bold We will have a test on this vocabulary and on the script in the first Arabic lesson. not 1. The alphabet

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1 1 The Arabic script We expect you to have some knowledge of the Arabic script at the start of the course: if you don't you will really struggle. We re not expecting fluent reading, but an ability to recognise the letters and to work out the pronunciation of words when vowels are written. To help with this, the following is a brief introduction covering all aspects of the script, which you may like to work through, but you can of course use a book or any other way of learning it. If you need more practice on any particular item, a good book to use is Brustad, K. et al. Alif Baa (Georgetown University Press - ignore the video and the dialogues), but any introductory textbook to Standard Arabic will cover this ground. We will not use Alif Baa in the course, but we will have a session at the beginning of the year to go over some of the material from this worksheet and answer any questions you have. If you use this introduction, we would strongly recommend working through each exercise once, then go through it again, pronouncing the word aloud. Then perhaps read it through again. There is a lot of repetition, with the aim of helping you to get comfortable with the script and some of the vocabulary and phrasing, to help reduce the cognitive load at the beginning of the year, when you will have to cope with new squiggles, new sounds and unrecognisable words, all at the same time. For the same reason, spacing this out over a period of months will be more useful than cramming it into the last week before you come. Certain vocabulary items are introduced in Alif Baa and will reappear early in the course. These items are printed in bold below and you will find it helpful to memorise them as far as you can. We will have a test on this vocabulary and on the script in the first Arabic lesson. You are not expected to learn any of the other words. All of the words here are used in both Standard and Colloquial Egyptian Arabic, the dialect we teach in the first year, except those words marked with an asterisk, which occur only in Standard Arabic. If you would like anything checked or have any other questions, please feel free to contact Dr Rachael Harris (rmh1001@cam.ac.uk) in the Department. Any suggestions for improving this worksheet would be very much appreciated! 1. The alphabet Arabic letters are almost always written joined up. So each has a basic shape, a way of connecting it to preceding and subsequent letters, and a tail - a final flourish for when it is written alone or at the end of words. This means that each letter has up to four shapes: at the beginning, middle and end of a word, and in isolation. Writing is right to left.

2 2 Handwriting: for most Arabic letters just copying the printed form will give you a good handwritten version, and for these there are no notes on how to do it. Where it's not obvious which order to do the strokes in, there are notes on this at the end of the exercises to help you get into good habits from the start. A few letters have very different handwritten and printed forms, but you can just keep to the printed form for now. As in English, you write a string of letters in one continuous line without lifting the pen off the paper until you get to the end of the word, or to a letter that doesn't join onto the following one. Then you go back and add in the dots, and sometimes extra lines to the shape of the letter itself. Transliteration Final Medial Initial Alone Name aa (only a vowel, not a consonant) b t th j H kh or x d dh r z s sh S D T DH ا ا ا ا أ ل ف ب ب ب ب باء ت ت ت ت تاء ث ث ث ث ثاء ج ج ج ج جيم ح ح ح ح حاء خ خ خ خ خاء د د د د دال ذ ذ ذ ذ ذال ر ر ر ر راء ز ز ز ز زاي س س س س سين ش ش ش ش شين ص ص ص ص صاد ض ض ض ض ضاد ط ط ط ط طاء ظ ظ ظ ظ ظاء ع ع ع ع ع ي ن غ غ غ غ غ ي ن ف ف ف ف فاء ع gh f

3 q k l m n h w or uu قاف كاف الم ميم نون هاء واو ياء ق ك ل م ن ه و ي ق ك ل م ن ه و ي ق ك ل م ن ه و ي ق ك ل م ن ه و ي y or ii *The six letters ا د ذ ر ز و never join to following letters. Note: اWhen ( alif) follows ل they are written لا if not joined to a previous letter and لا if joined. 2. Vowels: Short vowel signs go above or below the consonant they follow. In most texts they are not written, except to clarify ambiguities: - = a ف ت حة) fatha ); - = u ض م ة) Damma ); - = i ك س رة) kasra ); - = no vowel س كون) sukuun ) Long vowels are written after the consonant they follow: ا = aa; و = uu; ي = ii. 3 = ay ي aw; = و diphthongs: can also represent ي and و Exercises 1, 3, 5 & 7 work through the alphabet gradually introducing all of the letters. Try to remember the words in bold, the others are just for reading practice. Work your way through them as far as you find useful. Question marks in place of the meaning mean that you might be able to guess it from English or from what has gone before (answers in the footnotes). Exercises 2, 4, 6 & 9 are to help to reinforce the words in bold, and give some beginnings of putting words together. Exercise 1. Read the following, starting on the right: girls our daughter between us girl pope باب door ب ي ت بابا ب ي ن ب ن ت بابي ب ي تنا ب نات my door *ب ن تنا our house between my daughters house ب نتي my daughter ب ناتي ب ي ننا

