to be better understood before policy is implemented that favours one at the expense of the other. The area is one of considerable ongoing research activity OECD, p Lawrence, p OECD (pp. 18 and 42), Schreyer (p. 13) and Storey (p. 201). 13

14 Bibliography Adams, C. Local heroes the new entrepreneurs. NZ Business, June p Armington, C. and Oddle, M. Small businesses how many jobs? The Brookings Review, Winter p Austin, J., Fox, M. and Hamilton, R. A study of small and medium sized business financing in New Zealand. Wellington : Ministry of Commerce, Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore. R. Reducing the regulatory burden: does firm size matter? Canberra : Industry Commission, Bollard, A. Small businesses in New Zealand. Wellington : Allen & Unwin / Port Nicholson Press, Cameron, A., Massey, C. and Tweed, D. New Zealand small business: a review. Chartered Accountants Journal, October p Dwyer, M., Rose, D. and Sowman, R. Self employment and small business. Wellington : New Zealand Planning Council, European Observatory for SMEs. European Observatory for SMEs: 4 th annual report, European Observatory for SMEs. European Observatory for SMEs: 5 th annual report, Haines, L. Small business is big business: a review of trends and policies. Wellington : New Zealand Planning Council, Lawrence, S. An investigation into the role of the small firm in maintaining and creating employment in New Zealand manufacturing. University of Waikato, Mayes, D. and Moir, C. Small firms in the UK economy. Royal Bank of Scotland Review, p Ministry of Commerce. Sources of capital available to small and medium size firms. Wellington : Ministry of Commerce, Nayamori, R. and Lawrence, S. Small business policy in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Business, No. 1 & 2, p Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. SMEs: employment, innovation and growth: the Washington workshop. Paris : OECD, Schreyer, P. SMEs and employment creation: overview of selected quantitative studies in OECD member countries. Paris : OECD, Storey, D. Understanding the small business sector. London : Routledge,

15 Sullivan, M. The small business gamble: exploding the failure myth. New Zealand Business, April p U.S. Small Business Administration. Characteristics of small business employees and owners, Washington, D.C. : U.S. Small Business Administration, U.S. Small Business Administration. The new American evolution: the role and impact of small firms. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Small Business Administration, Glossary The following definitions come from Statistics New Zealand s Hot off the press: New Zealand Business Demographic Statistics as at February 1998, 29 September, Economically significant industry: An enterprise is said to be economically significant if it meets one or more of the following criteria: greater than $30,000 annual GST expenses or sales more than two full-time equivalent paid employees in a GST exempt industry except for residential property leasing and rental part of a group of enterprises new GST registration that is compulsory, special or forced (this means that the business is expected to exceed the $30,000 boundary) registered for GST and is involved in agriculture and forestry. Enterprise: A business or service entity operating in New Zealand. It can be a company, partnership, trust, estate, incorporated society, producer board, local or central government organisation, voluntary organisation or self-employed individual. Geographic unit: A separate operating unit engaged in New Zealand in one, or predominantly one, kind of economic activity from a single physical location or base. FTE Employee: Full-time equivalent persons engaged. The total number of full-time employees and working proprietors plus half the number of part-time employees and working proprietors. 15

16 Appendix All data in the following tables is sourced from Statistics New Zealand. Table 1: Economically significant enterprises (1998 Business Demography data; all industries) Size of Enterprise (no. FTEs) Enterprises (% Total) FTE Employees (% Total) Enterprises (Number) FTE Employees (Number) , , , , , , , , , ,230 Table 2: Enterprise size trends ( Business Demography data; most industries*) Size of Enterprise (no. FTEs) % growth of employees ( ) Employees as % of employees in all enterprises (1987) Employees as % of employees in all enterprises (1999) Total (* all industries apart from agriculture and some service industries) Table 3: Census Year Employment status (as % of all employees aged 15 years and over) (Census) Employee Employer Unpaid relative

17 Table 4: FTE employees in each enterprise size group as a percent of all employees in industry (1998 Business Demography data; all industries) Industry 0-5 (%) Size of Enterprise (no. of FTE Employees) (%) (%) (%) (%) Total (number) Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing ,510 Construction ,090 Property/Business Serv ,910 Retail Trade ,440 Personal/Other Serv ,250 Cultural/Recreational Serv ,690 TOTAL ,517,260 Accomod.,Restaurants ,210 Wholesale Trade ,740 Transport, Storage ,380 Communication Services ,030 Health/Community Serv ,250 Mining ,640 Manufacturing ,220 Finance,Insurance ,220 Education ,430 Electricity, Gas, Water ,570 Govt.Admin, Defence ,700 Table 5: FTE employees in each geographic unit size group as a percent of all employees in region (1998 Business Demography data; all industries) Regional Council Area 0-5 (%) Size of Geographic Unit (no. of FTE Employees) (%) (%) (%) (%) Total (number) Islands / Shipping Northland ,660 Tasman ,350 Taranaki ,770 West Coast ,860 Waikato ,770 Southland ,250 Marlborough ,540 Bay of Plenty ,200 Gisborne ,680 Manawatu-Wanganui ,520 Otago ,660 TOTAL ,517,260 Hawke s Bay ,000 Canterbury ,350 Auckland ,730 Nelson ,310 Wellington ,240 17

