Nýorkubílar, rafbílar, blendingar. IÐAN fræðslusetur Bílgreinasvið
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1 Nýorkubílar, rafbílar, blendingar
2 Efni námskeiðs Kynning, hvers vegna rafbílar Uppbygging og samsetning rafbúnaðar High-voltage, öryggi háspennu Aftenging háspennu Blendingsbifreiðar, Hybrids Hvernig vinna blendings bifreiðar Hvernig á eigandin að umgangast bifreiðina
3 Upphaf Upphaf Árið 1828, Ungverjin, Ányos Jedlik hannaði módelbíl sem var drifin rafmagnsmótor sem hann hannaði. Árið 1835, Smíðaði Thomas Davenport, járnsmiður smáan rafbíl, einnig hannaði hann fyrsta DC mótorinn í norður ameríku,
4 Olíuframleiðsla í heiminum
5 Orkuskortur? Áætlað er að hægt sé að framleiða alls 50 Twh / ár 30Twh/ári vatnsorku 20Twh/ári jarðvarmi Ýmislegt bendir til að jarðhiti sé ofmetinn (ef hann á að vera endurvinnanlegur) og miklar fórnir þarf til að ná 30Twh/ári úr fallvatni Í dag framleiðum við 9-10Twh/ári
6 Náttúruleg gróðurhúsaáhrif Sem betur fer eru náttúruleg gróðurhúsaáhrif veruleg Ef þeirra nyti ekki væri meðalhiti jarðar mínus 18 C en er plús 15 C Þessi áhrif stafa af þessum 0,038% CO 2 sem eru í lofthjúpi! Kristján M. Gunnarsson
7 Til umhugsunar og Why The amazing thing is that most of what we require a car to do uses only a small percentage of its horsepower! When you are driving along the freeway at 60 mph (96.6 kph), your car engine has to provide the power to do three things: Overcome the aerodynamic drag caused by pushing the car through the air Overcome all of the friction in the car's components such as the tires, transmission, axles and brakes Provide power for accessories like air conditioning, power steering and headlights For most cars, doing all this requires less than 20 horsepower! So, why do you need a car with 200 horsepower? So you can "floor it," which is the only time you use all that power. The rest of the time, you use considerably less power than you have available
8 Vindstuðull / vehicle drag
9 Efni námskeiðs Kynning Uppbygging, samsetning og virkni rafbúnaðar Öryggi há-spennu Aftengja háspennu Viðbætur við blendingsbifreiðar Hvernig vinnur blendingur Hvað getur eignadi gert og notað hvaða verkfæri
10 Rafmagn sem lausn Uppbygging og virkni rafbíla
11 Uppsetning Til eru nokkrar tegundir af rafbílum; Þeir rafbílar sem eru með hleðslu frá bensín hreyfli Og þeir rafbílar sem eru eingönu knúnir af rafmagni frá rafgeymum Endurhleðsla þegar hemlað er Drægni er frá 70 til 500km eftir því hvort kerfið er notað Verksmiðjuframleiddar bifreiðar nota AC mótora, á meðan bensín bifreiðar sem eru breyttir nota ýmist AC eða DC mótora
12 Jafnstraumur / ryðstraumur AC/DC AC DC/DC DC
13 Hvað er unnið með því að nota blending (Hybrid eða rafbíl) Bensínbifreið; Þegar tekið er af stað notar hann mikið eldsneyti og mengar þar af leiðandi mikið. Ef notað er rafmagn í stað eldsneytis við upptöku bifreiðar þá sparast mikið eldsneyti og mengun verðum mun minni en ella. (Hybrid) Hvað þá ef bifreiðin er rafknúin að öllu leyti, þá verður ekki þessi mikla mengun úr útblæstri.
