Welcome to Modernity!
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- Corey Wilcox
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1 Welcome to Modernity!
2 René Descartes ( ) [pronounced: day-cart] Le Monde (1633, not publ.) Discourse on Method (1637) Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) Principles of Philosophy (1644) Passions of the Soul (1649)
3 17th Century France The Three Musketeers Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and d Artagnan Louis XIII ( ) Cardinal Richelieu ( )
4 The Rise of Modernism
5 Modern Times The Birth of the Individual Luther: Priesthood of all Believers Hobbes: Selfish Atoms
6 The Priesthood of All Believers We are all priests, as many of us as are Christians. Martin Luther ( ) Luther nailing his 95 Theses to the castle door at Wittenberg (Nov. 1, 1517)
7 The Atomic Self The life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Thomas Hobbes ( ) Hobbes s Leviathan (1651)
8 Modern Times The Birth of the Individual Luther: Priesthood of all Believers Hobbes: Selfish Atoms who Questions Authority Kantian Autonomy and Enlightenment
9 Question Authority! Enlightenment is man s exit from his self-incurred immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to make use of one s own understanding without the guidance of another. [ ] Sapere aude! Have the courage to use your own understanding! is the motto of the enlightenment. Immanuel Kant ( )
10 Modern Times The Birth of the Individual Luther: Priesthood of all Believers Hobbes: Selfish Atoms who Questions Authority Kantian Autonomy and Enlightenment and develops a New Science Descartes, Kepler, Galileo, Bacon
11 Out with old Aristotle Aristotelian Science was marked by: Teleological Explanation All change/motion is goal-oriented.
12 Out with old Aristotle Aristotelian Science was marked by: Teleological Explanation All change/motion is goal-oriented. Essences Things are what they are because of their immanent form or essence.
13 Out with old Aristotle Aristotelian Science was marked by: Teleological Explanation All change/motion is goal-oriented. Essences Things are what they are because of their immanent form or essence. Naïve Empiricism What is most real are the mid-sized objects of everyday acquaintance: dogs, trees, stones,.
14 in with the Moderns. Modern Science was marked by: Mechanical Explanation All change is caused by earlier changes. Galileo Galilei ( )
15 in with the Moderns. Modern Science was marked by: Mechanical Explanation All change is caused by earlier changes. Atomism Galileo Galilei ( ) What is most real are microscopically small atoms that vary only by their shape, size, and motion. Robert Boyle ( )
16 in with the Moderns. Modern Science was marked by: Mechanical Explanation All change is caused by earlier changes. Atomism The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics. What is most real are microscopically small atoms that vary only by their shape, size, and motion. Mathematics The real and the knowable must be quantifiable. Galileo Galilei ( ) Robert Boyle ( )
17 in with the Moderns. Modern Science was marked by: Mechanical Explanation All change is caused by earlier changes. Atomism What is most real are microscopically small atoms that vary only by their shape, size, and motion. Mathematics The real and the knowable must be quantifiable. Experimentation Galileo Galilei ( ) Test your hypotheses against the tribunal of nature. Robert Boyle ( ) Torricelli ( )
18 Summary of the Differences Aristotelian Science Teleological Explanation Essences Naïve Empiricism Modern Science Mechanical Explanation Atomism Mathematics Experimentation
19 Descartes and Epistemology (part one)
20 Epistemology
21 Epistemology as the study of The nature of knowledge (in particular, how propositions are justified). Foundationalism vs Coherentism The source of our knowledge. Empiricism vs Rationalism The limits of our knowledge. For any proposition that I can think, can I know whether it is true or false? Greek episteme: knowledge logos: account
22 What is Knowledge? Justified True Belief. S knows P iff (1) S believes P. (2) S is justified in believing P. (3) P is true.
23 What is Knowledge? But how do we justify our beliefs? Justified True Belief. S knows P iff (1) S believes P. (2) S is justified in believing P. (3) P is true.
24 Reasons and Causes The cause of a belief is whatever brings you to hold that belief; this might have been some non-rational cause, and as such says nothing about the truth of the belief.
