GCSE Geography. Unit 2 Revision Guide. Population Change, Changing urban environments and Tourism

Transcription

1 GCSE Geography Unit 2 Revision Guide Population Change, Changing urban environments and Tourism

2 Population Change Key terms Zero growth a population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate, so there is no increase or decrease. Natural decrease (ND) the death rate is greater than the birth rate Exponential growth a pattern where the growth rate constantly increases - often shown as a J-curve. Birth rate (BR) the number of babies born per 1,000 people per year Death rate (DR) the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year Natural change the difference between birth rate and death rate Natural increase (NI) the birth rate is greater than the death rate Life expectancy the number of years a person is expected to live Newly industrialised countries (NIC) these include the Asian tigers as well as other emerging industrial nations such as Malaysia, the Philippines and China Asian tiger one of the fours east Asian countries of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, where manufacturing industry grew rapidly from the 1960s to 1990s Demographic transition model (DTM) a model that shows changes in population information (birth and death rates and population growth) over a period of time Replacement rate a birth rate high enough for a generation to be the same size as the one before it Age structure the proportions of each age group in a population. This links closely to the stage the country has reached in the demographic transition model. Gender structure the balance between males and females in a population Infant mortality the number of babies that die under a year of age, per 1,000 live births Child mortality the number of children that die under five years of age, per 1,000 live births Transmigration a population policy that aims to move people from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas and provide them with the opportunities to improve their quality of lives Industrialisation a process usually associated with the development of an economy, where an increasing proportion of people work in industry European Union (EU) a group of countries across Europe that work towards a single market i.e. they trade as if they were one country, without any trade barriers. Push-pull factors push factors are the negative aspects of a place that encourage people to move away. Pull factors are the attractions and opportunities of a place that encourage people to move there. Migration the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of staying for at least a year Host country the country where a migrant settles Source country the country from which a migrant moves from Immigrant someone entering a new country with the intention of living there Emigrant someone leaving their country of residence to move to another country Asylum seekers people who believe that their lives are at risk if they remain in their home country and seek to live in another country Economic migrant someone trying to improve their standard of living, who moves voluntarily.

3 What has happened to World population over the years? The population rose dramatically in the 20 th century and continues today. This rapid explosion of population is often referred to as exponential growth, where a larger population keeps on creating an even larger population. The shape of this graph is called a J curve The population of the World is now estimated to be over 7 billion. What is likely to happen to World population in the future? o The map has been drawn in proportion to their estimated populations. By 2050, it is expected that 62% of all people will live in Africa and South and East Asia. o LEDCs still tend to have a rising population, but it has been found that people in MEDCs are tending to have fewer babies. o In fact, despite an increase in life expectancy, some countries have a falling population e.g. Sweden. The UN believe that population will peak at 10 billion in 2200 and will then start to fall. How can the way in which population has changed be modelled? The demographic transition model (DTM) was developed for this purpose. Demography is the study of population, transition means change and a model is something that happens in real life. It was created following studies of European countries & places such as the USA & Japan, but it might not fit countries that are developing rapidly today. Stage 1: High birth and death rates (BR and DR). High BR due to lack of birth control, people marry young, children needed to work. High DR due to famine, disease, lack of clean water and poor access to medical care/ Stage 2: High BR, but falling DR. Same reasons for BR, but DR falls due better medicine, cleaner water, better food and sanitation.

4 Stage 3: DR rate continues to fall and BR starts to fall. DR continue to fall for same reasons as stage 2, but BR fall because fewer people are needed to work on farms. Birth control available. Women in education and marrying later. Stage 4: Low DR and low BR. BR is now low due to birth control. Also, cost of children is high in MEDCs; many chose to have less. Stage 5: DR low, but up slightly and BR remains low. DR increases a little due to ageing population and BR falls due to lifestyle- cost of children etc. What are the main factors that change the birth and death rates? Education and emancipation of women: women stay in education longer as a country develops they marry later and have children later. Educated women know about birth control, so can limit the size of their families (see Kerala case study later) Urbanisation (the increase of the population living in urban areas): Fewer people needed on farms so people migrate from rural to urban areas. Fewer children are needed in cities. Farming: Mechanisation due to better technology = less people needed to work the land. Is the DTM still of use today? As has already been mentioned, it was based on developed countries, but LEDCs might not follow exactly the same pattern. The medical discoveries have already been made that will reduce death rates, so the speed of the movement between the different stages can be reduced greatly.

5 What does population structure mean? This is how a country s population is made up. It is shown using population pyramids, which plot how many males and females can be found at each age category. This a population pyramid; males are plotted to the left of the central line and females to the right. The individual bars represent the different age classes see the scale on the left. Why do the shapes of the pyramid differ? High BR and DR. Concave profile. BR still high, but DR falling. Life expectancy increasing Becoming narrower at the base as BR starting to fall. DR continues to fall. BR low and DR low. Narrow base. Life expectancy increase. Ageing population. BR really low (very narrow base). Many MEDCs have started to reach this stage. The diagram above shows this. Each stage equates to the stages on the demographic transition model, YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO RECOGNISE THE DIFFERENT SHAPES AND TELL WHAT STAGE OF THE DTM THEY ARE IN.

