Sébastien Bouquain. Thèse en co-tutelle dirigée par: Nick Arndt, LGCA Grenoble Guy Libourel, CRPG Nancy Steve Foley, Mainz
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1 Sébastien Bouquain Thèse en co-tutelle dirigée par: Nick Arndt, LGCA Grenoble Guy Libourel, CRPG Nancy Steve Foley, Mainz Collaborateurs: François Faure, CRPG Nancy Eric Hellebrand, DGG Hawaï
2 The talk (1) Introduction (2) Scientific goals (3) Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts (4) Methods (5) Discussion (6) Conclusions and future research
3 Introduction ultramafic volcanic rocks [MgO>18%] spinifex-textured rocks mainly Archean (also Proterozoic and Cretaceous) mainly extrusive rocks (lava flows)
4 Introduction >> well-preserved minerals in fresh rocks! Rocks from the lunar crust (mare basalts) >> crystallization sequence and pyroxene morphology comparable Tholeiitic in komatiites basalts, (pyroxenites, and lunar basalts dunites) >> anhydrous reference komatiite Lunar basalt
5 Introduction Texture characterized by large, skeletal or dendritic, platy, bladed or acicular grains of olivine or pyroxene olivine olivine pyroxene pyroxene
6 Scientific goals To use pyroxene compositions to gain a better understanding of the chemical and physical processes that occurred during komatiite genesis the thermal and compositional state of the Earth s mantle in the Archean models of crystallization of komatiite flows models of early Earth s mantle dynamics
7 Scientific goals Two models tryorigin to explain the formation of komatiites: The of komatiite magma: (1) hot and dry source (plume) Dry <??? > Wet (2)relatively cold and wet source (subduction zone) Two models try to explain the formation of komatiites: >> origin of spinifex texture (1)hot and dry source (plume) >> augite composition in Barberton komatiites (South Africa)
8 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Alexo, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada
9 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Komatiite flow and komatiitic basalt flow from Alexo M668 Ax105 Ax106 Ax104 Ax101 Ax102 Ax103
10 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Komatiite flow and komatiitic basalt flow from Alexo pyroxenes in volumes between platy olivines
11 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts pyroxene needles zoned crystals: pigeonite core and augite rim pig aug skeletal crystals
12 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Lunar Mare Basalts : Apollo 12 pigeonite basalt Apollo 15 pigeonite basalt >>> To interpret pyroxene textures and compositions pigeonite core augite rim
13 Methods 1) Analytical approach Detailed study of the mineralogy and geochemistry of pyroxene in komatiites and in lunar mare basalts Use of SIMS (ion microprobe), electron microprobe, SEM >> Mainz (Institute of Petrology & Max Planck Institute) >> Nancy (CRPG) 2) Experimental work Attempts to reproduce the spinifex texture, using pyroxene field composition Studies on simplified materials representing the parental magma of komatiites (Ca-Mg-Al-Si system) >> Nancy (CRPG)
14 Analytical study augite pigeonite augite augite pigeonite augite
15 Analytical study Alexo komatiite - Barberton komatiite
16 Analytical study Barberton augites: Barberton komatiites have high small remnants preserved in largely CaO/Al altered grains 2 O 3 all (but one) analyzed pyroxenes were in olivine cumulates from poorly preserved metamorphic rocks The unusual compositions of Barberton augites is due to the high CaO/Al 2 O 3 of Barberton komatiites. >>> water is not necessary to form Barberton pyroxenes Clinopyroxene crystallizes at higher temperatures in compositions with high CaO/Al 2 O 3 than in compositions with low CaO/Al 2 O 3. Augite that crystallizes a high temperature from liquids with high CaO/Al 2 O 3 has high Mg#.