4 4 prophet he builds ب ن ينا we built ي ب ني ن بي ب ناتنا our daughters Note: the sign means that the consonant is pronounced double, like the t + t in 'hot tea'. See section 4 below. Japanese she built we build ت ب ني she builds بابنا ن ب ني ب ن ت ياباني Note: و is always written as part of the following word, e.g day from بابي و ب يتي houses و... and 1? ب و اب doorman ب يوت م و ت م ن ي موت م ك ت ب ي و م ك تاب book offices your (f.) book he dies office death our books *م ن who ك ت ب books ك ت ب ت ك ت بنا ت ك ت ب ك تابك م كات ب your (m.) book ك تابك she writes I wrote You use ك تابك for 'your book' to men/boys and ك تابك to women/girls. F. and m. are 'masculine' and 'feminine'. I slept he slept I was كان he was ك ن ت نام ن م ت what how much ب نايات buildings ك م *ما ت مام complete, OK Lebanon place possible ي م ني Yemeni م م ك ن م كان ل ب نان no ال money, wealth ك ل ب dog م ل ك king مال (See the note at the end of the alphabet if you re not sure what this last one is.) Libya kings speech بال attention ك الم م لوك ليبيا dogs night *ليبي ون Libyans ل ي ل ك الب Notes on writing: 1) Since you don't lift pen from paper until there's a break, the letter 'alif' in a word like باب is written upwards, not downwards. It's written downwards when not joined to anything in front. right, Start writing at the point where the lines join and form the circle going left first then up, و 2) down. left. In isolation: start at the top م 3) At the beginning of a word or group of letters: start at the point where the lines join and go either م way round.

5 print. In the middle: in handwriting the loop goes under the line, not above it as in م At the end of a word: do a loop downwards, as with the form in the middle, then carry on a bit left م then down for the tail. At the beginning of a word or group of letters, if you think of the shape as like a leg and foot ك 4) with the knee pointing left, start at the knee and go down. When you've got to the end of the word or the letter group, go back and add the top diagonal stroke, downwards. In the middle, start at the bottom right where the line comes in, go up to the 'knee' and down ك again, then carry on with the line. Add the top diagonal afterwards. as a downstroke finishing on the left side of the letter. Then do the alif as a ل On its own: do the ال 5).ل separate downstroke in a steep diagonal down from the top left of the letter to where it meets the first. ل Joined to a previous letter: similar but go up into the ال 5 Exercise 2. A pause. a) Do you remember what the following mean? (Answers 2 ) ب ي ت. ك تاب ب ن ت ال باب م ك ت ب م ن ال ب ن ت م ك ت ب ب ي ت م ن ك تاب باب b) Given some of the words above, what do the following mean? (Answers 3 ) ك تابك ب ن تي ب يتنا م ك ت بي ك تابي م ك ت بك ب ي تك م ك ت بنا ب ن تنا ك تابك م كت بك بابنا. Exercise 3. Some more letters: country dollars Beirut excellent Zeinab Mohamed milk town دين religion ب ل د ب الد dollar London و ل د boy وال د father بار د ل ن د ن ب ريد دوالر دار نور دوالرات ب ي روت fire house light post ك ريم generous نار م م تاز 4 كومبيوتر? minister I visited ك ن دا? cold ك بير big نيو يورك? زار he visited ح ب ز ر ت ح بيب ح ياتي م بار ك و زير ب ح ر ز ي ن ب م ح م د ح ليب sea under beautiful, handsome pilgrim حاج pilgrimage marriage reason husband, couple beloved my life Mahmoud love م ح مود ح س ني ت ح ت Mubarak ج ميل it is necessary Husni واج ب homework حار ي ج ب ي ح تاج ح ج ز و ج ز واج س ب ب man he needs new ج ديد he marries hot ي ت ز و ج ر ج ل