6 Where is population growth a major problem? The average age in Afghanistan is just 17 Think, what is the pattern? What types of countries are coloured dark and what type are lighter? Developed? Developing? What other terms are used when considering reasons for population change? Infant mortality the number of babies dying before they reach the age of one, per 1000 births, per year (if this is high, death rates will be higher, but also BR as people have more children to ensure that they have children that survive) Fertility rate the average number of children a woman can expect to have in her lifetime (higher in LEDCs) Life expectancy the average number of years someone can expect to live (higher in MEDCs) What things can be done to control an expanding population? You have two case studies for this: China and Indonesia Case Study China: A birth control policy Introduction: China had a rapidly rising population in the 1950s and 1960s and this was seen as unsustainable. They didn t have enough water, food and energy for that growth in population so in 1979 China introduced the One Child Policy. Essentially, couples were only allowed to have one child. Those that did received welfare benefits and financial reward; those that did not were fined. There have been awful stories of forced sterilisation and abortions. Many of you watched the Dying Rooms video and were horrified by what you saw. Has it been a success?: Yes and no. On the positive side, 300 million babies have not been born as result. One could argue that this has led to sustainable development, but there have been a number of negative effects: Social impacts Children will need to look after older people. More old people s homes will be needed Economic impacts By 2020, men will outnumber women by 30 million. This could cause social unrest Chinese society prefers boys. Often baby girls have been abandoned often in orphanages

7 Ageing population they will need to be supported financially, as healthcare costs will increase China s economy might not have enough workers to keep it expanding. The percentage of people over 65 will rise. 10% in 2009 will rise to 40% by The future? The policy could change. Reports in 2009 said that couples in Shanghai were being encouraged to have 2 children (if they were single children themselves) Case study Indonesia: Transmigration population policy The facts Indonesia is a rapidly developing country in south east Asia 17,500 islands Java and Sumatra are some of the largest Population of 240 million (4 th highest populated country in the world) Population growing at 1% a year Birth rate of 18.1 per 1000 Death rate 6.3 per 1000 (low) What is transmigration and why was it used? Islands of Bali and Java were in danger of becoming overpopulated not enough resources (food, water, jobs and housing) in 1969 the government embarked on an ambitious project called transmigration People were moved from densely populated islands to sparsely populated islands People could escape from poverty of overcrowded urban slums to become land owners elsewhere and earn money through farming More than 2.5 million people were involved between 1979 and 1984 It was financed by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank Recent developments In 2006, an estimated 20,000 families took advantage of the transmigration programme By 2010, there were about 250,000 families who wanted to move, although the government was only able to sponsor 10,000 families at a cost of $160.5 million Following the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010, the government offered to relocate tens of thousands of people from Java to Kalimantan By 2011, 2,000 people had taken up the offer, along with free transportation and two hectares of land and living costs for 6 months Has transmigration been successful? The policy has resulted in the re-settlement of 20 million people, mostly to Sumatra and Kalimantan Population pressures have continued to increase in cities such as Jakarta but the problem could have been much worse without the transmigration policy

8 The effects of transmigration Economic Environmental Social Political Critics of the policy have suggested that it has redistributed poverty Many migrants lacked the farming skills needed and some abandoned their homes and became refugees Settlements were often poorly planned, with few shops, roads and services such as water, sanitation and electricity It was very expensive costing $7000 per family in the 1980s Blamed for accelerating the rate of deforestation as new settlements are needed Poor use of land, such as over cultivation, has led to soil erosion Clashes have occurred between migrants and the local people of the islands Traditional land rights were often ignored as land ownership was given to new settlers There have been religious clashes between islamist migrants and the largely local Christian population Some people have suggested that transmigration was encouraged to increase national security and control people in the outer islands Industrialisation: another approach to coping with population pressures Birth control programmes have led to a decline in population in Indonesia (families are encouraged to only have two children) the transmigration programme will probably continue to decline. As Indonesia expands its programmes of resource exploitation (minerals, timber, palm oil and shrimp farming) and industrialisation more and more people will migrate to the outer islands looking for work

9 What are the problems with an Ageing Population? There are a number of problems associated with this: Health and fitness older people suffer from more degenerative diseases (cancer, heart disease etc) Housing older people need specially adapted homes (bungalows, wide doorways, lower kitchen units for those in wheelchairs etc.) Increase care needs old people might need to be placed in sheltered accommodation (their own home, but with carers visits for specific needs) or nursing homes (where all needs are looked after). This is going to cost! Pension they will claim for longer- how are we going to afford it? Impact on the economy? Fewer workers less young people to work and generate income? Less income from income tax and National Insurance will be paid to the government. How will we pay for our old people? What can be done about an ageing population? The Labour government in 2009 launched a strategy called Building a Society for All Ages. The table on the right summarises what they have done Coping with an ageing population in the UK What are the issues? There are decreasing numbers of economically active people in the population and more elderly dependents. What can be done about it? People are encouraged to save for their retirement in pensions and investments. The retirement age is increasing. Facilities such as nursing homes and care workers will be needed, perhaps in preference to schools and nurseries, as the population gets older. Economically active skilled and unskilled migrants could be encouraged.