18 Table 6a: Full-time workers in each industry - by employment status Census 1996 (workers aged 15 years and over) Industry (% of industry) (employees) (% of industry) Wage/Salary (% of industry) Agriculture Personal Services Construction Trade Services Property Services General Construction Commercial Fishing Food Retailing Personal and Household Goods Retailing Road Transport Services to Agriculture; Hunting and Trapping Other Manufacturing Libraries, Museums and the Arts Motor Vehicle Retailing and Services Services to Finance and Insurance Private Households Employing Staff Business Services Accommodation, Cafes and Restaurants Forestry and Logging TOTAL Sport and Recreation Non-Metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing Motion Picture, Radio and Television Services Personal and Household Goods Wholesaling Communication Services Machinery and Motor Vehicle Wholesaling Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Metal Product Manufacturing Textile, Clothing, Footwear and Leather Manufacturing Printing, Publishing and Recorded Media Services to Transport Health Services Insurance Other Transport Basic Material Wholesaling Wood and Paper Product Manufacturing Other Mining Metal Ore Mining Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Services Petroleum, Coal, Chemical and Associated Product Manufacturing Community Services Services to Mining Water Transport Storage Coal Mining Food, Beverage and Tobacco Other Services

19 Oil and Gas Extraction Air and Space Transport Finance Education Rail Transport Electricity and Gas Supply Government Administration Defence Table 6b: Full-time workers in each occupation - by employment status Census 1996 (workers aged 15 years and over) Occupation (% of occup.) (employees) (% of occup.) Wage/Salary (% of occup.) Market Oriented Agricultural and Fishery Workers Building Trades Workers Corporate Managers Building and Related Workers Other Craft and Related Trades Workers Other Associate Professionals Drivers and Mobile Machinery Operators Other Professionals TOTAL Not Specified Physical, Mathematical and Engineering Science Professionals Life Science and Health Professionals Metal and Machinery Trades Workers Precision Trades Workers Life Science and Health Associate Professionals Salespersons, Demonstrators and Models Physical Science and Engineering Associate Professionals Industrial Plant Operators Labourers and Related Elementary Service Workers Personal and Protective Services Workers Stationary Machine Operators and Assemblers Office Clerks Legislators and Administrators Customer Services Clerks Teaching Professionals

20 Table 6c: Full-time workers in each ethnic group - by employment status Census 1996 (workers aged 15 years and over) Ethnic Group (% of eth.gp.) (employees) (% of eth.gp.) Wage/Salary (% of eth.gp.) Sum (number) European Only ,801 NZ Maori ,997 Pacific Island ,554 Asian ,931 Other ,465 Total ,189,800 Table 6d: Full-time workers in each gender group - by employment status Census 1996 (workers aged 15 years and over) Gender (% of gender) (employees) (% of gender) Wage/Salary (% of gender) Sum (number) Male ,570 Female ,224 Total ,189,794 Table 6e: Full-time workers in each age group - by employment status Census 1996 (workers aged 15 years and over) Age Group (% of age gp.) (employees) (% of age gp.) Wage/Salary (% of age gp.) Sum (number) Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years and Over ,799 Total ,189,800 20

21 Table 6f: Full-time workers in each income group - by employment status Census 1996 (workers aged 15 years and over) Income Group (% of inc.gp.) (employees) (% of inc.gp.) Wage/Salary (% of inc.gp.) Sum (number) Loss ,009 Zero Income ,449 $1 - $5, ,128 $5,001 - $10, ,556 $10,001 - $15, ,319 $15,001 - $20, ,994 $20,001 - $25, ,229 $25,001 - $30, ,768 $30,001 - $40, ,679 $40,001 - $50, ,441 $50,001 - $70, ,694 $70,001 - $100, ,505 $100,001 or More ,414 Not Specified ,606 Total ,189,794 Average $31,910 $45,770 $31,544 Table 7: percentage growth in number of FTE employees by industry and size of enterprise ( Business Demography data; most industries*) Industry 0-5 (%) Size of Enterprise (no. of FTE Employees) (%) (%) (%) (%) Total (%) Construction Agric.Serv.,Hunt.,Forest.,Fishing Business/Financial Services Whl/Retail Trade,Restrnts.,Hotels Transport,Storage,Communicatn Mining,Quarrying Community/Social/Pers.Services Manufacturing Electricity,Gas,Water TOTAL (* all industries apart from agriculture and some service industries) 21