June , Havraníky, Czech Republic

Transcription

1 June , Havraníky, Czech Republic This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No

2 BIG4 Field worklshop, June , Havraníky, Czech Republic Introduction to Diptera This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No

3 Introduction More than 150,000 species (ca. 9,300 genera); one of the big four (ca. 11%). A pair of mesothoracic membranous wings. Metathoracic wings modified as halters.

4 Introduction No chewing mouthparts; piercing mouthparts.

5 Introduction Different from the piercing-sucking mouthparts (Hemiptera).

6 Introduction No chewing mouthparts; sponging mouthparts with modifications.

7 Introduction The most ecologically diverse group of insects (152,244 spp., Courtney et al. 2009). Very important group for humans for multiple reasons: diseases vectors, genetic models, pollinators, decomposers, biological control agents, environmental quality indicator, forensic entomology,

8 Introduction Diptera have complete metamorphosis with stages of egg, larva (usually legless), pupa and adult/imago. Different stages with different biology.

9 Introduction Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758

10 Introduction Some families have compressed their life cycle and do not have egg stage, or/and the length of the larval stages is shorter. There are families with parthenogenesis (reproduction without males) (Lonchopteridae, Chironomidae), and families with paedogenesis (reproduction by immature stages) (Cecidomyiidae, Chironomidae). Some groups have ovoviviparism (Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae), hatching from the egg in L2 o L3, and in some occasions can feed a single larva with milk glands inside the uterus (Streblidae, Hippoboscidae).

11 Biology Insect group most ecologically diverse. Parasitoids of snails (Sciomyzidae), other insects (Pipunculidae), bees and wasps (Conopidae), spiders (Acroceridae), scorpions and millipedes (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae), terrestrial crustaceans like Isopoda (Rhinophoridae),...

12 Biology

13 Biology Ectoparasites of bats like Streblidae, or mammals and birds (Hippoboscidae). Endoparasites of mammals (Oestridae, Calliphoridae), and other insects (Phoridae). Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus, 1781) human botfly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858) - screwworm fly

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15 Biology Commensals of honeybees (Braulidae).

16 Biology Predators of many kinds, i.e. frog eggs (Drosophilidae, Ephydridae, Phoridae), lizard, turtle or spider eggs (Phoridae, Sarcophagidae), small arthropods (Vermileonidae),

17 Biology

18 Biology Scavengers. Dung/carrion attract adults of many families but only a few lay eggs on it. Dung from different animals (even invertebrates) attract different families. Some species visit bodies of dead animals (forensic entomology); some others even visit remnants of invertebrates (molluscs).

19 Biology Saprophagous larvae in decaying wood, rotting fruit, cacti, The limits between saprophagy and herbivory are not clear in some species. * Aquatic larvae: in bromeliads (Syrphidae), in putrid water, and some species in saline water (Chironomidae).

20 Biology Fungivorous: Cecidomyiidae, Drosophilidae, Phoridae, Platypezidae, Sciaroidea (Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae, ).

21 Biology Phytophagous. Most adults need sugars at frequent intervals as energy source. Some larvae od several families feed on plant tissues (Cecidomyiidae, Bibionidae, Syrphidae, Dolichopodidae, Agromyzidae, Tephritidae, Richardidae, )

22 Biology Tephritidae

23 Biology Cecydomiidae

24 Biology Agromyzidae

25 Biology Some families are characterized by using the developed courtship during mating (Ulidiidae).

26 Rivellia melliginis (Platystomatidae) Physiphora demandata (Ulidiidae)

27 Terrible Hairy Fly Mormotomyia hirsuta

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30 Morphology

31 Systematics More than species grouped in 157 families (Wiegmann et al. 2011). Classically Diptera is divided in two main groups: Nematocera (mosquitoes): adults with long, multisegmented antennae; similar flagellomeres. Larvae with cephalic capsule well-developed and mouth with mandibles. Brachycera: antennae of adults with a few segments and with stylus/arista; heterogeneous flagellomeres. Larvae with modifications in the mandibles and without complete cephalic capsule.

32 Systematics Diptera Nematocera Brachycera Orthorrhapha Cyclorrhapha Aschiza Schizophora Acalyptrata Calyptrata

33 Systematics The only order of the big four having virtually all the described species globally inventoried.

34 Evolution Earliest Diptera in the mid-triassic (ca. 240 mya).

35 Evolution Misof et al. Science. 2014

36 Evolution Wiegmann et al. (2011) say that the dipteran evolution has been episodic (repeated adaptive radiation). This affirmation would explain in part the existence of paraphyletic series of taxa, which would represent the remnants of past radiations, as the group most closely related to bigger and more recent radiations. There have been 3 radiations: 1) in the most ancestral lineages (mosquitoes included); 2) in the most basal Brachycera (lower Brachycera); and 3) in Schizophora.

37 Evolution Wiegmann et al. PNAS 2011

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