10 What about the UK? Where do we stand in terms of our population? Our population is ageing. The oldest old (over 85) has risen considerably. The average age of the UK population was 35 in 1983, but it was 40 in Less young people will have to support the pensioners. This is a similar situation to that found in many other MEDCs. The population pyramids on the right illustrates what is predicted to happen. It is worth noting some other key terminology here though, which is related to the pyramids. The lowest bars show the young dependents those under 15 years old The middle bar between the ages of 15 and 64 are the economically active population or working population. The top bars over 65 years of age show the elderly dependents. Clearly, an increase in the elderly dependents will cause problems as the people of working age (working population) will have to support them. What is the dependency ratio? This provides an actual figure to show how many people depend on the working population. Children (under 15) + elderly (over 65) x 100 Working population The higher the number produced by the formula, the worse it is! In 2007, the UK had a dependency ratio of 61.

11 Why do people migrate? Migration is the movement from one place to another. This can be legal, illegal, between regions within a country or between countries. It can be forced (refugee?) or voluntary, seasonal or permanent. Whatever the type, the reasons for people moving are a mixture of PUSH and PULL factors. Push Factors Not enough jobs Low wages Poor education/ opportunities Poor healthcare War with another country Lawlessness/ civil war Drought/ famine Pull Factors Hope of finding a job Higher wages Better healthcare Better education Better standard of living Family links Lower crime, safety etc. Case study of Polish migration to the UK When: since 2004 when Poland was admitted into the European How many: Nobody is really sure- estimates of 1 million have been suggested. Where: Many have gone to the big cities, but also in rural areas to find work on farms. Why: Money mainly. As a r e s u l t, t h e Poles a r e classified as economic migrants. Who: The Polish migrants tend mostly to be men and young (85% below 34). 30% had a degree or similar qualification. Only 15% wanted to stay permanently. Most are seasonal workers or hadcome for a few years to make money. What are the impacts of this migration? UK impacts Hard-working workforce, often where there are skills shortages Contribute to local economy (taxes etc) and can support our ageing population Tend to be young, so this helps our dependency ratio However, crime, strain on local services (school places etc.) Poland impacts Money sent home stimulates growth ( 4 billion in 2005/6) Lower unemployment Labour shortages in Polish industries (try getting a plumber etc!) People have been invited in from other countries to fill labour shortages

12 However, people have started to go back as the UK economy stagnates and the Polish economy improves. The recession resulted in roughly half of the Eastern Europeans to return home by the end of What would be the best example to use for refugees? War in Afghanistan has led to a great deal of migration. Even before this war with NATO soldiers, the country had been a very hard place to live due to a number of factors: Conflict Poverty Corruption Lack of job Afghan refugees in The Jungle Approximately 800 Afghans were situated there in August 2009 just waiting for a chance to get into the UK (either smuggled in or to stow away hide in lorries or on trains). What happened? Many were arrested and the camp destroyed, but they were simply released. Many just returned to Northern France in an attempt to get to the UK

13 Changing urban environments checklist I know what urbanisation is. I can describe how urbanisation happens at different paces in different countries and give reasons. I can describe and identify on a map the different areas of a city: CBD, inner city, suburbs, rural urban fringe. I know the issues that cities face and I can describe strategies to tackle each. I can describe the characteristics of squatter settlements. I can explain self help, site and service and Local Authority initiatives to improve squatter settlements. Casestudy!: I can describe how Kibera has been improved. I can explain the problems caused by rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. I can explain the management of air and water pollution in India. I can describe the characteristics of a sustainable city: o I can explain why it is important to conserve the historic and natural environment. o I can give the advantages and disadvantages of brownfield sites. o I can give give examples of how to reduce waste. o I can explain why it is important to have adequate open space. o I can explain why it is important to have an efficient transport system and give examples of what this looks like. o I can explain why it is important to include local people in the decision making process. Casestudy! I can describe how Curitiba, Brazil is an example of sustainable urban living.

