PSES Energy Review Qs

Transcription

1 PSES Energy Review Qs 1. Which color of the visible light spectrum could have a wavelength of centimeter? (1) orange (3) yellow (2) green (4) red 2. Which color of the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength? (1) yellow (3) blue (2) red (4) violet 3. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of centimeter? (1) radio waves (3) microwaves (2) infrared (4) ultraviolet 4. A person in Florida worked outdoors in sunlight for several hours on a day in July. Which type of clothing should the person have worn to absorb the least electromagnetic radiation? (1) light colored with a smooth surface (2) dark colored with a smooth surface (3) light colored with a rough surface (4) dark colored with a rough surface 8. Most of the solar radiation absorbed by Earth s surface is later radiated back into space as which type of electromagnetic radiation? (1) x ray (3) infrared (2) radio wave (4) ultraviolet 9. Which type of land surface would probably reflect the most incoming solar radiation? (1) light colored and smooth (2) light colored and rough (3) dark colored and smooth (4) dark colored and rough 10. Scientists are concerned about the decrease in ozone in the upper atmosphere primarily because ozone protects life on Earth by absorbing certain wavelengths of (1) x-ray radiation (3) infrared radiation (2) microwave radiation (4) ultraviolet radiation 11. The map below shows four locations in a temperature field. The temperature of each location is given in degrees Celsius. 5. Which of these characteristics identify an Earth surface that is likely to be the best absorber of insolation? (1) light colored and smooth (2) light colored and rough (3) dark colored and smooth (4) dark colored and rough 6. In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelengths? (1) radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays (2) x-rays, infrared rays, blue light, gamma rays (3) infrared rays, radio waves, blue light, red light (4) gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light 7. What is the basic difference between ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation? (1) wave velocity (3) half-life (2) temperature (4) wavelength Heat energy will normally flow from (1) A to B (3) B to D (2) A to C (4) D to C 12. Pieces of lead, copper, iron, and granite, each having a mass of 1 kilogram and a temperature of 100ºC, were removed from a container of boiling water and allowed to cool under identical conditions. Which piece most likely cooled to room temperature first? (1) copper (3) lead (2) iron (4) granite Page 1

2 13. Which graph best represents the relative wavelengths of the different forms of electromagnetic energy? (1) (3) (2) (4) 14. Friction occurring at an interface always produces a (1) transformation of energy (2) phase change (3) form of pollution (4) chemical change 15. An insulated cup contains 200 milliliters of water at 20ºC. When 100 grams of ice is added to the water, heat energy will most likely flow from the (1) ice to the water, and the temperature of the mixture will drop below 20ºC (2) water to the ice, and the temperature of the mixture will rise above 20ºC (3) water to the ice, and the temperature of the mixture will drop below 20ºC (4) ice to the water, and the temperature of the mixture will rise above 20ºC 16. Which statement best describes the major heat flow associated with an iceberg as it drifts south from the Arctic Ocean into warmer water? (1) Heat flows equally from the ice and the water into the surrounding air. (2) Heat flows from the ice into the water. (3) A state of equilibrium exists, with neither ice nor water gaining or losing energy. (4) Heat flows from the water into the ice. 17. What is the primary method of heat transfer through solid rock during contact metamorphism? (1) advection (3) convection (2) conduction (4) absorption Page 2

3 18. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below which show the steps used to determine the amount of heat held by equal masses of iron, copper, lead, and granite. The granite sample is transferred from the boiling water to the room-temperature water. Why is the total heat lost by the granite greater than the total heat gained by the room-temperature water? (1) The granite sample lost some heat to the air as it was being transferred. (2) The granite sample had less volume than the other samples. (3) Water has a lower specific heat than the granite sample. (4) Water gained heat from the insulated container. 19. The diagram below shows a solid iron bar that is being heated in a flame. 21. On a day with no wind, the air temperature outside a house is 10ºC. The air temperature inside the house in 18ºC. Which diagram best represents the air circulation pattern that is most likely to occur when a window of the house is first opened? The primary method of heat transfer in the solid iron bar is (1) advection (3) convection (2) conduction (4) absorption 20. During which process does heat transfer occur because of density differences? (1) convection (3) radiation (2) conduction (4) reflection (1) (2) (3) (4) Page 3