6 6 we study he studies سوريا Syria ي د ر س ن د ر س س الم peace tea trees Tunisia *ي د ر سون they study تون س ش ج ر شاي north grass ش ك ل form, shape د ر س lesson ح شيس ش مال ش م س sun Notes on writing: 6) Note the difference between د and.ر This shows up in particular when they're joined to the ر way. starts at the level of the line, goes up and comes back down the same د letter. previous starts on the level of the line and only goes up a little before going down. It's also curved rather than.ز and ذ Same for.د angled like These are different in handwriting. For the moment just copy the printed form, which ح ج خ 7) means that they're the only exception to the rule that you don't lift the pen off the paper until you get to a gap. Exercise 4. Another pause: what do the following mean? Note that a singular noun on its own generally translates as a such-and-such, e.g. و ل د can be translated as a boy. ال ك بير ح ليب و شاي ب يت م كت ب د رس م ن ر ج ل و و ل د ك تاب ب نت د رسنا ج ديد باب ج ميل و ل د ج ميل boy) a) handsome ب يت ج ديد م كت ب ك بير شاي ب يت ك بير م ن ب يت ر ج ل ج ميل د رس ج ديد ك تاب ك بير ح ليب ج ديد و ل د و ب نت. شايك, م ن ب يتي. Answers) ( 5 Exercise 5. More letters: long, tall happy they work Yasir we returned near to airport doctor طال ب student ش ريط ط بيب و ط ن م طار ع م ل ع ي ن ط ويل س عيد work homeland wide, spacious tape ي ر ج ع he returns *ت ع م لين واس ع عيد *ي ع م لون في in eye you have France festival I have you (f.) work شار ع street ي ع ر ف ع ن دي ع ن د ك ف ر نسا ياس ر she returns ن ع ر ف we know far from he knows ع ر فات Arafat ش ر ق ب عيد ع ن ق ل م pen ت ر ج ع س ف ر ر ج ع نا ق ريب م ن travel east

7 7 thirsty ت ع بان tired time م ع with و ق ت ع ط شان child ج و عان hungry ط ف ل Notes on writing: Wherever it is in the word, start with the loop. If there's no letter before this, you start (ظ (and ط 8) at the left of the loop and go rightwards and up, then back down and along the bottom. The 'stick' is added on as a downstroke at the end, after you've got to the end of the line of letters if there is one, or even if you're writing the letter on its own. In the middle of a word the line comes in from the right, continues along the bottom, then loops ط up and back, then down and round and back to continue the line towards the left. starts with the line going up diagonally to the left, then ع word, In the middle of a (غ and )ع 9) horizontally to the right, then diagonally down to the left, forming a triangular shape. cross. At the end of a word, it's the same, but with the tail coming down from where the two lines ع Exercise 6. What do the following mean? (Answers 6 ) و ل د ج ميل د رس في شار ع ب عيد ع ن ب نت ق ريب م ن ق ل م و ك تاب شار ع طال ب ج ديد ط ويل م كت ب واس ع ح ليب و شاي واس ع ال و ل د ع طشان طال ب ت عبان و ج وعان ق ل م ط ويل شار ع ب عيد ق ل مك ب يت ق ريب ب يت في شار ع ط ويل ر ج ل ق ل م ج ديد و ك تاب ط ويل شار عنا. ج وعان ب يت واس ع طال ب ع طشان Exercise 7. The last group of letters: I've understood he ه ي she ه و ه م they ف ه م ت face here ف ه منا we've understood ه نا ه ناك there *و ج ه Egypt difficult ص باح morning ص حيح correct ص ع ب م ص ر eggs she hit ill ص ديق friend م ريض ض ر ب ت ب ي ض Damascus officer short ص ف ر zero ق صير ضاب ط د م ش ق bread he went out sheikhs ش ي خ sheikh ش يوخ خ ر ج خ ب ز exit mind special ش خ ص person خاص ع ق ل خ روج strange small Khalid غ ر ب west خال د ص غير غ ريب martyr? *ي شاه د he watches *غ ر بي ون westerners ب غ داد ش ه ي د strange he went he remembers ل ذيذ delicious ي ذ ك ر ذ ه ب غ ريب price third we *ت ذ ه بين you (f.) go *ن ح ن ثال ث ث م ن back noon second ب ح ث research ثاني ظ ه ر ظ ه ر