14 Changing Urban Environments Keywords Urbanisation a process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns an cities resulting in their growth. Rural to urban migration moving home from a rural area to settle in a town or city. Landuse the type of buildings or other features that are found in the area. Eg. terraced housing, food banks, industrial estates, roads, parks. Function the purpose of an area. Eg. residential use, recreation, shopping. Central Business District CBD the main shopping area in the city (the town centre). Inner City the area around the CBD. Outer city or suburbs the housing area on the edge of the city. Brownfield site land that has been built on before and is to be cleared and reused. These sites are often in the inner city. Greenfield sites land that has not been built on before usually in the countryside on the edge of the built up area. Urban development Corporations (UDCs) set up in the 1980s and 1990s using public funding to buy land and improve inner cities, partly by attracting private investment. City Challenge a strategy in which local authorities had to design a scheme and submit a bid for funding, competing against other councils. They also had to become part of a partnership involving the local community and private companies who would fund part of the development. Regeneration improving an area. Sustainable community community (offering housing, employment and recreation opportunities) that is broadly in balance with the environment and offers people a good quality of life. Quality of life how good a person s life is as measured by such things as quality of housing and environment, access to education, health care, how secure people feel and how happy they are with their lifestyle. Park and ride scheme: a bus service run to key places from car parks on the edges of busy area in order to reduce traffic flows and congestion in the city centre. Costs are low to encourage people to use the system they are generally cheaper than fuel and car parking charges in the centre. Segregation occurs where people of a particular ethnic group choose to live with other from the seam ethnic group, separate from other groups. Self help schemes sometimes known as self assisted help, this is where local authorities help the squatter settlement residents to improve their homes by offering finance in the form of loans or grants an often installing water, sanitation, etc. Sustainable city an urban area where residents have a way of life that will last a long time. The environment is not damaged and the economic and social fabric are able to stand the test of time.

15 What are the characteristics and causes of urbanisation? Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of people choosing to live in the city. This happened first in richer countries during the Industrial Revolution. It is happening now in poorer countries. Causes of urbanisation Rural to urban migration means the movement of people from the countryside to the city. This happens because of push factors of the countryside: There are few jobs outside farming. farming is unreliable due to droughts and floods. There are few services eg. poor health care, a lack of education. And pull factors of the city: Better jobs Reliable income Better health care Better education.

16 How does the land vary in urban areas? CBD shops, restaurants, offices, apartments, Inner city terraced housing Outer suburbs detached housing Inner city semidetached housing Rural urban fringe golf courses, nature reserves, offices. How can we see tell the land use of an area on a map? You can tell the CBD by: Tourist information centre Museum Bus station Train Station Main roads forming a ring road Cathedral Parking.

17 You can tell the Inner city by: Straight rows of housing forming a grid pattern. No front gardens. Small back yards. You can tell the suburbs by: Curved roads with cul de sacs and crescents. Large back gardens. Front gardens. You can tell the rural urban fringe by: Nature reserves (see bird symbol) Golf courses Out of town offices. What are the issue for people living in urban areas in richer parts of the world? Not enough good quality affordable housing. Run down inner city.

18 Too much traffic and pollution from car emissions. A CBD with rundown and unused buildings High unemployment in certain areas. A mixed culture with ethnic segregation (which means people from different ethnic groups living separately.) Strategies to tackle the issues of cities in rich countries: Strategy 1: London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC): Docklands was an area in west London that had high unemployment when the docks closed. It became a zone of decline. The LDDC used private investment to transform the area. There was a focus on profit rather than the needs of people. Was it a success? were trading including American Express and The Sun Newspapers, they achieved 94 awards for architecture and conservation, now at work at Docklands Yes the landscape was improved 144km of new roads, 762 ha of derelict land was recalaimed, 24,000 new homes were built, 2700 businesses No the new housing was mainly luxury apartments that the original local people could not afford, the jobs were mainly highly skilled and not for the former dockers. The wine bars and restaurants were not aimed at the local people. Communities were broken up as old housing was demolished and replaced. Strategy 2: City Challenge, Hulme, Manchester (an example of a strategy that was socially successful) Hulme had 37.5 million spent on it through City Challenge. Some old buildings were kept. Local schools and parks were built. Residents views were taken into account so the regeneration met their needs better than Docklands. Strategy 3: Sustainable Communities: New Islington Millennium Village

19 Issue 3: Traffic Housing and services such as shops, health care, schools, plus parks and gardens have been built within a small area so that people are able to live more sustainably without using their cars. A range of housing was built: 66 houses, 200 ground floor apartments, bed apartments, 34 urban barns. 10 new shps 2 pubs Metrolink and bus stops linking the development to Manchester. Play areas, 2 garden islands, A primary school A Health care centre with 8 GPS A nursery A fishing club A village hall A football pitch The development is also sustainable because it has: Recycling points to allow 50% of waste to be recycled. Boreholes to provide 25 litres per second of naturally filtered water. Central heat and power to generate 100kw of thermal energy. As people have more money they expect to have a car to be able to have door to door service. This causes traffic congestion. There are many strategies to reduce traffic congestion. Strategy Advantages Disadvantages Congestion charging drivers have to pay money to enter Central London (usually 10 per day) Bus lanes separate lanes for buses on the road Oyster cards people have a pre pay card they swipe when they get on the bus Many people cannot afford this so use other transport, reducing the number of cars on the road. The buses can move quickly and don t get held up in traffic. More people might be encouraged to take the bus if journey time is reduced. It reduces the amount of time the driver needs to stop at each bus stop. The rich people will still choose to drive. It reduces the road space for cars, increasing the problem of congestion. Park and ride schemes Drivers park their car at car parks on the outskirts of the city and The number of cars on the road is reduced.