25 Reasons and Causes The cause of a belief is whatever brings you to hold that belief; this might have been some non-rational cause, and as such says nothing about the truth of the belief. The reason for a belief will justify the belief ( support its truth ), and thus will provide anyone else with a reason for holding the belief.
26 Two Models of Justification Foundationalism Knowledge as a formal system beginning with a set of self-evident axioms from which are inferred all the other beliefs. Coherentism Knowledge as a non-formal, non-linear, set of inter-connected and mutually supporting beliefs. Euclid (c. 325-c.265 BCE) W. V. O. Quine ( )
27 Two Models of Justification Foundationalism Knowledge as a formal system beginning with a set of self-evident axioms from which are inferred all the other beliefs. Coherentism Knowledge as a non-formal, non-linear, set of inter-connected and mutually supporting beliefs. Euclid (c. 325-c.265 BCE) W. V. O. Quine ( )
28 Two Models of Justification Foundationalism Knowledge as a formal system beginning with a set of self-evident axioms from which are inferred all the other beliefs. Coherentism Knowledge as a non-formal, non-linear, set of inter-connected and mutually supporting beliefs. Euclid (c. 325-c.265 BCE) W. V. O. Quine ( )
29 Examples of Beliefs (1) I believe that John s shirt is white. (2) I believe that Mary has a heart. (3) I believe that the earth spins on its axis once each day, and moves around the sun once each year.
30 Foundationalism Let the following be postulated: Euclid s Postulates 1. To draw a straight line from any point to any point. 2. To produce [extend] a finite straight line continuously in a straight line. 3. To describe a circle with any center and distance [radius]. 4. That all right angles are equal to one another. Euclid (c. 325-c.265 BCE) 5. That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles. [parallel postulate]
31 Coherentism Truth is One (as accepted by Foundationalists) but only as an ideal (for the Coherentist). Strategies for maintaining this unity of truth: (1) reject one or both of two contradictory claims, or (2) modify them so as to preserve what is true in each. W. V. O. Quine ( ) = 8! = 7! One or both is false. Each has some truth that should be preserved.
32 Coherentism John can be trusted. W. V. O. Quine ( ) Light quality can affect color appearance. John s shirt is blue. Taking that person s parking space was unjust. John s shirt appears green. There is a world that exists separately from my mind. It is better to suffer injustice than to commit an injustice.
33 Descartes s Foundationalism I ought to be able to trust logic, my senses, and my memory. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, Rene Descartes ( ) A bent pencil When memory fails.
34 Descartes s Foundationalism I ought to be able to trust logic, my senses, and my memory. A bent pencil Some Reasons to Worry 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, When memory fails. Rene Descartes ( )
35 A Reasonable Chicken Every day for as long as I can remember, the farmer has come with corn for me to eat. Therefore, I have every reason to believe that he will do this tomorrow as well.
36 A Reasonable Chicken Every day for as long as I can remember, the farmer has come with corn for me to eat. Therefore, I have every reason to believe that he will do this tomorrow as well. And yet the very next morning, the farmer came not with corn, but an axe.
37 Perceiving the World #1
38 Perceiving the World #2 1 of 7
39 Perceiving the World #2 2 of 7
40 Perceiving the World #2 3 of 7
41 Perceiving the World #2 4 of 7
42 Perceiving the World #2 5 of 7
43 Perceiving the World #2 6 of 7
44 Perceiving the World #2 7 of 7
45 Descartes and Epistemology (part two)
46 Cartesian Doubts (First Meditation)
47 Descartes: Just gimme some truth Human error is everywhere; is it avoidable? What we want: certainty (just like in Euclidean geometry). For this I need: a foundation that is certain. To find this I will use: methodological doubt. And so my doubts begin
48 Cartesian Doubt #1 I have noticed that my senses sometimes deceive me. But only of distant things or in bad light not of what I can easily perceive, like my own hands before me.
49 Cartesian Doubt #2 I sometimes dream and, when I do, I sometimes have perceptions identical to when I am awake. But at least = 5, even in my dreams.
50 Cartesian Doubt #3 It is possible that God is planting all this in my head beliefs of a physical world, of mathematics, and all my memories and that none of it is true. I cannot see my way out of this doubt, and am thrown into radical skepticism.
51 End of the First Meditation
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