Comparing Biodiesel Production Technologies by Conventional and Superheated Methanol Vapour Using a Life Cycle Assessment Point of View

Transcription

1 Comparing Biodiesel Production Technologies by Conventional and Superheated Methanol Vapour Using a Life Cycle Assessment Point of View Rosmeika Armansyah H. Tambunan Arief Sabdo Yuwono Dyah Wulandani ILCAN WORKSHOP ON LCA RESEARCH IN INDONESIA November 2015 Graha Widya Bhakti, Puspiptek, Serpong

2 Outline Introduction Methodology Result Conclusions

3 Introduction Fossil fuel depletion Global warming issues Environmental pollution issues Biodiesel Fuel Biodiesel can be produced by transesterification of any natural oils or fats with an alcohol, mainly methanol Biodiesel Catalytic Non - catalytic Alkali Catalyst Acid Catalyst Enzyme Catalist Supercritical Methanol STING Method Superheated Methanol Vapour

4 Introduction The Feasibility of Biodiesel: competitive prices Efficient production processes Continuity of supply Appropriate quality standards assurance The development & utilization of biodiesel as an alternate to fossil fuels still require a more advanced technological development to increase their feasibility (Nigam & Singh 2011)

5 Introduction Assessment of environmental impact & energy consumption during biodiesel life cycle indispensable to select proper biodiesel production technology Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) a methodological framework for evaluating the environmental effect of a product, process or activity throughout its life cycle (Ciambrone1997) LCA can provide information on the most critical path of the biodiesel production process that give impact to the environment

6 Introduction Kiwjaroun et al. (2009) compared biodiesel production process by catalytic & non-catalytic (supercritical methanol/scm) methods LCA The SCM process generated a higher environmental impact & energy consumption safety & energetic aspects? The superheated methanol vapor (SMV) method process occurs at the atmospheric pressure

7 Objective to compare catalytic & non-catalytic SMV methods of crude palm oil (CPO) based biodiesel production in terms of energy and GHG emission using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a tool

8 Methodology Lab. Thermal & Mass Transfer, Dept. of Mechanical & Bio-system Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University Research Development Engineering Operation (RDEO), Agency for Technology Assessment and Application of Indonesia June 2012 to September 2013

9 Goal and Scope Definition Defines the purpose of the study, the expected product, the boundary conditions, the assumption & the functional unit Goal Compare the GHG emission & energy consumption of 1 kg CPO biodiesel production by catalytic and non-catalytic (SMV) methods Scope of the study limited to cradle to gate LCA, which is from land preparation up to biodiesel production focused on the effect of technology used for biodiesel production only big plantations (private & government estates) that studied without assessing the small plantations (smallholder estates) Impact analysis is limited to the characterization stage for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission & energy consumption

10 Life Cycle Diagram seed, Fertilizer, Herbicides, water, diesel fuel steam, water chemicals, electricity, diesel fuel Oil Palm Plantation FFB Palm Oil Production CPO wastewater (ph,bod,cod), emissions (CO2,SO2,NO2,CO, CH4,PM) wastewater (ph,bod,cod), emissions (CO2,SO2,NO2,CO, CH4,PM), EFB, fibre, shell, decanter cake, ash alcohol, steam, water electricity catalytic transesterification non-catalityc transesterification glyserol, wastewater (ph,bod,cod), emissions (CO2,SO2, NO2,CO,CH4,PM) System Boundary Biodiesel

11 Catalytic Process NaOH 8.37 kg/batch 27 o C 1 2 Mixing Methanol Tank Methanol Storage 3 Reactor Oil Heater Tank MeOH kg/batch 27 o C Glycerol kg/batch 26 o C H 2 O kg/batch 80 o C 32 o C 60 o C 80 o C steam Palm Oil 1046 kg/batch 40 o C steam 6 9 Evaporator Washing Tank 50 o C steam steam 50 o C steam 8 15 steam H 2 O 120 kg/batch o C Dist Column MeOH kg/batch 32 o C 75 o C 7 H 2 O kg/batch 80 o C 10 Gas 100 o C Vacuum Tank 32 o C Methanol Vapor o C steam Reflux Tank F I L T E R 13 Biodiesel 1000 kg/batch 80 o C Waste Water kg/batch 80 o C

12 SMV Process N MeOH kg/batch 27 o C steam Evaporator 1 4 steam 200 o C Superheater o C Palm Oil 290 o C 1041 kg/batch 27 o C steam Biodiesel 1000 kg/batch 35 o C Evaporator 2 Superheater 2 P-67 5 Reactor 290 o C Methanol Vapor kg/batch 100 o C Oil Tank 7 Condenser 8 Glycerol kg/batch 35 o C

13 Scenarios Application of methane capture at palm oil mill Type of fuel used at biodiesel plant Scenario 1 Not applied Industrial diesel oil (IDO) Scenario 2 Applied Biomass waste

