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1 This is a preview copy of CKLA Skills materials. Pages are missing from this preview copy. Like what you see? Download CKLA for free here.
2 What s in Our Universe? Unit 7 Reader Skills Strand Grade 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts
3 Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: to Share to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: Copyright 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge Language Arts, Listening & Learning, and Tell It Again! are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners. References herein should not be regarded as affecting the validity of said trademarks and trade names.
4 Table of Contents What s in Our Universe? Unit 7 Reader Chapter 1: The Sun, Earth, and Our Solar System 6 Chapter 2: The Moon 16 Chapter 3: The Planets Closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars 24 Chapter 4: The Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 32 Chapter 5: Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors 40 Chapter 6: Galaxies and Stars 46 Chapter 7: Constellations 54 Chapter 8: Exploring Space 62 Chapter 9: A Walk on the Moon 74 Chapter 10: What s it Like in Space? 82 Chapter 11: The Space Shuttle 92 Chapter 12: The International Space Station 98
5 Pausing Point (Additional Chapters for Enrichment) Chapter 13: Dr. Mae Jemison 106 Chapter 14: Nicolaus Copernicus 114 Chapter 15: The Big Bang 120 Glossary for What s in Our Universe? 129
6
7 Chapter 1 The Sun, Earth, and Our Solar System Look up in the sky at noon. What do you see? If it is not cloudy, you will see the sun shining brightly in the sky. The sun provides energy both light and heat energy. The sun s light and heat give life to plants and animals. Without the sun, Earth would be freezing cold. Have you ever wondered what the sun is made of or why it gives off so much light and heat? 6 What s in Our Universe?
8 The sun gives us light and heat energy. What s in Our Universe? 7
9 You may be surprised to know that the sun is a star. It is in fact the closest star to Earth. It is made up of different, hot gases. How hot? A hot summer day on Earth is 100 degrees. On the sun, it is 10,000 degrees! The sun stays that hot all the time! The sun s gases create the light and heat energy it gives off. Long ago, people believed that the sun moved around Earth. This seemed to make sense. Each morning at the start of the day, the sun rose in the east. At the end of the day, the sun set in the west exactly opposite from where it had came up. To explain this change, people said the sun moved around Earth. But now we know that this is not what really happens. The sun does not move around Earth. It is Earth that moves around the sun! 8 What s in Our Universe?
10 A close-up of the sun What s in Our Universe? 9
11 The sun is in the center of a group of eight planets. All of these planets, including Earth, circle, or orbit, around the sun. The sun, planets, and other objects in space that orbit the sun are called the solar system. The word solar has the Latin root word sol, which means the sun. Everything in the solar system relates to the sun. 10 What s in Our Universe?
12 Planets orbiting the sun What s in Our Universe? 11
13 Our planet, Earth, moves in two ways. We have just learned that Earth circles around the sun. It takes about 365 days, which is one year, for Earth to orbit the sun. Earth also moves by spinning, or rotating, on its axis. It is this spinning that makes day and night on Earth and the motion of the sun across the sky from sunrise to sunset. It takes one day for Earth to make one complete rotation on its axis. As Earth rotates and spins, different parts of it face the sun. When the part facing the sun gets sunlight, it is daytime on that side of Earth. The part that faces away from the sun gets no sunlight. So, on that side of Earth, it is nighttime. Did you know that when it is daytime where we live, it is nighttime on the other side of Earth? 12 What s in Our Universe?
14 Day Night Earth spins on its axis. On the side of Earth facing the sun, it is daytime. On the side facing away from the sun, it is nighttime. What s in Our Universe? 13
15 When Earth rotates on its axis, it is tilted. At certain times of the year, one part of Earth is tilted toward the sun. The sunlight is more direct and it feels hotter. For people living on this part of Earth, it is summer. For people living on the part of Earth tilted away from the sun, there is less sunlight and it is winter. So, when it is summertime for us, there are people living on other parts of Earth where it is winter! So, the fact that Earth is tilted on its axis is what creates the seasons of the year. 14 What s in Our Universe?
16 Summer Winter When Earth is tilted on its axis towards the sun, it is spring and summer. When Earth is tilted on its axis away from the sun, it is fall and winter. What s in Our Universe? 15
17 Chapter 2 The Moon Look up in the sky at night. What do you see? If it is not cloudy, you may be able to see the moon. When you see the moon at night, it might look white. It might look gray or silver. Sometimes, it seems to shine and glow. But the moon does not give off light the way the sun does. The moon is a ball of rock that gives off no light of its own. It simply reflects light from the sun. That means light from the sun hits the moon and bounces off. 16 What s in Our Universe?
18 Our moon is easily visible on most clear nights. What s in Our Universe? 17
19 You already know that Earth orbits around the sun. But did you know that the moon orbits around Earth? It takes just about one month for the moon to completely circle Earth. If you look up at the night sky each night of the month, you may think that the size and shape of the moon is changing. However, the size and shape are not really changing. The moon is still a round ball. It looks different at different times of the month because of the way the light from the sun is reflected and how much of the moon we can see from Earth. 18 What s in Our Universe?