14 Hvað er unnið með því að nota rafbíl Ekki þarf að skipta um olíur á hreyfli Ekki þarf að sinna öðru viðhaldi á hreyfli s.s. ventlum tímareim/keðju. Engin startari Engin alternator Púskerfi óþarft Engin kaup á eldsneyti Engin bensíntankur Engar áhyggjur af mengun í akstri
15 Skilgreining á Lágspenna - Háspenna Skilgreining Lágspenna Háspenna Spennusvið DC 30v AC 15v DC > 60v AC > 30v RMS Frá árinu 1998 hefur háspenna verið í bifreiðum með 273volta hvíluspennu og yfir 300volta hleðsluspennu.
16 Aflbúnaður 330 Volt Rafgeymir stýristraums (12 Volt) Hleðslutengi Stjórneining mótors (MCU) Hleðslutæk i (OBC) Hraðhleðslu-tengi Aðalrafgeymar (330 Volt) Mótor & gírkassi
17 2011MY i-miev
18 Grunnuppbygging Grunnuppbygging rafbifreiða Hjarta bifreiða knúnu rafmagni er sambland eftirfarandi hluta: Rafmótors Stjórnara Rafgeyma-sett Rafala Hleðslubúnaðar
19 Virkni Stjórnari fær orku frá rafgeymum og beinir þeirri orku til rafmótors. Inngjafar-ástig er tengt tveim viðnámum. Stöðuviðnámin senda boð til stjórnara hversu mikla orku er þörf hverju sinni. Stjórnari getur afgreitt frá 0 til fullrar orku þegar ökumaður stígur ástig í botn og allt þar á milli.
20 Mynd sem sýnir 24volta rafbúnað
21 Ásýnd Stjórnarinn er yfirleitt það fyrsta sem sést þegar vélarhlíf er opnuð, eins og sést á þessari mynd:
22 Virkni bifreiða með AC mótor Stjórnari getur tekið inn 300 volts DC frá rafgeymasamstæðu. Það umbreytir því í 240 volts AC, 3-fasa á Volta, sem síðan er sent til mótors. Stjórnari framkvæmir þessa breytingu með gríðarstórum transistor sem í síflellu setur spennu af og á til að búa til sínusbylgju. Þegar ýtt er á inngjafarpedala, er barki tengdur í stöðuskynjara. Hann sendir síðan boð til sjórnara. Boðin frá stöðuskyjaranum segja stjórnara hversu mikla orku mótorinn á að fá.
23 DC DC stjórnari Stjórnarar eru vinnuhestar fyrir kraftmikla rafbíla. Þeir vinna vel á spennubili á milli 72V til 120V (nominal) spennu. Straumur er á bilinu; t.d. 150A í 1 klst, 250A í 5 minútur 400A í 2 minútur, fer allt eftir uppsetningu og viðeigandi kælibúnað fyrir stórnara. Hann hefur tvö tíðnisvið sem vinna á 1.5kHz í 15kHz eftir að um það bil 1/5 af inngjöf hefur verið náð. Hentugur fyrir flesta bíla og sérstaklega fyrir bíla yfir 1200 kg eða hraðskreiða bíla yfir 750kg.
24 Stöðuskynjarar Boðin frá stöðuskynjaranum segja stjórnaranum hversu mikla orku eigi að senda til mótors. Það eru hafðir tveir stöðuskynjarar til að viðhalda öryggisþáttum. Stjórnarinn les báða skynjarana gengur úr skugga að þeir séu samstíga og merkin frá þeim séu rétt. Ef þau reynast ekki rétt þá vinnur ekki búnaður ekki. Þetta er vörn, ef sú staða kemur upp að skynjari bilar í fullri inngjöf þá hættir vinnslan. Háspennu kaplar tengja rafgeymasamstæðu við stjórnara. Á leiðinni er stór höfuðrofi sem hægt er að ná til í neyð og við þjónustuskoðanir. Einnig eru hitaskynjarar til að mæla hita á rafgeymum. Blástursmótorar eru notaðir til að kæla niður og loftræsta rými rafgeyma, komi þeir til með að hitna.