4 22. The cross section below shows two compartments of water of equal volume insulated by Styrofoam and separated by a metal dividing wall, forming a closed energy system. 27. The cross sections below show different patterns of air movement in Earth's atmosphere. Air temperatures at Earth's surface are indicated in each cross section. Which cross section shows the most likely pattern of air movement in Earth's atmosphere that would result from the surface air temperatures shown? (1) (2) When the temperature of the water in compartment A decreases by 10 C, the temperature of the water in compartment B will (1) decrease by only 5 C (2) increase by approximately 10 C (3) decrease by approximately 10 C (4) remain unchanged 23. Which process transfers energy primarily by electromagnetic waves? (1) evaporation (3) convection (2) radiation (4) conduction (3) (4) 24. During nighttime cooling, most of the energy radiated by Earth s oceans into space is (1) gamma rays (3) ultraviolet rays (2) infrared rays (4) visible light rays 25. Which method of energy transfer is primarily responsible for energy being lost from Earth into space? (1) solidification (3) radiation (2) convection (4) conduction 26. When 10 grams of liquid water at 0 Celsius freezes to form ice, how many total calories of heat are lost by the water? (1) 800 (3) 10 (2) 80 (4) How many calories are required to evaporate gram of boiling water? (1) 1 (3) 540 (2) 80 (4) Which process requires water to gain 540 calories of energy per gram? (1) freezing (3) vaporization (2) melting (4) condensation Page 4

5 30. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth s atmosphere located between 30 N and 30 S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. The air movement shown in the cross section is due to the process of (1) conduction (2) convection (3) condensation (4) evaporation 31. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below. Diagram I shows a house located in Michigan. Diagram II shows a solar collector that the homeowner is using to help heat the house. 32. When 1 gram of liquid water at 0 Celsius freezes to form ice, how many total calories of heat are lost by the water? (1) 1 (3) 80 (2) 0.5 (4) Which phase change requires water to gain 540 calories per gram? (1) liquid water freezing (2) water vapor condensing (3) solid ice melting (4) liquid water vaporizing Air leaves the outlet of the solar collector because the air within the solar collector becomes (1) warmer and more dense (2) warmer and less dense (3) cooler and less dense (4) cooler and more dense 34. Land surfaces of Earth heat more rapidly than water surfaces because (1) less of Earth s surface is covered by land than by water (2) sunlight penetrates to greater depths in land than in water (3) land has a lower specific heat than water (4) more energy from the Sun falls on land than on water 35. A large amount of latent heat is absorbed by water during (1) precipitation (3) freezing (2) evaporation (4) condensation Page 5

6 36. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and table below. The diagram shows a cross section of a solar-energy collecting system constructed as a portion of a wall of a house. It consists of an energyabsorbing surface, a clear glass covering, and air ducts through the wall into the house. The table gives the house temperatures during a spring day. No other heat source is available for the house. Which diagram best represents the direction of air flow through the system under normal solar heating conditions? (1) (2) (3) (4) 37. Equal volumes of the four samples shown below were placed outside and heated by energy from the Sun s rays for 30 minutes. The surface temperature of which sample increased at the slowest rate? (1) copper pennies (2) iron fragments (3) basaltic sand (4) water 38. On a clear summer day, the surface of land is usually warmer than the surface of a nearby body of water because the water (1) has a higher specific heat (2) reflects less insolation (3) has a higher density (4) receives less insolation 39. The same amount of heat energy is added to equal masses of lead, iron, basalt, and water at room temperature. Assuming no phase change takes place, which substance will have the smallest change in temperature? (1) basalt (3) water (2) iron (4) lead Page 6