20 This chart shows the phases of the moon. It shows what you might see if you looked at the moon each night for a month. You can read the chart just like you would read a book. Start at the top and go from left to right. When you finish reading the first row, go on to the next one. You can see how the moon seems to change during the month. What s in Our Universe? 19
21 The way that Earth, the moon, and the sun move can also make other interesting things to look at in the sky. When Earth, the moon, and the sun all move together in a direct line, something called an eclipse can take place. We can see two kinds of eclipses from Earth. One kind happens when the moon gets in between the sun and Earth. When that happens, we can t see the sun for a while. At least, we can t see part of it. We call this a solar eclipse or an eclipse of the sun. 20 What s in Our Universe?
22 During an eclipse of the sun, the moon moves between Earth and sun and blocks out the sun. What s in Our Universe? 21
23 The other kind of eclipse, called a lunar eclipse, also involves the sun, the moon, and Earth. It takes place when the moon passes behind Earth and into its shadow. In the image on the next page, you can see that a shadow covers part of the moon. It is Earth s shadow that you see. Earth has blocked out the sun and left part of the moon in darkness. Eclipses do not happen often because the sun, Earth, and the moon all have to line up just right. Solar eclipses can only be seen from a narrow strip of Earth at a time. While they happen once or twice a year, it is very, very rare to see one. Eclipses of the moon happen more often, several times each year. They can be seen from half of Earth at a time, so are more often visible. Whether or not you can see an eclipse depends on where you are on Earth. You must never look directly at a solar eclipse. The sun is very bright and could burn your eyes. But, it is safe to look at an eclipse of the moon. If an eclipse is predicted, it is usually big news, so you will likely hear about it. 22 What s in Our Universe?
24 The moon during a lunar eclipse What s in Our Universe? 23
25 Chapter 3 The Planets Closest to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Our planet Earth is one of eight planets in our solar system that orbit around the sun. The other planets are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. People have been looking at the planets for thousands of years. People from Mesopotamia, the Greeks, Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs were all interested in the planets. They used just their naked eye to study the planets. Now, we have telescopes and other tools that help us get a better look at the planets. 24 What s in Our Universe?
26 A telescope What s in Our Universe? 25
27 The four planets closest to the sun Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are small planets. These planets have a rocky, or solid, surface. Mercury and Venus are closer to the sun than Earth. The other planets are farther away. Earth needs 365 days to make one orbit around the sun. That is the length of one year on Earth. The closer a planet is to the sun, the less time it needs to make an orbit around the sun. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. It needs just 88 days to make one orbit. Venus is the next closest to the sun. It needs just 225 days to make an orbit. The planets that are farther away take much longer. It takes Neptune 165 years to orbit the sun! 26 What s in Our Universe?
28 The sun and planets What s in Our Universe? 27
29 Besides being closest to the sun, Mercury is the smallest of all the planets. The English name for the planet comes from the Romans. They named the planet after the Roman god Mercury. The Greek name for this same god is Hermes. Venus is the second planet from the sun and is closest to Earth. This planet was named after the Roman goddess of love. For a long time, scientists thought that Venus might be a lot like Earth. After all, it is close to Earth. It is about the same size as Earth and it is covered with clouds, like Earth. But this idea turned out to be wrong, too. We know now that Venus and Earth are different in lots of ways. Scientists had to change their ideas to fit the new facts. They have now concluded that Venus is much hotter than Earth. It would not be a good place for us to live or even visit. 28 What s in Our Universe?
30 Mercury (top) and Venus What s in Our Universe? 29
31 Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is named after the Roman god of war. When you look at Mars in the night sky, it looks quite red. This is because the rocks on Mars contain rust. Many space probes and robots have landed on Mars. They have taken photographs and also dug up rocks. One probe that went to Mars not long ago found some ice. That was big news. Ice is frozen water. If there is water on Mars, there might be life. Some experts argue that nothing could live on Mars. They say it is too cold and too dry. Others think there might be life on Mars. They think there might be something alive down under the rocks. Still others think there might have been life on Mars at one time but there isn t any now. 30 What s in Our Universe?
32 Mars What s in Our Universe? 31
33 This is a preview copy of CKLA Skills materials. Pages are missing from this preview copy. Like what you see? Download CKLA for free here.
34 Chapter 13 Dr. Mae Jemison Do you know what a role model is? A role model is someone who sets an example for others by the way he or she lives. Many students admire people who are famous athletes, movie stars, or singers and use them as role models. They see them on TV, in newspapers and in magazines, and decide they want to be like them. But some of the best role models are people that you probably would not see on TV or in newspapers. They have jobs such as doctors, teachers, or policemen. Some are scientists and astronauts. One such person is Mae Jemison. 106 What s in Our Universe?