8 good luck Notes on writing: ح ظ luck ح ظ س عيد ي ظ ه ر it appears *ظ ن نت I thought - see section 3) In isolation, start at the top and go down the right side of the circle and ة (and ه 10) up the left. At the beginning of a word or letter group, start by doing a backwards 'C'. When you reach the ه bottom of the letter, on the line, do a smaller loop upwards that tucks under the left-hand end of the 'C'. In the middle of the word the commonest way to write this is by doing a diagonal leftwards ه stroke down below the line, then a vertical stroke back up to the line, the two making a sharp point, a 'v' shape a bit like an inverted shark's fin. It goes below the line about the same distance as the ه and similar letters go above the line. At the end of a word, start with the line going vertically upwards, then do the semi-circle round ه and down to the left. There isn't an extra bit sticking up on the vertical line in the handwritten version. In isolation and at the beginning of a word, start at the point where (ض (and ص and ص 11) the lines join and go up and rightwards then down and leftwards along the line to complete the loop. Then do a 'tooth', a little sticking up line to finish the letter. At the end of the word, the tail comes straight down from this 'tooth'. In the middle and at the end of words, the line comes in from the right and ص and ص continutes straight to the point where the lines join. Then go up and back to the right to form the loop, down and back along the same line to complete it. The rest is as above. 8 Exercise 8. Match these Arabic words with their English meanings: (Answers 7 ). ۱ سين ما. ۷ س ك ر a) telephone g) Arabs. ۲ ب ن ك. ۸ ت ل فون b) Muslim h) film. ۳ ج م ل. ۹ م س ل م c) sugar i) felafel. ٤ د ك تور. ۱۰ ع ر ب d) cat j) cinema. ٥ ق ط. ۱۱ ف ل م (title) e) bank k) doctor. ٦ ف الف ل f) camel Note: you will also find it useful to learn the Arabic way to write numbers. They go left to right. Note that ۸ is written in one pen movement, starting at the bottom right.

9 Exercise 9. Here are some sentences. Note that in this kind of sentence the verb to be is not used, so mean it for things referred to by masculine ه ي and ه و means He is a student. Note also that ه و طال ب and feminine words respectively. (Watch out for names!) (Answers 8 ) 9.۸ ه و و ل د. ياس ر و ل د ص غير..۱.۹ م حمود طال ب. ه و ك تاب ق صير و غ ريب..۲ ۰۱. ه ي ب نت م ن ل ن د ن ۱۱. ه و ج وعان و ع طشان ۱۲. ه و ص باح ج ميل ۱۳. خ بزنا ج ديد. ۱٤. د رسك ص عب. ه و د رس ص عب. ه و شار ع ط ويل. ه و و ل د م ريض. م ح م د ر ج ل ج ميل. ه ي م ن سوريا..۳.٤.٥.٦.۷ ة.3 The letter ة as on the end of the word ف ت حة (the a vowel) is called تاء م ر بوطة (taa marbuuta) and is a combination of ه and.ت It is always preceded by ف ت حة ( a ) (occasionally a long aa ) and the two together are mostly pronounced just a, but when in close connection with the following word (to be explained later), or when reading aloud with full vowelling, ة is pronounced at. Exercise 10. Read the following, pronouncing the ة as a : جام عة university طال بة female student م د ر سة school د كتورة female doctor Exercise 11. Using the further vocabulary given here, read and translate the phrases below. to the end of a word generally makes it ة means 'a big university'.) Note that adding جام عة ك بيرة ( feminine: طال بة a female student; ج ديدة new (feminine). What are the rules for agreement in gender? (Answers 9 ) clock/watch Arab, Arabic غ ر فة room ع ر بي ساعة طال ب ع ر بي ٥. طال بة م سل مة.۱ طال بة ع ر بي ة ٦. ساعة ج ديدة.۲.۷ غ رفة ج ديدة ك تاب ع ر بي.۳.۸ طال ب ج ديد ب نت ق صيرة.٤