17 Komatiites Analytical study Lunar basalts PM normalized Sm 0,9 8 0,8 Rare Earth Elements profiles reflect 0,7 crystallization 4 Mg # Mg # Yb La 0,6 0,5 Mg# PM normalized Sm Yb La ,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Mg# ppm B x10 Li Be x100 0,9 Mg # 8 Mg # 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 Mg# ppm Be x100 4 Li B x ,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Mg# Be and Li profiles reflect alteration in komatiites Be and Li profiles indicate geochemical behavior like REE
18 Analytical study Equilibrium experiments (Arndt 1976) Early crystallization of cpx in natural komatiites Late crystallization of cpx under equilibrium conditions spinifex komatiites
19 Phase diagram Analytical study
20 Analytical study Early crystallization of pigeonite in komatiites: what are the solutions? olivine Alteration? Pyroxene accumulation? (Campbell & Arndt 1982) (Ca diffusion) Si Ca Wrong phase relations? Chemical boundary layer? (Faure & Schiano 2005) Water? (Parman et al. 1997)
21 Analytical study The tips of the spinifex crystals grow in liquid with high Si/Mg which stabilizes pigeonite
22 Analytical study Phase diagram cold hot
23 Analytical study (1) Diffusion coefficients Latypov (2006): cm 2 /s for H 2 O-saturated melts LaTourrette et al. (1996): 10-7 cm 2 /s for anhydrous liquids Our estimate : cm 2 /s (2) A small amount of water ( wt%) is necessary Water in melt inclusions (McDonough & Danyushevsky 1995; Shimizu et al. 2001) Degassing kinetics (Moune et al. 2007) (3) Moderate thermal gradient is sufficient >>> Soret differentiation allows pigeonite to crystallize from a liquid that would have normally crystallized augite
24 Experimental investigation 15 we used a vertical high-temperature, gas-mixing furnace inert atmosphere is maintained by a flow of Ar presence of a variable thermal gradient in the furnace, depending of the exact location of the graphite crucible C cm 35 Hot point 45 Thermal gradient
25 Experimental investigation We performed two series of experiments: Isothermal crystallization experiments Dynamic crystallization experiments pigeonite tridymite diopside
26 Experimental investigation Liquidus boundaries / Pyroxene composition field Starting composition
27 Experimental investigation Typical procedure of cooling Temperature + T T start T liquidus 1386 C Cooling in the thermal gradient C/h T quench 2h 3h Time
28 Experimental investigation Example of a typical run
29 Experimental investigation forsterite Crystals of pyroxene are zoned: pigeonite core is surrounded by a diopside rim Zoned pyroxene Pyroxene needles crystallized parallel to one another and downwards in the capsule pig di Natural komatiite
30 Experimental investigation High cooling rate experiments pigeonite diopside Pigeonite crystallizes in the thermal gradient even at high cooling rates (100 C/h)
31 Experimental investigation (1) We were able to crystallize zoned crystals of pyroxene that perfectly mimic those in komatiites. (2) Pyroxene crystals growth is constrained by the thermal gradient. (3) Pigeonite formed at high cooling rates (100 C/h) >>> what about olivine?
32 Experimental investigation Forsterite crystallization: (1) various morphologies Hopper forsterite Plate forsterite Forsterite morphologies reflects: (1) the effect of the thermal gradient (2) the cooling rate 10 C/h
33 Experimental investigation Forsterite crystallization: (1) various morphologies (2) metastable Low superheating High superheating Forsterite No forsterite
34 Experimental investigation
35 Conclusions (1) Zoned pyroxene crystallizes in natural komatiites and in lunar basalts. (2) For a given composition of komatiitic liquid, the type of pyroxene and the crystallization sequence depends on the conditions of crystallization. (3) Constrained growth in a thermal gradient causes pigeonite to crystallize earlier than at equilibrium conditions. Soret differentiation is an efficient mechanism in pyroxene spinifextextured lavas. (4) There is no evidence for the presence of a significant amount of water in komatiites. Most komatiites are dry and hot
36 Future research (1) To better understand the cooling mechanisms of komatiite flows to have better contraints on Soret effect (2) To better understand the crystallization of pigeonite: Experiments with olivine at the liquidus and pigeonite as the second mineral Introduction of tracers such as Cr or REE, in order to follow the crystallization of pigeonite
37 Thank you
38 Model of a komatiite flow Solidification of the crust and growth of skeletal olivine crystals Settling of olivine phenocrysts to form cumulate layer
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