20 take a designated bus into the CBD. Issue 4: The CBD. Many CBDs have become very run down because of out of town shopping areas like Fosse Park. People can park for free and easily and have a range of shops close by. To tackle this many CBDs have been regenerated. In Leicester: The Highcross Shopping Centre was built and new businesses were attracted such as John Lewis, Wagamamma, NorthFace. A new car park was built. Luxury apartments were built to attract young professionals Open spaces were created such as Jubilee Square. Issue 5: Multicultural Mix Segregation is when people of a particular ethnic group choose to live with others from the same ethnic group, separate from other ethnic groups. The causes of this are: Support from others. people feel safe and secure when they can associate with other people from the same background. A familiar culture

21 Specialist features eg. a gurdwara for Sikhs, a mosque for muslims, familiar food will be available in shops, eg. Polish food. Safety in numbers. Employment factors migrants tend to have low paid jobs so live in the only area of housing they can afford. Segregation can be tackled by: Increasing children s achievement and improving literacy where English is a second language. Proving basic training to improve employment opportunities. Providing facilities that encourage people of all ethnicities to meet. Making sure the needs of minority groups are met. What are the issues for people living in squatter settlements in poor parts of the world? Squatter settlements are areas of cities built on the outskirts that are built by people from any materials they can find on land that does not belong to them. They can be known as favelas or shantytowns. They exist because people move from the countryside (rural to urban migration) too fast for proper houses to be built. Case study of a squatter settlement: Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya

22 800,000 1 million people live in Kibera, an area of 225ha. There is 1metre squared of spaces per person. 100,000 children are thought to be orphans as a result of HIV/ AIDs. Homes are made of wood, boards, corrugated iron. Paths between houses are narrow and often have a ditch running down the middle with sewage in it. Rubbish is not collected. The area smells of charcoal which is used to fuel and human waste (there is no sewage system). A standpipe provides water for 40 families. Private operators also provide water and charge double the usual rate. Crime is a problem. Vigilante groups offer security at a cost. Police don t like to enter the area. People make their own work in the informal sector eg. making charcoal briquettes, mending shoes (they have no contract, sick pay, maternity pay or pension). What signs are there that Kibera is improving? Practical Action is a British charity who make cheap roofing tiles from sand and clay, natural fibres and lime. These help Self Help Schemes Progress. UN Habitat has provided affordable electricity for 300 Kenyan Shillings per shack. The World Bank has provided a water pipe at 3 Kenyan Shillings for 20 litres. Medical facilities are provided by charities. The Kenyan Government and UN Habitat have housed 770 families in blocks of flats with running water, toilets, showers and electricity. How can squatter settlements be improved? Self help schemes Local authorities help the squatter settlement residents to improve their homes by offering grants, loans or materials to replace flimsy materials with bricks and concrete. Residents work together and provide the labour. Legal ownership of land is granted to encourage improvements to take place

23 Site and service schemes land is identified and water, sanitation and electricity are properly supplied to individually marked plots. People then build their homes with whatever they can afford at the time. What are the problems of rapid urbanisation in poorer parts of the world? India Electronic waste: 4.5million new computers a year are imported. Poor people break down the computers to get the gold or platinum. But the lead in the computers makes people ill. Hospitals have seen 10 x the normal lead levels. Solutions: Large companies need to take responsibility for safely disposing of electrical goods. Rapid urbanisation (more people moving to the city) and industrialisation (the city having more factories have made the River Mithi very polluted: Big industries dump their untreated industrial waste into the river. The airport uses it to dump untreated oil. 800 million litres of untreated sewage go straight into the river- every day. It also used for dumping food, cattle slurry, metal and old batteries- some of which are very toxic. Dharavi slum is next to the river and human waste enters the river here and oil drums are washed in the river. Now the river is so full, and the drains are blocked. And plants grow on the waste with further clogs up the river channel that flooding is a problem. Solutions The river Mithi channel was dredged to make it deeper and allow it to hold more water. But this does not make it cleaner. Waste from factories is now being checked. Public toilets are now being built to reduce the amount of raw sewage entering the river.

24 Sanitation and drainage are improving as part of Vision Mumbai Project. This should reduce the amount of raw sewage. Air pollution is a big problem in Mumbai. Exhaust gases from vehicles and smoke from burning rubbish and factories and chimneys pollute the air. And as the Indian economy grows more and more electricity is needed from burning fossil fuels. As a result large amounts of greenhouse gases pollute the air. Mumbai s residents suffer from large amounts of breathing problems eg. Bronchitis is common. Solutions: A new metro system in the city aims to encourage people to use more public transport. By 2021 it should have 9 lines. It city has banned diesel as a fuel in all taxis. Many of the taxis now run on compressed natural gas which reduces greenhouse emissions. The main roads in and out of the city have been upgraded with 55 flyovers. Smoother running traffic should mean less congestion and pollution. Education projects are taking place to help people understand why they shouldn t dump rubbish in the river. How can living be more sustainable? Conserving the historic environment- Leicester has conserved its history and heritage by preserving historical buildings. Many are Listed Buildings which means they can t be knocked down. The function (purpose) of the buildings has changed but the building itself is the same as it was. The building that was Leicester s prison in 1790 is now a champagne bar. Drinkers can enjoy a glass of champagne in the cells! The Guildhall was a meeting place for business men in It is now a wedding venue and holds ghost tours for tourists.

