Hominid Fossil Record. Geology 230: Fossils and Evolution
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1 Hominid Fossil Record Geology 230: Fossils and Evolution
2
3 Human ancestors A.=Australopithicus
4
5 Collecting Hominid fossils in East Africa
6 Using Stratigraphy and Radiometric Dating to date hominid fossils
7 A Hominid Jawbone in Ethiopia
8 Hominid Record, 2002
9 Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 6.5 MY old
10 Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 6.5 MY old
11 Gorilla female on left, male on right; note the sexual dimorphism
12 Orrorin tugenensis the sum total of specimens
13 Ardipithecus ramidus, 2009
14
15 Ardipithecus ramidus, 2009 Hand Foot
16 Ardipithecus ramidus Digitally Reconstructed Skull from Broken Pieces using Computed Tomography
17 Australopithecus anamensis
18 The Australopithecines Ardipithecus: oldest definite bipedal ancestor, over 4 M.Y. old Australopithecus: the gracile australopithecines Paranthropus: the robust australopithecines
19 Fossil Species Ardipithecus ramidus: 4.4 MY, teeth, jaws and bone fragments suggest it is a hominid, not a pongid. Australopithecus afarensis: MY based on good fossils. Clearly a bipedal animal based on bones and fossil footprints.
20 Bipedal Footprints of Australopithecus in Lithified Volcanic Ash 4 MY old from Tanzania. Found by Mary Leakey.
21
22
23 Australopithecus couple making footprints in volcanic ash
24 Jawbones of Australopithecus afarensis
25 Fossil remains of Lucy, the most complete specimen of Australopithecus afarensis.
26 An adult skull, A. afarensis
27 Pelvis of Australopithecus afarensis
28 Reconstruction of Australopithecus afarensis
29 Face-to-face with A. afarensis
30 A troop of A. afarensis feeding on tubers in the forest.
31 A. afarensis family unit crossing the savannah.
32 Fossil Species Australopithecus africanus: MY Robust australopithecines: Paranthropus aethiopicus: MY P. robustus: MY P. boisei: MY
33 The Taung Child, A. africanus
34 Skull of Paranthropus boisei
35 Paranthropus aethiopicus
36 Paranthropus aethiopicus
37 Justus Erus found the fossil Kenyanthropus platyops, 3.5 MY old from Kenya
38 Kenyanthropus rudolfensis or Homo rudolfensis?
39 Fossil Species Homo habilis: MY H. erectus: 1.8 MY- 25,000 yrs? Java man Peking man H. sapiens: archaic vs. modern
40 Skull of Homo habilis
41 H. rudolfensis, H. habilis, and P. boisei. Hominids in East Africa around 2 MY ago.
42 * Phylogeny 2000 * * Poorly known * *
43 * * Phylogeny 2007 * * * * * Poorly known * * Prothero, 2007
44 2010
45
46
47 Skull of Homo erectus from China
48 Skeleton of Homo erectus, Nariokotome boy from Kenya
49 H. erectus skull of Nariokotome boy
50 The face of Homo erectus
51 Homo erectus from Indonesia, Java Man
52 Homo erectus using fire to sharpen spears
53 Homo sapiens Archaic H. sapiens or unique species? H. antecessor: 800,000 years old H. heidelbergensis: 500,000 years old H. neandertalensis: 200,000-32,000 years old
54 Homo antecessor from Spain, 800,000 years old
55 Homo heidelbergensis, 500,000 years BP
56 Neanderthal skull, Spain
57 Fleshing out a Neanderthal skull
58 Neanderthal burial, 50,000 yrs. BP
59 Neanderthal skeleton, Germany
60 Homo neadertalensis leading a nomadic existence
61 Neandertals were big-game hunters.
62 Neandertal night life around the fire.
63 A more modern view of Neandertals with naked skin like ours?
64 Reconstruction of Neanderthal child from Gibraltar, Spain, 30,000 years B.P.
65 Homo sapiens modern H. sapiens East Africa: 195,000 years ago Middle East: 90,000 years ago Australia: 50,000 years ago Europe: 32,000 years ago Americas: 20,000 years ago
66 Homo sapiens, Israel, 90,000 yrs BP FYI: Abraham lived only 4,000 yrs BP
67 Cro-Magnon man from France, 30,000 years old
68 Homo floresiensis, a hobbit-size human from Flores Island, Indonesia, 18,000 BP Modern human
69 Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon people) drew the cave art in France and Spain about 17,000 years ago.
70 Lascaux, France, cave art
71
72 Life in the late Stone Age, which ended at different times on different continents.
73 The invention of farming, plus domestication of animals, started civilization.
74 Evolution of Modern Humans Two Theories: Out of Africa: all modern humans descended from a single population. Racial differences have very recent origins. Multiregional Theory: modern humans evolved from local populations of H. erectus at several places in the Old World. Accounts for the racial differences in modern humans.
75 Out of Africa Hypothesis vs Multiregional Hypothesis
76 DNA studies show the common ancestor of all humans lived in Africa about 170,000 yrs ago Tree Diagram of Genetic Similarity
77
78 How far back in time did the modern races diverge from a common ancestor? Maybe Ka
Outline 22: Hominid Fossil Record
Outline 22: Hominid Fossil Record Human ancestors A.=Australopithicus Assumed direct lineage to modern humans Babcock textbook Collecting hominid fossils in East Africa Using Stratigraphy and Radiometric
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