25 Einföld uppsetning rafgeyma fyrir DC rafmótor Sveru vírarnir sem koma og fara frá stjórnaranum. Hlutverk stjórnarans í DC rafdrifnum bíl er auðvelt að skilja. Segjum svo að rafgeymasett hafi 12 12volta rafgeyma, þeir séu raðtengdir til að búa til 144 volts. Stjórnarninn tekur inn 144 volts DC og skilar því til mótors í gegnum stjórnarann.
26 Einfaldleikinn DC Einfaldur DC stjórnari væri stór on/off rofi tengdur í inngjafarpedala. Þegar þú ýtir á rofann þá setur þú rofann í samband og þegar þú slakaðir á rofanum myndi sambandið rofna. Sem ökumaður yrðir þú að ýta og slaka á gjöfinni til að halda þínum hraða. Svona on/off gæti gengið en yrði leiðinlegt í vinnslu, svo stjórnarninn gerir þetta fyrir þig. Stjórnarinn les stöðu inngjafar frá skynjurum og stjórnar þannig mótornum. Segjum sem svo að pedali sé á hálfiri gjöf. Stjórnarinn les stöðu skynjara og skiptir stöðugt on/off svo hann verði helming tímans af og hinn helming tímans á. Ef gjöfinn er 25% þá mun stjórnarinn setja mótorin á 25% af tímanum og 75%. Running cycle, vinnslutími rafbúnaðar.
27 Stjórnarar DC Flestir stjórnarar púlsa oftar en15,000 sinnum á sek, er það gert til að halda tíðninni fyrir utan mannlega heyrn. Hin púlsandi straumur er þess valdandi að mótorinn víbrar á þessari tíðni, með því að víbra mótornum yfir 15,000 sinnum á sekúntu, er hljóð frá stjórnara og mótora hljóðlausir í eyrum mennskra.
28 AC stjórnari Í AC stjórnara er vinnslan örlítið flóknari, en hann hefur sömu hugmyndafræði. Stjórnarin býr til (pseudo-sine) þrepa formaðar sínusbilgjur. Það framkvæmir það á þann hátt með því að taka DC volt frá rafgeymum og púlsar þeim af og á. Í AC stjórnara, er þörf fyrir umpólun skauta 60 sinnum á sekúntu. Þar með þarf sex sett af transistorum í AC stjórnara, á móti einu setti í DC stjórnara. Í AC stjórnara, fyrir hvern fasa þarf eitt sett af transistorum til að púlsa spennunni og annað sett til að umpóla henni. Það þarf að framkvæma þetta 3. sinnum fyrir hina þrá fasa-- -semsagt sex sett af Flestir DC stjórnarar sem notaðir eru í rafbílum koma frá gaffallyftara framleiðendum. Stjórnarar get komið til skila allt að wöttum.
29 Rafmótorar - raffgeymar Rafbílar geta notað AC eða DC mótora: Ef mótorinn er DC, þá getur spennan verið frá volt. Margir DC mótorar sem notaðir eru koma frá framleiðendum gaffallyftara. Ef mótorinn er AC mótor, þá er það í flestum tilfellum þriggja fasa AC mótor sem keyrir á 240v AC með 300 volta rafgeyma samstæðu.