10 ۱۳. جام عة ع ر بي ة غ ريبة 10 ۹. د رس ص عب جام عة ص غيرة ۱٤. شار ع واس ع.۱۰ ب يت واس ع ۱٥. طال بة ج ميلة.۱۱ ۱۲. غ رفة ص غيرة ۱٦. غ رفة ص غيرة 4. س ك ر e.g. shadda, and when written above a consonant makes it double, ش د ة The sign is called sukkar above. Note that a ك س رة ( i vowel) with a شدة may be written under the consonant as usual, or above the consonant but under the شدة, but it is generally clearer to use the first method. شدة is usually not written in unvowelled texts. Exercise 12. د ر س he studied د ر س he taught م د ر س teacher م و ظ ف office worker Exercise 13. Read the following - if you prefer a pictorial presentation, see Alif Baa pp and 113-4! ص ف ش ب اك ك ر سي طاو لة ك تاب ساعة و ر قة window class piece of paper table chair طال ب ط ويل ق صير ج ميل ص غير ك بير ق ريب م ن ب عيد ع ن في م دينة city غ ريب جام عة ق ه وة ع ر بي ة شاي خ بز س ك ر ق ل م ح ليب Turkish coffee ب ناية س ي ارة م ك ت بة م كت ب building car library Exercise 14. True or false? (translations 10 ) (The ة in م دينة is pronounced -at here: the city of....). في ل ند ن جام عة means: 'There is a university in London.' ۱. م دينة ب ي روت في ف ران سا. ۲. م دينة ل ن د ن ق ريبة م ن ليبيا.

11 11 ۳. م دينة ك مبريدج ص غيرة. ٤. جام عة ك مبريدج ج ديدة. ٥. في م دينة ل ند ن جام عة ك بيرة. ء.5 ٦. في جام عة ك مبريدج م كت بة ك بيرة. a) The sign ء is called ه م ز ة hamza, and is pronounced as a glottal stop and transliterated here with an ي or a,و a,ا apostrophe. It may be written on its own, as in the letter names given above, or above an.ه مزة for the (ك ر سي ) These letters are called the seats.ا without the dots, or it may be written below an There are rules for which ك رسي to use when, and the easiest of the rules is given below, but for the moment you mainly need to recognize the ه مزة when reading. In careful writing or printing, even of unvowelled texts, the ه مزة is always written. Exercise 15. Read the names of the letters of the alphabet. ض م ة ( a ) or ف ت حة if the vowel that follows it is أ ل ف is written on an ه مزة b) At the beginning of a word ( u ), and under the أ ل ف if the vowel is ك س رة ( i ). Exercise 16. Read the following: س ؤال question أ ستاذ lecturer *ماء water أ ك ل food م ؤ ذ ن muezzin ر ئيس president ر ؤ ساء presidents إمام imam I أ و الد boys أ نا أ ن ت male) you (to a أ ن ت female) you (to a white 11? ب د أ he began أ ستاذة أ س و د black أ ب ي ض أ خ brother إ س رائيل Israel أ م mother أ ب father 6. Three kinds of long aa : a) آ b) ى c) ' Exercise 17. a) When an أ ل ف ه مزة would be followed by another أ ل ف or أ ل ف ه مزة the two together are instead written as a single أ ل ف with a sign called a م د ة madda on top: آ ( aa). ا ل ق رآن the Qur aan آم ن he believed *اآلن now م ر آة mirror b) On some words a final long aa is written as a ياء without dots, called أ ل ف م ق صورة alif maqsuura.