25 The Jewry Museum is the site of the original Roman city of Leicester. It has been protected and the CBD has grown around it, enabling people to see Leicester s Roman heritage The Old Free Grammar School of Leicester is a Grade II listed building which is now a Steakhouse called People can enjoy dinner surrounded by history.

26 Conserving the natural environment The greenbelt is the area of land around the edge of the city that is protected. Development is carefully controlled here. Greenbelts stop urban sprawl (the city growing out into the countryside) They allow people from the city to access green space. Having a greenbelt means other locations for housing need to be found. Eg. using a brownfield site. Advantages of using brownfield sites Prevents urban sprawl Improves derelict land. No need to develop greenfield site Disadvantages of using brownfield sites More expensive to demolish building and clear site than to build on a greenfield site. Access can be difficult in a CBD. Reducing and safely disposing of waste In 2008 the UK was producing enough waste to fill the Albert Hall every hour (400 million tonnes). This could be reduced by: Composting 20% of household waste is garden waste, 17% is kitchen waste. Recycled There has been an improvement from 11% recycled in 2001 to 40% to Reduce the packaging and carrier bags used. Waste could be incinerated (burnt) to create energy but this would produce pollution. Providing adequate urban spaces Many cities have open spaces such as parks, playing fields, individual gardens. In Leicester there is Braunstone Park, Victoria Park and the Botanical Gardens. Open spaces in cities are important so that everyone has access to greenery and open space even if they don t have access to the countryside. People need open spaces to: Keep fit eg jogging/ dog walking in the park. Learn children s play areas. Socialise football Involving local people If people are consulted and feel involved and in control of their own destiny they are more likely to care for the buildings they live in. One eg. is Manchester City Challenge. People can be consulted by: Surveying opinions before putting forward plans. Consult after plans have been submitted. Speaking to residents associations ( groups formed by people to have a stronger voice.) Providing an efficient transport system. To be sustainable London needs to reduce the number of cars. It has done this by:

27 Congestion charging Improvements in the Underground, buses and rail links eg. tube trains with air con, buses have CCTV, more bus stops, more bus lanes, fares have been frozen The Oyster Card has been introduced to reduce journey time. There will be a rail track in a circuit around London, like the M25. Case study of sustainable living: Curitiba, Brazil. Curitiba recycles 2/3 of rubbish. Anything of interest is put into a museum and library of things people have thrown away.. There is no rubbish collection in the squatter settlements so poor people can swap rubbish for bus tickets or food e.g. bananas this is called the Green Exchange. Skyscrapers are allowed more floors if they either leave green space at the base of the building or pay money to be spent on low income housing. There is an integrated transport system with a network of buses linking up all parts of the city. The bus stops are specially designed to be raised so buggies and wheelchairs can easily get on an off and fares are prepaid. This means the buses only stop for a few seconds so journey time is has been cut by 1/3. Biarticulated buses carry 4000 passengers a day. The transport system carries the same number of passengers as an underground system by is 500 x cheaper.

28 Tourism Keywords Life-cycle model A model used to describe the changes that take place as a tourist resort develops. Eco Tourism - Tourism that focuses on protecting the environment and the local way of life (also known as green tourism). National Park - An area of outstanding beauty and scenic interest. They were established to preserve and enhance the natural beauty and so that the public can enjoy the scenery. National parks are generally owned by farmers or private land owners but some are owned by the National Trust. The development of a national park is limited and the planning is controlled. Honeypot Site - A location that attracts a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, puts pressure on the environment and local people. Mass Tourism - Tourism with a large amount of people to one country or region at the same time. This is usually an organised holiday (package holiday). Extreme Environments - Locations with difficult environments. The development of tourism has only recently occurred, due to a niche market, for people who want to go somewhere different with physical challenges. Stewardship - A commitment to look after the environment and working in a way that conserves it. Conservation - Managing and protecting the environment in order to maintain it for future generations. Adventure holidays more active, with more risk, off the beaten track, in more unusual destinations.

