DHA supplementation in aquafeeds

Transcription

1 DHA supplementation in aquafeeds Ester Santigosa DSM Nutritional Products Research Centre for Animal Nutrition and Health Village-Neuf, France XV Congreso ecuatoriano de acuicultura Guayaquil, Octubre 2013

2 Summary 1. Background 2. Sources of DHA for aquaculture 3. Perspectives for supplementation of DHA in fish feed 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA 5. Practical examples 6. Conclusions Page 1

3 Summary 1. Background 2. Sources of DHA for aquaculture 3. Perspectives for supplementation of DHA in fish feed 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA 5. Practical examples 6. Conclusions Page 2

4 1. Background. The importance of lchufa DHA Omega 3 EPA Omega 6 ArA ArA EPA Page 3

5 1. Background. The importance of lchufa DHA Omega 3 EPA Page 4

6 1. Background. The synthesis ArA EPA Page 5 DHA

7 1. Background. FO uses More than 70% of FO is nowadays used in aquafeeds (IFFO) Page 6

8 1. Background. FO and alternative oils Page 7

9 Summary 1. Background 2. Sources of DHA for aquaculture 3. Perspectives for supplementation of DHA in fish feed 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA 5. Practical examples 6. Conclusions Page 8

10 2. Alternative DHA sources for aquaculture Seafood byproducts Krill oil Oils obtained by GE microorganism Oils obtained by GE plants Single cell microorganism By-product High lcpufa content Desired rel.& abs. lchufa concentrations Renewable source Primary w3 producers Rich in antioxidants High lcpufa % Culture under controlled conditions Strain selection Environ. friendly Constant supply Variable FA profile GMO issues Oil extraction costs Constant supply Possible contaminants Concerns about overcatching Cost issues Long development timeline Remoteness Page 9

11 Summary 1. Background 2. Sources of DHA for aquaculture 3. Perspectives for supplementation of DHA in fish feed 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA 5. Practical examples 6. Conclusions Page 10

12 3. Perspectives for DHA supplementation in aquafeeds Provide DHA requirements for growth Improve fish development and physiological status Improve immune response Final DHA product quality increased phagocytic functions in leucocytes Increased proliferation of T cells Maintain flesh DHA level High DHA/EPA ratio All along the production cycle Better phagocytosis in head kidney leucocytes finishing diet Increase flesh DHA levels ( functional food ) (Grouper; Wu et al., 2003) Page 11

13 3. Perspectives for DHA supplementation in aquafeeds Page 12

14 Summary 1. Background 2. Sources of DHA for aquaculture 3. Perspectives for supplementation of DHA in fish feed 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA 5. Practical examples 6. Conclusions Page 13

15 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA Omega 3 requirements Differences in the metabolism among marine and freshwter species Differences along the development stages Page 14

16 Freshwater fishes Annual Production* (mt) % n-3 HUFA (on dry basis) Ref. % DHA Silver & bighead carp 6.5 NYD NYD Indian major carp 5.5 NYD NYD Grass carp 4.5 NYD NYD Tilapia 3.5 NYD NYD Common carp 3.5 NYD NYD (on dry basis) Ref. 15 * Page According to FAO, 2012 Diadromous fishes Annual Production (mt) % n-3 HUFA (on dry basis) Ref. % DHA Atlantic Salmon Sargent et al., 2002 NYD Milkfish 0.8 NYD NYD Rainbow trout Sargent et al., 2002 NYD Eel 0.3 NYD NYD (on dry basis) Ref.

17 Jacks, pompanos mackerels Drums & croakers Gilthead seabream Other seabream Page 16 Annual Production (thousand tonnes) Marine fishes Species % n-3 HUFA (on dry basis) Reference % DHA (on dry basis) 180 NYD NYD 150 Sciaenops ocellatus 0.5 Lochmann & Gatlin, 1993 NYD Reference 130 Sparus aurata 2.5 Izquierdo, Montero et al., Pagrus pagrus <5 Izquierdo, 2005 NYD >0.5 Pagrus major Fujii et al.1976 NYD (9% lipid level) Mullet 130 NYD NYD European seabass Japanese seabass * According to FAO, Dicentrarchus labrax >3.5 Lanari et al 1999 NYD 110 NYD NYD

18 Larvae % n-3 HUFA (on dry basis) Reference % DHA (on dry basis) Reference Seabream <3 Izquierdo, Rodriguez et al., 1997 Turbot 3.2 Le Milinaire, 1983 NYD Seriola 4 Izquierdo, 2005 NYD Red porgy <3.4 Hernández-Cruz et al., (DHA/EPA = 1.4) Carp 0.05 Radunz-Neto et al., 1993 Common dentex 4 Mourente et al., 1999 Red seabream 0.4 (wet basis) NYD (DHA/EPA = 0.32) Hernández-Cruz et al., 1999 Mourente et al., 1999 Izquierdo et al., Izquierdo et al., 1989 Broodstock % n-3 HUFA (on dry basis) Reference % DHA (on dry basis) Reference Seabream 2.2 Izquierdo, Fernández-Palacios et al., 1995 Page 17 Rainbow trout 0.64 Corraze et al., 1993 NYD