35 Mae Jemison What s in Our Universe? 107
36 Mae Jemison was born October 17, 1956, in Decatur, Alabama. Her family moved to Chicago, Illinois when she was young. Mae always took great pride in her schoolwork. She was interested in science, but was also interested in the arts. She finished high school early at age 16! From there, she went to Stanford University in California. Most college students focus on only one topic of study because college is so challenging. Mae focused and excelled in two topics of study chemical engineering and African-American studies! After Stanford, Mae entered medical school to become a doctor. She wanted to use her medical training to help people in Africa and countries where people were poor. So, she joined the Peace Corps as a volunteer. Health care in Africa was often not very good. Mae treated patients and also helped train other health care workers. She worked hard to help improve health care in the countries where she worked. 108 What s in Our Universe?
37 Stanford University, where Mae went to college What s in Our Universe? 109
38 After the Peace Corps, Mae came back to the United States. She set her sights on a different goal. Her greatest dream was to become an astronaut and travel into space. She decided to apply to NASA to become an astronaut. But the first time she applied, she was not accepted. Instead of giving up, she tried again and NASA accepted her the second time! She was one of only 15 people chosen from a group of 2,000 people who wanted to become astronauts! Her training to become an astronaut was hard. She had to get into great shape and train to get used to being free of the effects of gravity in space. She also had to study and pass many tests about space travel. Mae Jemison succeeded in both. 110 What s in Our Universe?
39 An experiment studying the effects of weightlessness What s in Our Universe? 111
40 In 1992, Mae was chosen for a mission on the Endeavour space shuttle. A rocket launched the Endeavour into orbit around Earth. Mae became the first African-American female astronaut in space! The mission was to study the effects of weightlessness on plants and animals. Mae conducted experiments during the mission with fellow astronaut Jan Davis. They collected information that the scientists at NASA could study. The mission was a great success. After her successful mission, Mae retired from NASA. She became a professor at Dartmouth College, sharing her love of science and space with other students. She also started her own company called The Jemison Group, Inc. Mae s company continues to work with people in poor countries, searching for ways that science can help improve these people s lives. Mae Jemison is truly a role model that we can all admire! 112 What s in Our Universe?
41 Mae Jemison achieves her goal of becoming an astronaut. What s in Our Universe? 113
42 Chapter 14 Nicolaus Copernicus Do you remember in the very first chapter of this reader you learned that long ago, people believed that the sun moved around Earth? This seemed to make sense. Each morning at the start of the day, the sun rose in the east. At the end of the day, the sun set in the west exactly opposite from where it had come up. To explain this change, people said the sun moved around Earth. This is what the Greeks and other ancient people believed. But you also learned in the first chapter that this was not true. About the same time that Christopher Columbus arrived in America, a man named Nicolaus Copernicus was studying math and astronomy at a university in Poland. He later moved to Italy where he also studied medicine and law. 114 What s in Our Universe?
43 Young Copernicus studied math, astronomy, medicine, and law. What s in Our Universe? 115
44 But Copernicus real love was astronomy. He knew that since ancient times, people believed that the sun moved around Earth. Copernicus began to carefully observe and record the movement of the sun, planets, and stars. After much research, Copernicus decided that the belief that the sun moved around Earth could not be true. Copernicus observations led him to believe just the opposite! He realized that instead, Earth was moving around the sun! He also believed that as Earth orbited the sun, it also completed a full rotation each day. All of Copernicus ideas came from viewing space without the help of a telescope. He wrote down what he observed from a cathedral bell tower. He also used math to help him prove his point. Finally, Copernicus wrote a book explaining his new ideas about how the universe worked. His fellow scientists went to work trying to prove him wrong, but they couldn t. Most were amazed by his discovery! 116 What s in Our Universe?
45 Copernicus spent hours observing the movement of the stars, planets, and sun. What s in Our Universe? 117
46 However, Copernicus ideas were different from what people had believed for thousands of years. They believed that Earth and humans were the center of the universe. Many of the teachings of the church at that time were also based on this belief. Copernicus had dared to suggest that Earth was not the center of the universe. Instead, he said, the sun was at the center! Many in the church disagreed with Copernicus ideas and spoke out against them. So, his beliefs were not widely accepted while he was alive. In fact, even after Copernicus died, the church continued to argue against the view that the sun was at the center of the universe. Some scientists agreed with Copernicus ideas. Galileo agreed with Copernicus and was punished and put in jail for a long time. Today we know, of course, that Copernicus was right. It took great courage to speak up and suggest an idea that was so different from what people had always believed. But that is how science works. Even today, scientists continue to learn new things about the universe, so our knowledge is always changing and growing. 118 What s in Our Universe?
47 Copernicus argued that the sun, not Earth, was at the center of the universe. What s in Our Universe? 119
48 This is a preview copy of CKLA Skills materials. Pages are missing from this preview copy. Like what you see? Download CKLA for free here.
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