29 Why has global tourism grown? Social and economic factors to explain a growth in tourism Since the 1950s people have become wealthier People are paid more (incomes are higher) which means that more money is available for luxuries Most families now have two working parents whereas there only used to be one People have more leisure time - holiday leave time has increased from two weeks per year in the 1950s to between four and six weeks a year Life expectancy has risen so more people are retired many have a good pension and can afford several trips a year and they have also have more time to travel Improvements in technology to explain a growth in tourism Travel today is quick and easy motorways, airport expansion and faster jet aircraft have all contributed to this Flying has become cheaper and booking online is quick and easy In 2008, the rapid rise in oil prices had an impact on the cost of flights and more people took domestic holidays (holidays in the UK) to save money Expansion of holiday choice to explain a growth in tourism The 1970s saw a decline in seaside holidays due to competition from cheap package holidays to mainland Europe, especially Spain

30 Packages are now available to destinations all over the world that offer a huge variety of sights and activities Ecotourism and unusual destinations such as Alaska are expanding rapidly Popular tourist areas People are attracted to cities by the culture and shopping (e.g. Paris, London and Rome) to visit museums, art galleries, architecture, shops and restaurants People are attracted to coastal areas by the beaches and swimming (e.g. Jamaica) People are attracted to mountain areas by the beautiful scenery and activities like climbing or skiing (e.g. Alps)

31 The importance of tourism Tourism is seen by developing countries as one of the best ways to earn foreign income, provide jobs and improve standards of living. Tourism creates jobs for the local people (helps the economy grow). Many people are employed to serve tourists such as waiters, shop assistants and tour guides. In Antigua and Barbuda 30% of the population work in these jobs, but in Jamaica only 8%. Tourism also increases the income of other businesses that supply the tourist industry. Tourists spend their money in pounds, US dollars or euros. This foreign exchange is essential to poorer countries as it can be used to buy goods and services from abroad. Many governments tax visitors to help pay for the extra services they use such as water supply, drainage, electricity and roads. Extra jobs are created indirectly. Hotels buy some produce from local suppliers to feed the visitors. Many small businesses have been started up to serve the tourists themselves and supply the services they demand. These include taxis, bars and restaurants, builders and maintenance workers. Developing countries are more dependent on the income from tourism (15% of Kenya s GNP compared with 3% of the UK s GNP) France has had more tourists than any other country for a number of years French tourism includes every type of holiday such as city breaks, holiday cottages, camping and skiing. The USA earns more than any other country from tourism, and has the second largest number of visitors visitors from Europe see a trip to the USA as being special so would stay for longer and spend more. Example of an economy which has benefitted from tourism Dubai Dubai is one of the United Arab Emirates. It is easily accessible from Europe, Asia and Africa with 120 airlines flying to the destination. Hotel revenue was up by 22% in 2008 compared to Around 2.8 million people visited in 2000, 4.9 million in 2003 and 5.4 million in These numbers are predicted to grow to 15 million by 2015, which would make Dubai one of the world s top tourist destinations. It is famous for its duty free shopping malls with huge department stores and markets. Prices are reasonable with a huge variety. Emirates airlines (based in Dubai) carries millions of long-haul passengers to hundreds of destinations and many stop-over in Dubai as part of their trip.

32 Sightseeing is popular the markets, the zoo, the dhow-building yards (traditional boats). Water sports, and especially diving, are growing in popularity. Excursions out from the city centre allow the visitor to see the desert and its wildlife. Bird watching trips take visitors to the wetland mudflat areas, where there are 400 species. How we manage tourism in the UK Why do people visit the UK? Historical landmark (Big Ben in London) Churches and cathedrals (St Paul s cathedral in London) Theatres Shopping (Bullring, Birmingham) Museums (Imperial War Museum, London) The growth of tourism in the UK There were 32 million visitors to the UK in 2008 and 16 million of them were in London. The UK made 114 billion in 2008 and 1.4 million people were employed. More than 100 new hotels opened in the UK between 2004 and December 2005 creating more jobs and income The London eye is the most visited attraction in the UK, with 3.7 million visitors each year. An estimated 1.1 million people visited the UK for the Royal Wedding in What factors can affect tourism? Weather (in 2007 a wet summer day was blamed for a drop in overseas visitors.) Terrorism (the bombings in the 7 th of July 2005 was blamed for a drop in visitors). The exchange value (if the pound is low Britain is cheaper to visit) Media coverage (if the coverage of the UK is negative this will make less people visit)

33 The tourist life cycle model (The Butler model): The lifecycle model says that any tourist resort starts on a small scale, develops into something more significant, then either goes into decline or makes changes to its attractions. There are 6 stages: 1. Exploration - small number of visitors are attracted to the area by something particular such as good beaches, and attractive landscape, historical or cultural features. Local people have not yet developed many tourist services 2. Involvement - local people start providing facilities for the tourist such as accommodation, food, transport, guides and other services for visitors. 3. Development - more and more visitors come as more facilities are built such as build hotels and leisure complexes and advertise package holidays. There are more job opportunities for local people. 4. Consolidation - Tourism is a still a big part of the local economy, the number of tourist begin to level off. Some hotels and facilities are becoming older and unattractive so the type of customer also declines. 5. Stagnation - visitors have peaked, facilities are no longer as good and tourists have had a negative impact on the local environment. 6. Rejuvenation or decline: Rejuvenation: If the area is rejuvenated more visitors would be attracted to the area by the new facilities. Decline: Fewer people come as the area is less attractive. The area is either shut down or it is run-down. UK tourism Case Study Blackpool, a UK coastal tourist resort Blackpool is located on the Lancashire coast in the NW of England Blackpool became a major tourist centre during the 19 th century and attracted people from the northern industrial towns factory workers could increasingly afford a holiday, travelling by train to the nearby coast. Blackpool peaked between 1900 and 1950 however when people s disposable income increased (more money left over after paying bills) they preferred to try something different. Package holidays abroad created huge competition for Britain s seaside resorts Blackpool s summer weather can be unreliable so was also a disadvantage Blackpool in decline Blackpool did attract some private investment and grants from the council to upgrade hotels, turn outdoor pools into indoor leisure centres and increase car parking provision.