30 Rafmótorar - raffgeymar Ódýrast og auðveldast er að setja DC mótor í bifreið. Venjulega er stærð mótors 20,000-watt til 30,000-wött. Hefðbundið svið stjórnara er á bilinu 40,000-wött til 60,000-wött (til dæmis, 96-volt mun geta skilað af sér að hámarki um 400 til 600 amps). DC mótorar hafa þann eiginleika ða það er hæt að lesta þá í stuttan tíma allt að 10. falt. Til dæmis 20,000-watta mótor getur tekið á móti 100,000 wöttum í stuttan tíma og skilað af sér 5. fallt hestafla gildi sitt. Þetta getur verið gott í stuttan tíma, eina vandamálið er hitin sem myndast. Of mykill hiti eyðileggur mótorinn. Ef settur er AC mótor er hægt að nota nánast hvaða 3-fasa AC iðnaðarmótor sem er. Auðveldar það að finna heppilegan mótor í stærð og lögun. AC mótorar og stjórnarar haf eiginleika sem nýtast þegar þarf að ; hemla, breytir mótornum í rafala sem skilar hleðslu til rafgeyma. Eins og staðan er nú þá eru rafgeymar veikasti hlekkruinn. Rafgeymar
31 Rafgeymar, blýgeymar Sex þættir blýrafgeyma sem gerir þá óhagstæða; Þeir eru þungir (hefðbundið sett í rafbíl getur vegið allt að 400 kíló eða meir). Þeir eru fyrirferðamiklir (bifreið getur haft um 50 blýgeyma, hver um sig hefur málsetningu 6" x 8" by 6 )(15cm, 20cm, 15cm). Þeir hafa takmarkaða rýmd (venjulegur blýgeymir getur geymt 12 til 15 kw/t af orku og getur gefið drægni um 80km). Þeir hlaðast hægt (ca 10 tíma eftir gerð og uppbyggingu). Þeir hafa stuttan líftíma (þrjú til fjögur ár, með ca 200 endurhleðslum ). Þeir eru dýrir (t.d $2,000 fyrir rafgeymasett sem lýst her að ofan).
32 Main battery (12.5MY) 54D-07 OBC (Hleðsla, heimatengi), DC converter 1. Hleðsla í heimahúsi 11MY 12.5MY Household electricity Power supply 230V 1phase (16A) 230V 1phase (13A) 230V 1phase (10A) Charging time 6 hours 7 hours 8 hours Supply power Charging time 230V 1phase(16A)* 6 hours 230V 1phase(10A) 8 hours 230V 1phase(8A) 10 hours * Only Industrial plug (Option) Household charging connector AC230V, single phase socket-outlet (earthed)
33 Líftími rafhlöðu Li-ion frá MM Mitsubishi Motors áætlar að rýmd rafgeymis rýrni með tímanum og verði um 80% af eðlilegri rýmd hans á fimm árum, um það bil 70% rýmd eftir tíu ár, þar sem þetta er aðeins áætlun á ekki að taka þessa prósentutölu sem rauntölu, heldur verður að taka mið af mismunandi notkun, akstri, geymslu og hvernig hann hefur verið hlaðin af eiganda í gegnum tíðina.
34 Rafgeymir stýristraums (12 Volt) Aflbúnaður 330 Volt Hleðslutengi Stjórneining mótors (MCU) Hleðslutæk i (OBC) Hraðhleðslu-tengi Aðalrafgeymar (330 Volt) Mótor & gírkassi
35 /120km
36 Rafmótorinn / hreyfillinn Rafmótorinn hefur lík afköst (47 kw) og bensínmótor samsvarandi bíls, en hefur nær tvöfalt snúningsvægi þegar tekið er af stað.
37 Hleðslustaða Mælaborðið Vegalengdar mælir. Hægt að stilla á áætlaða vegalengd á hleðslunni
38 Rafgeymirinn 88 Sellur, hver 3,7 Volt 12 Einingar (10 x 8 Sellur, 2 x 4 Sellur) Rafgeymirinn samanstendur af 88 sellum sem komið er fyrir í 12 einingum. Spenna fullhlaðins geymis er 365 Volt og spenna á afhlöðnum geymi er 315 Volt.
39 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Rýming Neyðarviðbrögð Aðvörun: - Eftir að tækið er gert óvirkt helst afl áfram í : 5 mínútur í háspennukerfi! 90 sekúndur í SRS loftpoka - Háspennukaplar eru appelsínugulir = hætta!
40 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Rýming Neyðarviðbrögð Háspennuöryggiskerfi 125 A READY AF: stöðvar rafstraum frá háspennugeymi HV 125 A öryggi til varnar í þjónustutengli READY Á: Háspenna á aflköplum 201,6 Bæði + og - kaplar eru einangraðir frá grind Eftir að READY er AF: helst afl á í 5 mín!