7 40. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents four stations, A, B, C, and D, in a laboratory investigation in which equal volumes of sand at the same starting temperature were heated by identical light sources. The light sources were the same distance from each station, but at different angles to the surfaces. Two thermometers were used at each station, one just above the surface and the other just below the surface. The lights were turned on for 30 minutes and then removed for the next 30 minutes. Temperatures were recorded each minute for the 60 minutes. Most of the energy from the light sources was transferred to the sand by the process of (1) conduction (2) radiation (3) transpiration (4) convection 41. Several tons of rock move from a mountaintop to a valley floor during a landslide. During the landslide, the potential energy of the rock (1) decreases (3) remains the same (2) increases 42. What is the total number of calories required to melt 100 grams of ice at 0 C to liquid water at 0 C? (1) 5,400 cal (3) 54,000 cal (2) 8,000 cal (4) 80,000 cal 43. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 10. grams of granite from 20.ºC to 50.ºC? (1) 1.9 cal (3) 300 cal (2) 57 cal (4) 500 cal 44. Which component of Earth s atmosphere is classified as a greenhouse gas? (1) carbon dioxide (3) oxygen (2) helium (4) hydrogen 45. What is the total number of calories of latent heat required to change 20 grams of liquid water at 100ºC to water vapor at 100ºC? (1) 160 cal (3) 1,600 cal (2) 1,080 cal (4) 10,800 cal 46. What is the total number of calories of heat energy gained by 20 grams of water when it is heated from 40ºC to 70ºC? (1) 20 cal (3) 300 cal (2) 30 cal (4) 600 cal 47. The average temperature at Earth s equator is higher than the average temperature at Earth s South Pole because the South Pole (1) has less land area (2) receives more infrared radiation (3) receives less intense insolation (4) has more cloud cover Page 7

8 48. Base your answer to the following question on the map and cross section below. The map shows the shapes and locations of New York State s 11 Finger Lakes and the locations of some major glacial deposits (moraines) left behind by the last ice age. The cross section shows surface elevations, valley depths, and water depths of the Finger Lakes. Which statement explains why the deep water of the Finger Lakes moderates the temperature of the surrounding areas? (1) Due to water s low specific heat, water temperature changes rapidly. (2) Due to water s low specific heat, water temperature changes slowly. (3) Due to water s high specific heat, water temperature changes slowly. (4) Due to water s high specific heat, water temperature changes rapidly. 49. On which day of the year would the intensity of insolation at Kingston, New York, most likely be greatest? (1) March 21 (3) September 23 (2) June 21 (4) December How many times will the Sun s perpendicular rays cross Earth s Equator between March 1 of one year and March 1 of the next year? (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 Page 8

9 51. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the location of the Heat Equator for July and January. A Heat Equator is a line connecting the locations of the highest average monthly temperatures. Why does the location of the Heat Equator change more over the land than over the oceans? (1) Oceans have a higher specific heat than land. (2) The prevailing winds change direction as they pass over land. (3) Hurricanes form over oceans and cool the water surfaces. (4) Land temperatures are cooler than ocean temperatures. 52. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below which shows the results of a laboratory activity in which a sample of ice at 50ºC was heated at a uniform rate for 80 minutes. The ice has a mass of 200 grams. 53. If Earth s axis were tilted less than 23.5, which seasonal average temperature change would occur in New York State? (1) Summer would be cooler. (2) Spring and fall would be cooler. (3) Winter would be cooler. (4) Spring and fall would be warmer. 54. The coldest climates on Earth are located at or near the poles primarily because Earth s polar regions (1) receive less total yearly hours of daylight (2) are usually farthest from the Sun (3) absorb the greatest amount of insolation (4) receive mostly low-angle insolation What was the total amount of energy absorbed by the sample during the time between points B and C on the graph? (1) 200 calories (3) 10,800 calories (2) 800 calories (4) 16,000 calories 55. If Earth s axis were tilted 35 instead of 23.5, the average temperatures in Vermont would most likely (1) increase in summer and decrease in winter (2) increase in both summer and winter (3) decrease in both summer and winter (4) decrease in summer and increase in winter Page 9