34 Many smaller failing hotels turned into self-catering holiday flats Blackpool s attractions still made it different to other UK seaside resorts - The Blackpool Tower, gives fantastic views up and down the Lancashire coast. The tower includes the Tower Ballroom, famous for national ballroom dancing competitions and the Tower circus The town upgraded its zoo and a Sealife centre was built. The Blackpool illuminations a light show has been upgraded several times with advanced technology. Blackpool should have been quicker to compete with package holidays. Eventually it lost most of its holiday business and now relies on day trippers and stag and hen parties. This isn t popular with the town s residents and the town s image. Blackpool today Millions have been spent improving Blackpool as part of the Blackpool Masterplan. Blackpool is promoting itself as a shopping and conference centre and as an ideal short break destination. In 2008 a new Debenhams opened. In 2010, Blackpool council purchased the famous winter gardens.

35 How has Blackpool tried to cope with large numbers of tourists? Impact Strategy Effectiveness? Think/Challenge scheme licensees must challenge anyone who looks under 25 to show ID Anti-social behaviour caused by excessive amounts of alcohol: Blackpool has 130 licensed premises within its 1 square mile town centre; it has become a popular destination for Stag and Hen party weekenders Traffic congestion caused by cars entering the town: Blackpool has a population of approx. 150,000, but has 17 million visits each year Operation Handshake scheme Police stop Stag and Hen party coaches on the way into Blackpool and advise passengers of the dangers of excessive drinking The numerous people who arrive by rail and coach (and an increasing number who arrive by air) are encouraged to remain loyal to that form of transport by improvements to the coach and train station (and the airport). Improvements have also been made to the electric tram system to encourage people to use these rather than cars 16 new Flexitrams were introduced in 2011 A Safe Cycle Network has been introduced around the town as well as a Hire-a-Bike Scheme (introduced in 2009) 85% of licensees agree that Think/Challenge is a very effective way of reducing underage drinking sales to young people in 2007 fell by 30% 50% of licensees agree that Operation Handshake is effective, although 25% think it isn t as the sole purpose of people coming is to get drunk and nothing the Police will say will change that! A reduction of the number of visitors arriving by car has occurred, reducing accidents and air pollution in the town centre Blackpool has been selected by Cycling England as a Cycle Town Cheap, poor quality accommodation which encourages a lower class of tourists e.g. Stag and Hen weekenders A new Blackpool Quality Standard Mark has been introduced aimed to improve hotel and other accommodation an awards system has been introduced to recognise the best provision in the tourist industry Since their introduction in 2004, the Blackpool Tourism Awards have attracted an annual increase in both the quality and quantity of entries: over 170 entries for the 16 categories were received in 2011.

36 Why do so many countries want mass tourism? Mass tourism Mass tourism Involves large numbers of tourists visiting the same destination at the same and is usually an organised holiday such as a package holiday. Advantages and disadvantages of mass tourism ADVANTAGES 1) Jobs are generated by tourism in many areas - in the initial construction of the resorts, in travel, in food provision and in other service related industries. 2) Local people benefit directly from employment 3) Roads, rail, facilities, electricity services etc. all need improving to accommodate the tourists - local people also benefit from these infrastructure developments. 4) Transport facilities are developed 5) The local tax base increases so the local government/council can invest in schools, healthcare and social services. 6) Tourists introduce new values and cultures and learn about new cultures- this causes cultural understanding DISADVANTAGES 1) TNCs (Trans National Corporations) from rich countries are often involved - this can result in a lot of profits leaving the country. I.e. Hilton building a hotel in Kenya 2 Jobs can be seasonal - especially in beach and skiing based resorts. People can therefore find themselves out of work in the close season. 3) Tourists consume huge amounts of resources including food and water - this type of tourism is particularly unsustainable in this manner. 4) Tourists introduce new values and cultures - this causes loss of cultures as they may become westernised. 5) Land is lost from farming to tourist developments. Case Study Kenya Reasons: visit Kenya per year. Tribe culture, wildlife and safaris. Warm climate (sunshine all year round) Beautiful scenery (savannah, forest beaches etc.) Impacts of the tourism Positive Economic Tourism contributes to 15% of the county s GDP In 2003, people worked in the tourist industry