19 Sparus aurata % n-3 HUFA (on dry basis) Reference % DHA (on dry basis) Reference larvae <3 Izquierdo, Rodriguez et al., 1997 juveniles 2.5 Izquierdo, Montero et al., 1996 broodstock 2.2 Izquierdo, Fernández-Palacios et al., 1995 Page 18

20 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA DIGESTIBILITY DEPOSITION FEEDBACK Page 19

21 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA - digestibility DHA origin: DHA Digestibility: FO> VO (A. salmon; Karalazos et al., 2011; Caballero et al., 2002; Francis et al., 2007) DHA Digestibility : FO > Krill oil; copepod oil (A. Halibut; Colombo-Hixson et al., 2011) DHA Digestibility : decreases with Y. lipolitica biomass (A. salmon; Hatlen et al., 2012) DHA Digestibility : FO = Schizochytrium oil (A. salmon; Miller et al., 2007) DHA Digestibility : depends on temperature (Bendinkens and Jobling, 2003) Page 20

22 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA- depositon DHA is not deposited in a linear way (Codabaccus et al., 2011; Stabhaug et al., 2007) EPA and DHA adequate content (absolute and relative) can promote DHA retention in salmon (Codabaccus et al., 2012) Higher β oxidation of EPA Higher conservation of DHA Bioconversion: EPA -> DHA? Page 21

23 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA- interactions EPA DHA competition for the same enzymes with omega-6 FA Low DHA diet : increase in DHA bioconversion (Bell et al., 1997; 2001; 2002; Torstensen et al., 2004; Huang et al., 208) PUFA : salmon: LA -> ArA inhibition trout: LA -> ArA bioconversión (Thomassem et al., 2012: Turchini et al., 2011) VO diet supplemented with EPA or EPA+DHA : EPA->DHA (Thomassen et al., 2012) Page 22

24 4. Considerations supplementing with DHAothers DHA & EPA combined supplementation FO DHA:EPA = 1:1.5 Single-cell microorganisms can be used as biomass /extracted oil - Selective breeding - New species with lower HUFA requirements Page 23

25 Summary 1. Background 2. Sources of DHA for aquaculture 3. Perspectives for supplementation of DHA in fish feed 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA 5. Practical examples 6. Conclusions Page 24

26 5.Practical examples CRUSTACEANS Litopenaeus vannamei (Patnaik et al., 2006) Diet 1 (FO) Diet 2 Diet 3 DHA (Schizochytrium sp. biomass) (g Kg -1 ) ArA (Mortierella sp. meal)(g Kg -1 ) Dietary DHA (% of FA) =FBW, survival and FCR Schizochytrium biomass can be used as a replacement strategy for FO in the diet of shrimp. Page 25

27 5.Practical examples COLDWATER FISH Rainbow trout (Betiku et al, Montana, USA) Significant increase in BW in fish fed 2% DHA. DHA (Schizochytrium sp. biomass) (%) FO VO VO+3% VO+6% VO+9% Dietary DHA (%) Sensory evaluation did not detect major differences in preference between the groups. Page 26

28 5.Practical examples COLDWATER FISH Atlantic Salmon (Miller et al., 2007) FO VO Schz. Ext. O DHA (g Kg -1 ) n-3/n EPA/DHA (7W freshwater +2W saltwater trial) = FA ADC = FBW Higher DHA% in the muscle of TO-fed fish Page 27

29 5.Practical examples WARM WATER FISH Barramundi (Glencross & Rugherford, 2011) DHA (Schizochytrium sp. biomass) (g Kg -1 ) a b c d e f G (EPA diet) DHA (% of FA) EPA/DHA h Improved growth up to 10 % DHA Positive effect between DHA and feeding behaviour Page 28

30 5.Practical examples WARM WATER FISH Catfish (Li et al., 2009) DHA (Schiz. Sp. biomass) (g Kg -1 ) a b c d e DHA (% FA) EPA/DHA Increases feed efficiency ratio Increases weight gain when supplemented at % Has no impact on flavour quality when added up to 2.0% Page 29

31 Summary 1. Background 2. Sources of DHA for aquaculture 3. Perspectives for supplementation of DHA in fish feed 4. Considerations when supplementing with DHA 5. Practical examples 6. Conclusions Page 30

32 6.Conclusions More information is needed about specific requirements for each species at each development stage. DHA physiological effects and flesh deposition depend on the source of DHA and on interaction phenomena, which can be different among species. Due to the decrease in FO availability there is a need for DHA supplementation in aquafeeds. The DHA and EPA combined supplementation with adequate relative and absolute amounts is the optimal solution. Page 31

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