Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Occurring on Fruit Orchards in Çukurova Region of Turkey

Transcription

1 Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Occurring on Fruit Orchards in Çukurova Region of Turkey Ekrem Atakan Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Çukurova Adana, Turkey

2 Introduction Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey has various ecological conditions that provide to produce early and fresh marketing of fruit crops for about 5 months in the region Peach, nectarines and apricots are the predominant crops Fruit growers have some problems with insect pests Thrips has gained important pest status causing serious problems on some fruit crops such as nectarines There is a little knowledge about thrips infesting the fruit orchards in Çukurova region species

3 Objectives Thrips species and their numbers on fruit crops Weed hosts of some adult and larval thrips Damage assessments due to attacks of thrips

4 Materials and Methods Surveying area of thrips

5 Materials and Methods Surveying area of thrips Surveying of thrips mainly in Research and Implementation area of Agricultural Faculty (RIAF) of Çukurova University located at Adana province Inland (Districts: Doğankent, Havutlu and Ceyhan) and in coastal parts (Tarsus district and Mersin province)

6 Materials and Methods Sampling of Thrips Almond (Prunus amygdalus) Apple (Malus domestica) Apricot (Prunus armenica) Cherry (Prunus avium) Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Nectarin (Prunus persica var. nectarina) Peach (Prunus persica) Plum (Prunus domestica)

7 Materials and Methods Sampling of Thrips Flowering periods of each fruit crops Ten or twenty trees of each fruit crops Five flowering shoots, located at southern or southeastern directions Shoots were tapped into white plastic container for 5 sec. Thrips stored in plastic vial (2 cc) containing 60% ethyl alcohol

8 Materials and Methods Sampling of Thrips Nectarin trees

9 Materials and Methods Sampling of Thrips Apricot trees Plum trees

10 Materials and Methods Sampling of Thrips Loquat trees

11 Materials and Methods Sampling of Thrips Apple trees

12 Materials and Methods Sampling of thrips on weeds Weeds grown nearby or inside the fruit orchards were sampled during the winter and early spring time in RIAF in years, Ten plants of each weed species were randomly sampled by using the tapping method

13 Materials and Methods Damage assessment The premature fruits were randomly collected from no insecticide-treated 10 trees of apple, loquat, nectarines, peaches, and plum Injury was described as scarring and silvering on fruits Each damage was classified as light (< 1 cm2), moderate (1-4 cm2) or heavy (>4 cm2) (Felland et al. 1995).

14 Results Table 1. Thrips species collected from fruit trees in Çukurova region of Turkey in years, 2006 and 2007 Thrips species Total (%) of a total Aeolothripidae Aeolothrips collaris Priesner 16 <1 Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall 3 Aeolothrips sp. 2 Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer) 38 <1 Melanthrips pallidor Priesner 29 <1 Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel 1 Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricious) 4 Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) 11 <1 Haplothrips sp. 4 Thripidae Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 2, Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) 32 <1 Isoneurothrips australis Bagnall Tenothrips discolor (Karny) 3 Thrips angusticeps Uzel 13 <1 Thrips mayor Uzel 2, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) 50 <1 Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus 3 <1 Thrips nigropilosus Uzel 17 Thrips tabaci Lindeman Thrips trehernei Priesner 2 Total 5,

15 Results Table 2. Total numbers of thrips species collected from various fruit crops in Çukurova region of Turkey in years, 2006 and 2007 Thrips species Almond Apple Apricot Cherry Loquat Nectarin Peach Pear Plum Total Aeolothrips collaris Aeolothrips intermedius Aeolothrips sp Melanthrips fuscus Melanthrips pallidor Rhipidothrips gratiosus Haplothrips aculeatus Haplothrips reuteri Haplothrips sp Frankliniella occidentalis ,751 Frankliniella intonsa Isoneurothrips australis Tenothrips discolor Thrips angusticeps Thrips mayor ,283 Thrips meridionalis Thrips minutissimus Thrips nigropilosus Thrips tabaci Thrips trehernei Thrips larvae ,164 1, ,384 Total 542 1, ,021 1, ,538 11,351

16 Results Table 3. Total numbers of larvae and adult thrips species on weeds occurring nearby or inside the fruit orchards in Adana, Turkey in years of 2006 and 2007 Weed species Larvae F. oc T. tab T. may T. mer. Anthemis arvensis L Anagallis arvensis L Calendula arvensis L Capsella bursa-pastoris L Cardaria draba L. Desv Chenopodium album L Convulvus arvensis L Erodium moschatum (L.) Ephorbia sp Fumaria officinalis L Galium aperina L Lamium amplexicaule L Malva sylvestris L Melilotus officinalis (L.) Medicago coronata (L.) Mercurialis annua L Ochthodium aegyptiacum Raphanus raphanistrum L Silene lutea L Stellaria media (L.) Senecio vernalis Waldst Sinapis arvensis L Solanum nigrum L Sonchus oleraceus L Vicia sativa L Urticae urens L F.oc: Frankliniella occidentalis ; T. tab: Thrips tabaci ; T. may: Thrips mayor ; T. mer: Thrips meridonalis

17 Results Ochtodium eagyptiacum Sinapis arvensis Capsella bursa-pastoris Weed species hosting the thrips

18 Results Senesio vernalis Weed species grown inside of the almond orchard

19 Results Table 4. The damage level of various fruits caused by thrips in Adana, Turkey in 2007 Fruits Total No. of healhty No. of scarred Damage (%) Apple Loquat Nectarin Peach Plum

20 Results Damage of thrips on apple fruits

21 Results Damage of thrips on plum fruits

22 Results Damage of thrips on nectarin fruits

23 Conclusions and Suggestions T. mayor and F. occidentalis were the most prevailing thrips species on fruit crops. Loquat grown in a wide range in the region may an important source of thrips infestations, hosting for particularly T. mayor. Serious thrips damage that is more likely originated from F. occidentalis, was occurred on nectarines and plums.

24 Conclusions and Suggestions Pest status of T. mayor infesting the flowers of loguat and apples mostly in coastal areas of the region is not clearly understood. More critical stage of fruits to make a decision of insecticide application is the petal-fall or husk-fall. Destroying the weeds by using different management tactics before the blooming stage of fruit crops seems to be crucial.

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