41 Öryggi Háspenna er á orange lituðum vírum Rjúfa þarf tengingu frá háspennu hlutanum og ef á að þjónusta eða gera við bifreið. Bíða þarf í 5-9 mínútur eftir bifreið (straumrofstími) Straumrofsstími SRS er breytilegur Rafblossi frá háspennu hefur 5. sinnum meiri hita en sólin Bruni er algengasta slysið af háspennu sem leiðir til dauða
42 Rafgeymar, öryggi EV Battery Requirements: Safe Examples of EV battery safety issues: Overcharging explosive hydrogen outgassing thermal runaway resulting in melting, explosion or inextinguishable fire Short Circuit external or internal under normal circumstances or caused by a crash immediate or latent Damage liquid electrolyte acid leakage
43 Rafgeymar, orka EV Battery Requirements: High Power Power = Watts = Volts x Amps Typically rated in terms of C the current ratio between max current and current to drain battery in 1 hour; example 3C for a 100 Ah cell is 300A Battery voltage changes with current level and direction, and state of charge 1 Horsepower = 746 Watts Charger efficiency = ~90% Battery charge and discharge efficiency = ~95% Drive system efficiency = ~85% AC, 75% DC
44 Rafgeymar EV Battery Requirements: High Power Example Accelerating or driving up a steep hill Motor Shaft Power = ~50 HP or ~37,000 W Battery Power = ~50,000 W DC, ~44,000 W AC Battery Current ~400A for 144V nominal pack with DC drive ~170A for 288V nominal pack with AC drive Driving steady state on flat ground Motor Shaft Power = ~20 HP or ~15,000 W Battery Power = ~20,000 W DC, ~18,000 AC Battery Current ~150A for 144V nominal pack with DC drive ~70A for 288V nominal pack with AC drive Charging Depends on battery type, charger power and AC outlet rating Example: for 3,300 W, 160V, 20A DC for 3,800 W, 240V, 16A AC
45 Rafgeymar EV Battery Requirements: High Capacity Higher capacity = higher driving range between charges Energy = Watts x Hours = Volts x Amp-Hours Watt-hours can be somewhat reduced with higher discharge current due to internal resistance heating loss Amp-Hours can be significantly reduced with higher discharge current seen in EVs due to Peukert Effect Amp-Hours can be significantly reduced in cold weather without heaters and insulation Example: V 100 Amp-Hour cells with negligible Peukert Effect and 95% efficiencies Pack capacity = 48 * 3.2 Volts * 100 Amp-Hours *.95 efficiency = 14,592 Wh 340 Watt Hours per mile vehicle consumption rate Vehicle range = 14,592 Wh / 340 Wh/mi = 42 miles
46 Rafgeymar EV Battery Requirements: Small and Light Cars only have so much safe payload for handling and reliability Cars only have so much space to put batteries, and they can t go anywhere for safety reasons Specific Power = power to weight ratio = Watts / Kilogram Specific Energy = energy capacity to weight ratio = Watt-Hours / Kilogram Power Density = power to volume ratio = Watts / liter Energy Density = energy to capacity to volume ratio = Watt-Hours /liter 1 liter = 1 million cubic millimeters Example: 1 module with 3,840 W peak power, 1,208 Wh actual energy, 15.8 kg, 260 x 173 x 225 mm = 10.1 liters Specific Power = 3,840 W / 15.8 kg = 243 W/kg Specific Energy = 1,208 Wh / 15.8 kg = 76 Wh/kg Power Density = 3,840 W / 10.1 l = 380 W/l Energy Density = 1,208 Wh / 10.1 l = 119 Wh/l
47 Rafgeymar EV Battery Requirements Large Format Minimize the need for too many interconnects; example 100 Ah Long Life Minimize the need for battery replacement effort and cost Example: 2000 cycles at 100% Depth-of-Discharge to reach 80% capacity charging at C/2; 5 years to 80% capacity on 13.8V float at 73C Low Overall Cost Minimize the purchase and replacement cost of the batteries Example: $10K pack replacement cost every 5 years driven 40 miles per day down to 80% DOD = 1825 days, 73,000 miles, 14 cents per mile
