Primer on Human Origins. Evolution: Pattern & Process
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1 Primer on Human Origins Theories of Evolution - The various theories of evolution and human origins. The Evidence - The material evidence related to evolution. The Future - Broader issues related to human origins, cosmology and the future of our little species. 1 Evolution: Pattern & Process Evolution is the name we give both to patterns of change in the forms of life we observe, and to the process of natural selection that produces these patterns. -- Philip Gingerich
2 "light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history" 3 Modern Synthesis 4
3 Mutation Lepus tempermentalis Evolution Primer Rel. & Sci Process of Natural Selection Population with variation Differential Reproduction Selective Filter Inheritance of useful traits Evolution Primer Rel. & Sci
4 Genetic Drift 25% 75% 6% 94% random walk simulation Evolution Primer Rel. & Sci Fitness Landscape local vs Optimal adaptations Evolution Primer Rel. & Sci
5 9 Humans are Primates 10
6 Body Size Diversity Grey Mouse Lemur Microcebus murinus ~ 70 g Gorilla Gorilla gorilla > 100 kg 11 Overview of Primates prosimians NW monkeys OW monkeys apes and humans Order Primates 12
7 Distinguishing Characteristics of Primates 13 Grasping Hands and Feet 14
8 Nails not claws 15 Hind Limb Locomotion 16
9 Reduced Olfaction 17 Enhanced Vision 18
10 Unspecialized molars 19 High Parental Investment 20
11 Big Brains (encephalization) 21 Overview of Primates prosimians NW monkeys OW monkeys apes and humans Prosimii Anthropoidea Order Primates 22
12 23 Hominoids Siamang Gibbon Orangutan Gorilla Human Chimpanzee Bonobo 24
13 HOMINOID FEATURES Distributed through Africa and SE Asia (except humans) No tails Dental formula 2123 Y5 cusp pattern on the lower molars Sexually dimorphic (except Hylobatidae) 25 Geological Timescale 26
14 Early Mammals Morganucodon Balanger s tree-shrew 27 Cenezoic Age of Mammals 28
15 Primates Timeline 29 Living Great Apes Orangutan Gorilla Human Chimpanzee 6-8 Ma Molecular and anatomical data support a sister group relationship between humans and chimpanzees. The last common ancestor of chimps and humans lived sometime between 6-8 Ma. 30
16 Humans Chimpanzees ? Last Common Ancestor 31 Humans Chimpanzees ? Last Common Ancestor 32
17 33 Hominin Adaptations Scavenging/Hunting Tool Use Megadonty Bipedality Orrorin tugenensis (ca 6 Ma) Sahelanthropus tchadensis (ca 7 Ma) 34
18 Piltdown Man HOAX discovered in 1912 in Sussex England s Piltdown Quarry Large brain with hominoid (Orangutan mandible) Fit the expectation of a large brain matched with primitive teeth and jaw 35 Earliest Hominins 36
19 Bipedalism Austral. Pan Homo Pan Austral. Homo 37 Australopithecus Au. africanus Au. afarensis Au. anamensis 38
20 Paranthropus P. boisei P. robustus P. aethiopicus 39 40
21 Early Homo H. ergaster H. rudolfensis H. habilis 41 Lithics Olduwan tools (Mode 1) Acheulean tools (Mode 2) 42
22 Expensive Tissue Hypothesis 43 Later Homo Neanderthals H. heidelbergensis H. erectus 44
23 Features of AMHS Shanidar, neanderthal Qafzeh IX AMHS 45 Upper Paleolithic 46
24 Upper Paleolithic Art 47 Neanderthal mtdna ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Summer 09 48
25 Mitochondrial DNA ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Summer ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Summer 09 50
26 Genetic Diversity Human populations have low genetic variability (e.g. as compared to Chimpanzees) The greatest genetic diversity is in Africa ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Summer Evol. Primer Rel. & Sci
27 Evol. Primer Rel. & Sci Primate Life History and Intelligence 54
28 Life History Trade-Offs r selected species precocial reproduce earlier smaller body size smaller brains shorter gestation larger litters higher mortality rates shorter life spans K selected species altricial reproduce later large body size larger brains longer gestation smaller litters lower mortality rates longer life spans 55 What Monkeys Know Detailed knowledge of edible plants and their distribution. Mental mapping Unique predator identification Social Knowledge 56
29 57 58
30 Devolution ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Spring ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Spring 07 60