14 Inventory Analysis the input & output associated with the system in the process of biodiesel production identified & measured in unit function, including emissions generated The data at the oil palm plantation stage obtained from a Palm Oil Mill in Banten Province, Indonesia & secondary data from various sources Catalytic transesterification experiment was conducted in a facility owned by Agency for Technology Assessment & Application of Indonesia, while the non-catalytic transesterification data was obtained from previous research This study used Multiple Interface Life Cycle Assessment (MiLCA) version 1.2.0, developed by Japan Industrial Environmental Management Association (JEMAI)

15 Impact Assessment Analyzed & quantified the environmental burden associated with the mass & energy flow in the biodiesel production process The impact assessment was based on the inventory data generated using MiLCA Characterization factor for predicted GHG emission the 100-years time horizon

16 kg CO2 eq./kg biodiesel Presented at Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment Research in Indonesia, Puspiptek-Serpong, November Available in the respective author(s). Results GHG Emission 1.00E E E E E E E E E E E+00 scenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 1 scenario 2 Oil Palm Plantation Palm Oil Mill Biodiesel Plant Transportation Catalytic SMV

17 Results Total Environmental Impact (per kg BDF) Method Catalytic Scenario 1 Scenario 2 SMV Scenario 1 Scenario 2 kg-co2 eq. 1.17E E E E-01 highest

18 Results GHG Emission of SMV Methods over Alkali-catalytic Methods Scenario kg-co2 eq./kg oil % reduction Catalytic fossil fuel utilization and without methane capture implementation (scenario 1) 1.2E+00 with methane capture implementation 6.9E with biomass utilization 1.1E Non-Catalytic with methane capture implementation and biomass utilization (Scenario 2) fossil fuel utilization and without methane capture implementation (scenario 1) 5.7E E with methane capture implementation 1.3E with biomass utilization 1.0E with methane capture implementation and biomass utilization (Scenario 2) 5.5E

19 Results GHG Emission of CPO Biodiesel Production over Fossil Diesel Scenario kg-co2 eq./kg oil % reduction Conventional Diesel 3.26E+00*) Catalytic fossil fuel utilization and without methane capture implementation (scenario 1) 1.17E with methane capture implementation 6.90E with biomass utilization 1.05E SMV with methane capture implementation and biomass utilization (Scenario 2) fossil fuel utilization and without methane capture implementation (scenario 1) 5.72E E with methane capture implementation 1.27E with biomass utilization 1.03E with methane capture implementation and biomass utilization (Scenario 2) 5.47E *) Sekiguchi (2012)

20 Results Energy Consumption 3.00E E E E E E+00 Nonrenewable (MJ/kg BDF) Renewable (MJ/kg BDF) Total (MJ/kg BDF) 0.00E+00 scenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 1 scenario 2 Catalytic SMV

21 Conclusions The life cycle assessment has been performed to determine the influence of catalytic & non-catalytic SMV methods on CPO biodiesel production process to the environmental impact It was found that the SMV method contributed the highest GHG emissions if palm oil mill have not implemented the methane capture system and biodiesel plant still used industrial diesel oil (IDO) for boiler fuel (scenario 1)

22 Conclusions The SMV method in scenario 1 also consumed the largest amount of energy for increasing the process temperature The utilization of biomass waste as a substitute of fossil fuel was reduced the GHG emission and energy consumption of the SMV method (Scenario 2) The SMV method can be made feasible in environmental & energy point of view by the utilization of biomass waste along its production line

23 Acknowledgement This research is supported by Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, and DGHE, Ministry of Education & Culture of Indonesia, under International Joint Research & Publication Scheme (No.509/SP2H/PL/VII/2011) & JSPS-DGHE Bilateral Join Research Project

24 Thank You

25 Typical features of various manufacturing methods for biodiesel fuel adopted from Sekiguchi et al Manufacturing methods Reaction Conditions T ( o C) P (MPa) Time Effects of free fatty acids Pre-treatments & Post treatments Plant construction cost Catalytic Alkali (Atmospheric) about 1 hr disturbing reaction pre- & post - treatments low Acid (Atmospheric) several days not found post - treatments low Enzyme Room temp. 0.1 (Atmospheric) several days not found posttreatments low Non-catalytic SCM STING SMV (Atmospheric) several minutes several minutes several hour not found not needed high not found not needed High promoting reaction not needed low

26 Results Sensitivity Analysis GHG (kg CO2 eq./kg biodiesel) Diesel Urea Kieserit TSP Electricity Glyphosate Compound fertilizer MOP

27 Sensitivity Analysis LCA depends on data availability & reliability sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis was conducted to display the GHG emission sensitivity in the oil palm plantation subsystem Performed by tornado diagrams illustrate the change in output parameter values for equal levels of change in input parameters

28 Results Sensitivity Analysis (Plantation) GHG (kg CO 2 eq./kg biodiesel) Urea Kieserit TSP Glyphosate Compound fertilizer MOP Diesel Paraquat Rock Phosphate Dolomite HGF-B