10 56. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below which shows the amount of heat energy (calories) needed to raise the temperature of 1-gram samples of four different materials. 58. In which diagram is the observer experiencing the greatest intensity of insolation? (1) (2) (3) (4) What is the total number of calories of heat needed to raise the temperature of the liquid water from 20ºC to 30ºC? (1) 1 cal (3) 20 cal (2) 10 cal (4) 30 cal 57. The table below shows the duration of insolation (hours of daylight) measured by four observers, W, X, Y, and Z, at four different Earth latitudes on both March 21 and June 21. There were clear skies at all four latitudes on both days. Which observer was located at the Equator? (1) W (3) Z (2) X (4) Y 59. On June 21, some Earth locations have 24 hours of daylight. These locations are all between the latitudes of (1) 47 N and 66 N (3) 23 N and 47 N (2) 0 and 23 N (4) 66 N and 90 N 60. The ozone layer helps life on Earth because ozone (1) modifies the normal El Niño weather pattern (2) deflects winds from a straight line to a curved path (3) reflects insolation from the Sun (4) absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun Page 10

11 Base your answers to questions 61 through 63 on the graph below, which shows the amount of insolation during one year at four different latitudes on Earth s surface. 61. Why is less insolation received at the equator in June than in March or September? (1) Thick clouds block the Sun s vertical rays at the equator in June. (2) The daylight period is longest at the equator in June. (3) Winds blow insolation away from the equator in June. (4) The Sun s vertical rays are north of the equator in June. 62. This graph shows that insolation varies with (1) longitude and time of day (3) latitude and time of year (2) longitude and time of year (4) latitude and time of day 63. Why is insolation 0 cal/cm 2 /min from October through February at 90º N? (1) The Sun is continually below the horizon during that time. (2) Snowfields reflect sunlight during that time. (3) Dust in the atmosphere blocks sunlight during that time. (4) Intense cold prevents insolation from being absorbed during that time. 64. Under identical conditions, which surface will reflect the greatest amount of insolation? (1) a pine tree forest (2) a basaltic sand beach (3) a blacktop parking lot (4) a glacial ice sheet 65. Compared to dull and rough rock surfaces, shiny and smooth rock surfaces are most likely to cause sunlight to be (1) scattered (3) absorbed (2) refracted (4) reflected 66. One result of a large volcanic eruption is that surface air temperatures decrease over a sizable region of Earth. This phenomenon occurs because volcanic eruptions usually decrease the (1) number of dust particles entering the atmosphere (2) reflection of sunlight within the atmosphere (3) amount of moisture in the atmosphere (4) transparency of the atmosphere Page 11

12 67. The diagram below shows the noontime shadow cast by a vertical post located in New York State. 70. The diagram below shows a classroom demonstration. Two identical flashlights were placed in the positions shown and they illuminated areas of varying size, A and B, on a classroom globe. Thermometers were then placed at the center of each illuminated area to measure the rate of temperature increase. Readings were taken over a period of 30 minutes. Which letter indicates a location west of the post? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 68. Which graph best represents the relationship between the angle of insolation and the intensity of insolation? (1) (2) (3) (4) 69. A square meter of surface of which of these natural areas would most likely absorb the most insolation during a clear day? (1) a dark-green forest (2) a snow-covered field (3) a fast-moving river (4) a beach with white sand Students most likely observed that the temperature of area A increased at a (1) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were less concentrated (2) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more slanted (3) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more perpendicular to the surface (4) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays with less total energy 71. Which of the following two gases have been added to Earth s atmosphere in large amounts and are believed to be responsible for global warming? (1) neon and argon (2) hydrogen and helium (3) chlorine and nitrogen (4) methane and carbon dioxide Page 12

13 72. The diagram below represents Earth at a specific position in its orbit as viewed from space. The shaded area represents nighttime. 74. Which graph best shows the relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere and the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere. (1) (3) Which Earth latitude receives the greatest intensity of insolation when Earth is at the position shown in the diagram? (1) 0 (3) 90 N (2) 55 N (4) 23 N (2) (4) 73. Which diagram best represents visible light rays after striking a dark, rough surface? (1) (2) (3) (4) 75. A gradual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would warm Earth s atmosphere because carbon dioxide is a (1) poor absorber of infrared radiation (2) good absorber of infrared radiation (3) good reflector of ultraviolet radiation (4) poor reflector of ultraviolet radiation 76. Earth s atmosphere is warmed when (1) ultraviolet radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (2) gamma radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere (3) infrared radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere (4) x-ray radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Page 13