31 61 DIK-1 Awash River 62
32 63 64
33 DIK-1-1a
34 67 Selam 68
35 69 70
36 71 72
37 73 74
38 75 76
39 77 78
40 79 80
41 81 82
42 83 84
43 85 86
44 87 "light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history" 88
45 Australopithecus afarensis 89 Humans are a part of the natural world The natural world is capable of producing something as wonderous as us. 90
46 Humans are a part of the natural world The natural world is capable of producing something as wonderous as us. 91 Upper Paleolithic Revolution Cro Magnon ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Spring 08 92
47 Mechanics of Bipedalism adducted big toe 93 94
48 Homo habilis OH 24 KNM ER Homo ergaster East Lake Turkana Cranial capacity ca 800 cc Thick cranial vault Moderate brow ridge KNM-ER-3733 Olduwan lithics 96
49 Homo ergaster Homo ergaster from Dminisi Georgia, 1.8 Ma 97 Atapuerca Atapuerca 5 98
50 Homo erectus Homo erectus Homo heidelbergensis Homo ergaster 99 Asian Homo erectus Cranial capacity ca 900 cc Thick cranial vault Sagittal keel Heavy brow ridge Zhoukoudian No chin 100
51 East Asian Homo heidelbergensis Dali ca 200 Ka China ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Spring Neanderthal Characteristics ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Spring
52 Homo floresiensis ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Spring Levantine Fossils Amud Qafzeh 9 ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Summer
53 Earliest AMHS Herto ANT 301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Summer Hominin Diversity ca
54 Sahelanthropus tchadensis ca 7 Ma Koro Toro Site in Chad 107 Orrorin tugenensis ca 6 Ma Tugen Hills Kenya 108
55 Australpithecines Australopithecus: A. anamensis A. afarensis A. africanus A. garhi Paranthropus: P. aethiopicus P. robustus P. boisei Kenyanthropus platyops 109 The Theory of Evolution The process of evolution as seen in: 1.The fossil record 2.Biogeography 3.Genetics 4.Developmental Biology 5.Comparative Anatomy all support the theory of evolution by natural selection along with other evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic drift. 110
56 What Monkeys Know Unique predator identification. Third-party relationships Kinship relationships Dominance hierarchies
57 Reciprocal Altruism frequent interaction record keeping limit support to reciprocators 113 Simple Phylogeny Homo sapiens Homo erectus (ca 1.8 Ma) Homo habilis (ca 2 Ma) Paranthropus boisei (ca Ma) Paranthropus robustus (ca 1.8) Au. africanus (ca 2.6 Ma) Australopithecus afarensis (ca Ma) 114
58 (not so) Simple Phylogeny Homo sapiens Homo erectus (ca 1.8 Ma) Homo ergaster Homo rudolfensis Homo habilis (ca 2 Ma) Homo neanderthalensis Homo heidelbergesis Paranthropus boisei (ca Ma) Paranthropus robustus (ca 1.8) Paranthropus aethiopicus (ca 2 Ma) Au. africanus (ca 2.6 Ma) Au. garhi (ca 2.5 Ma) Kenyanthropus platyops (ca 3.5 Ma) Au. bahrelghazali (ca 3 Ma) Australopithecus afarensis (ca Ma) Australopithecus anamensis (ca 4 Ma) Ardipithecus ramidus (ca 4.4 Ma) Ardipithecus kadabba (ca 5.6 Ma) Orrorin tugenensis (ca 6 Ma) Sahalanthropus tchadensis (ca 7 Ma) 115 Hominoid Phylogeny Molecular data (DNA sequence and DNA-DNA hybridization) consistently point to a Pan as the sister group to Homo 116
59 Siamang Gibbon Orangutan Gorilla Human Chimpanzee Bonobo
60 Nicholas Steno Anatomist who worked for the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II Principle of original horizontality and superposition 119 Alfred Russel Wallace Co-Discoverer of Natural Selection 120
61 Brain Size 121 Australopithecus africanus South Africa (Taung, Sterkfontein and others) ca 3 to 2.2 Ma Taung 122
62 P. robustus SK OH 5 Zinj Paranthropus boisei 124
63 P. robustus KNM ER P. robustus 126
64 Comparision Au. afarensis Au. aethiopicus Au. boisei 127 Strapping Youth KNM-WT year-old male 1.6 m tall (5 ft. 4 in) adult stature approx. 1.9 m (6 ft.) 128
65 Strapping Youth KNM-WT year-old male 1.6 m tall (5 ft. 4 in) adult stature approx. 1.9 m (6 ft.) 129 Homo ergaster East Lake Turkana KNM-ER
66 Homo rudolfensis KNM ER How Many Species? KNM ER 1470 KNM ER 1813 Homo rudolfensis Homo habilis 132
67 Homologous Structures
68
69 137 Modern Synthesis 138
70 Evolutionary rates 139
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