48 Rafgeymar Hár hiti dregur úr líftíma, við 13 C styttist líftími sýrurafgeyma um helming.
49 Samanburður ýmissa rafgeyma
50 Li ion LI ion battery Volta fer 40 mílur á rafgeymum einum saman. Samsetning er álþynna / koparþynna. Li ion sem katóða og colefnisblanda sem anoda með einangrunar plötu á milli eininga.
51 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Gerið ökutækið óvirkt fyrir þjónustu Lokaður nikkel-málmhýdríð (Ni-MH) rafgeymir Haldið háspennugeymi láréttum 28 einingar x 6 sellur = 168 sellur 168 sellur x 1,2 V = 201,6 V jafnstraumur
52 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive HV rafgeymasamstæða HV rafgeymir Lokaður nikkel-málmhýdríð (Ni-MH) rafgeymir 28 einingar x 6 sellur = 168 sellur 168 sellur x 1,2 V = 201,6 V jafnstraumur Eining (6 sellur) Sella (1,2 V) Þjónustutappi 28 einingar
53 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Áriðlasamstæða Áriðlasamstæða Fyrir rafhreyfil og rafal Áriðill Jafnstraums HV rafgeymir Riðspenna Aflaukningar-breytir: hækkar 201,6 V? 500 V Fyrir rafknúna loftræstingu: Áriðill Jafnstraumur riðstraumur fyrir loftkælingarþjöppu
54 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Íhlutir HV rafgeymir Straumskynjari Einingar SMR3 Rafgeymis-tölva (ECU) SMR2 SMR1 Viðnám Þjónustutappa-tengill
55 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Gerið ökutækið óvirkt fyrir þjónustu HV rafgeymir Þjónustutappi Ísetning Tengið þjónustutappann Ýtið stönginni niður þar til smellur heyrist Varúð: Notið einangraða hanska Snúið stönginni
56 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Gerið ökutækið óvirkt fyrir þjónustu: Aðgæsla við háspennukerfi Varúðarráðstafanir: VARÚÐ: háspenna snertið ekki meðan í notkun notihásð þetta skilti Eftir að háspennukerfi hefur verið þjónustað og áður en þjónustutappinn er settur í prófið aftur að: verkfæri hafi ekki verið skilin eftir inni skrúfur í háspennusamböndum séu vel hertar tenglar séu vel í sambandi.
57 201,6 V Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Gerið ökutækið óvirkt fyrir þjónustu SMR2 SMR1 Þjónustutappi HV rafgeymir SMR3 (+) (-) Varúðarreglur fyrir skoðun og þjónustu háspennukerfis Ýtið á POWER hnappinn til að SLÖKKVA á READY ljósi Aðalliðar kerfisins (SMR) RJÚFA Aftengið HV rafgeymi frá HV rafrás Aftengið 12 V rafgeymi Takið burt þjónustutappa HV rafgeymis Rýfur háspennurásina (notið einangraða hanska) Setjið þjónustutappann í vasann Bíðið 5 mínútur
58 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Geymsla bíls og viðhald rafgeymis 12 V aukageymir Aflgjafi fyrir ökuljós, hljómflutningstæki, aðra fylgihluti og allar rafeindastýringar (ECU) 12 V Háspennu-rafgeymir 12 V aukageymir (Lokuð gerð) 12 V varaaflgjafi fyrir ECB-hemla
59 Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive Kælikerfi HV rafgeymis HV rafgeymir Kælivifta Loftinntak Stýring kæliblásara Rafgeymaeining : Hitaskynjari
60 Raf,vetnisbifreið
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