14 77. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows the tilt of Earth on its axis in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A through E are locations on Earth s surface. Point D is located in Virginia. The dashed line represents Earth s axis. On this day, which location has the greatest number of hours of daylight? (1) E (2) B (3) C (4) D 78. The diagram below shows a cylinder filled with clean water. At the left of the cylinder is a light source, and at the right of the cylinder is a meter that measures the intensity (brightness) of light as it passes through the water. One minute after the light is turned on, a mixture of sand, silt, and clay is poured into the cylinder. Which graph shows the probable change in light intensity (brightness) recorded during the 6-minute period after the light is turned on? (1) (2) (3) (4) Page 14

15 79. The graph below shows atmospheric temperature variations on Earth between 1956 and The dates of three major volcanic eruptions are indicated. What is the most probable reason that Earth's atmospheric temperature decreased shortly after each major volcanic eruption? (1) Volcanic dust from the eruptions blocked insolation. (2) Carbon dioxide gas from the eruptions blocked terrestrial reradiation. (3) Water droplets produced by the eruptions absorbed terrestrial reradiation. (4) Ozone produced by the eruptions absorbed ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. 80. The diagram below shows four surfaces of equal area that absorb insolation. Which letter represents the surface that most likely absorbs the greatest amount of insolation? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 81. Surface winds on Earth are primarily caused by differences in (1) ocean wave heights during the tidal cycle (2) differential heating of the Earth by the Sun (3) surface elevation due to tectonic plate motions (4) rotational speeds of Earth s surface at various latitudes Page 15

16 82. The diagram below shows a greenhouse. 84. The graph below shows the change in carbon dioxide concentration in parts per million (ppm) in Earth s atmosphere from 1960 to What is the primary function of the clear glass of the greenhouse? (1) The glass allows short wavelengths of radiation to enter, but reduces the amount of longwavelength radiation that escapes. (2) The glass allows all wavelengths of radiation to enter and all wavelengths of radiation to escape. (3) The glass allows long wavelengths of radiation to enter, but reduces the amount of shortwavelength radiation that escapes. (4) The glass reduces the amount of insolation entering the greenhouse. 83. The arrows in the cross section below show the prevailing winds moving across northern New York State into Vermont during the summer. The most likely cause of the overall change in the level of carbon dioxide from 1960 to 1990 is an increase in the (1) use of nuclear power (2) number of volcanic eruptions (3) use of fossil fuels (4) number of violent storms 85. The diagram below shows wind flowing over a mountain range. Compared to the climate of location A, the climate of location B is (1) cooler and wetter (3) warmer and drier (2) cooler and drier (4) warmer and wetter As the wind flows down the leeward side of the mountain range, the air becomes (1) cooler and drier (3) warmer and wetter (2) warmer and drier (4) cooler and wetter Page 16

17 86. Adjacent land and ocean surfaces have the same temperature at sunrise on a clear, calm, summer day. Then the land and water are heated by the Sun for several hours. Which cross section shows the most likely direction of surface winds that will develop at this ocean shore? (1) 87. The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that flows over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of the mountain. (2) (3) Which statement correctly describes the differences in the climates of locations A and B? (1) Location B is cooler and drier than location A. (2) Location B is warmer and wetter than location A. (3) Location A is cooler and wetter than location B. (4) Location A is warmer and drier than location B. (4) Page 17

18 88. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperatures for a year for city X and city Y. Both cities are located at the same latitude. What was the range in the average monthly temperatures for city X during the year? Page 18

19 Base your answers to questions 89 and 90 on the diagram below, which shows the temperature change when a parcel of air warms, rises, and expands to form a cloud. Location A is at the base of the cloud. 89. Assume the cooling rate of the rising parcel of air is constant. Determine the temperature of the air parcel at the 3350-foot altitude. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree. ºF 90. Explain why the warmer air rises. Page 19

20 Answer Key C to 0 C F Examples: Warmer air rises because it is less dense. As temperature increases, density decreases