12 ه* ذ* 12 أ ل ف is no longer final, it changes to an ordinary ى When an ending is added to such a word, so that the : (أ ل ف ط ويلة ( م نى Mona إلى to ع لى on *ر آه he saw it *ر أى he saw ا شتراه he bought it ا ش ت رى he bought c) Dagger alif : a miniature أ ل ف written above a letter in a few words, indicating the long aa vowel: ل ك that ذا (masc.) this ه ذ ه (fem.) this The م د ة and the dagger alif are not written in unvowelled texts. Exercise 18. Some revision, and some new words to learn: (translations 12 ) ع ط شان م ريض ن ع م ال ج و عان ت ع بان *yes ه ي ه و أ ن ت أ ن ت أ نا ا لل ه shadda] [The second laam has a dagger alif as well as a Allah Exercise 19. A pause. What do the following sentences mean? All the words are in bold somewhere above. (Answers 13 ) ال.7 ه مزة الو ص ل (a ه ذ ه ه ذا ل ك ن but ۱. ه ذا ر ج ل ع طشان. و ه و ج وعان. ('... a ('This is ۲. ه ذ ه م دينة ص غيرة. ۳. ه ذ ه و ر قة ص غيرة وه ذا ك تاب ط ويل. ٤. ه ذ ه أ ستاذة م ريضة. و ه ي ت عبانة. ٥. ه ذ ه ق ه وة ع ر بي ة و ه ذا شاي. ٦. ه و أ ستاذ في جام عة ل ند ن ل ك ن ه و من سوريا. ۷. أ نت طال ب ج ديد - ال ل ك ن أ نا طال ب من جام عة ع ر بي ة. ۸. ه ذا س ؤال ص عب. ۹. ه ي س ي ارة ج ديدة. In some Arabic words, of which the commonest is the definite article ا ل al- (= 'the'), the ه مزة at the

13 beginning is not an essential part of the word, and neither it nor the vowel it carries are pronounced إلى university ; al-jaamiعa the الجام عة word: when there is a vowel at the end of the preceding consonants); l-jaamiعa to the university (long vowels are pronounced short before two ila الجام عة is not written, and in very carefully ه مزة l-jaamiعa in the university. In these cases a fi في الجام عة written texts such as,الق ر آن the أ ل ف is written instead with a ه مزة الو صل joining hamza' on: ". The rules for the pronunciation of ال are a bore, but it s worth keeping practising - in the end they become automatic, and they apply in colloquial spoken as well as written Standard Arabic. 13 : ه مزة الو صل Exercise 20. Here are some common words that begin with ا س مي my name *ا م ر أة a woman ا م ت حان exam, test Read the following aloud, remembering that if there's a vowel before the ه مزة الوصل that vowel needs ر ج ل و ام ر أة أ) pronouncing in place of the ه مزة and the vowel it carries: (translations 14 ) ا مت حان ص عب أ نا م ن سوريا و اس مي م حمود. ه ذا امت حان ق صير..ال Remember also to shorten any long vowel before lecturer) (this في الغ رفة م ن الب يت إلى الجام عة و م ن الجام عة إلى الب يت في أ نا م ن ه ذ ه الم دينة. ه ذ ه الم دينة ب عيدة ع ن الجام عة b) الح روف الش م سي ة والق م ري ة sun and moon letters ب) في الب يت إلى الب ناية ه ذ ه األ ستاذة اال مت حان إلى الم كت بة في الم دينة. في ه ذ ه الب ناية م كت ب ك بير. الك تاب ع لى ه ذا الك رس ي. With words beginning with certain letters the l of ال is not pronounced, and instead the first letter of the word that follows it is pronounced double: الد رس ad-dars. In fully vowelled texts, a شدة is written over the د to show this doubling, but the ال itself is written the same. The set of letters which behave like this with ال are, roughly speaking, those pronounced with the tongue against the teeth or in that area of the mouth, and are known as الح روف الش م سي ة sun letters since ش م س sun begins with one of them. These letters are: ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن The other consonants, those which do not affect the pronunciation of the,ال are الح روف الق م ري ة moon letters, because ق م ر moon begins with one of them. They are either pronounced further forward in the mouth than الش م سي ة,الح روف i.e. with the lips: ف م و ;ب or further back in the mouth: ج ي ك خ غ ق ح ع ه أ (in order of how far back in the mouth they are pronounced). Exercise 21. Read the following aloud, preferably several times each. Usually if you write a vowel on a letter with a shadda, you also need to write the shadda, but the shaddas on sun letters are missing here. (Translations 15 )

14 14 أ) الد رس الطال ب الس ي ارة الشار ع األ ستاذ الب نت الم كت ب الص ف الس ؤال الو ل د الغ رفة الر ج ل اال مت حان الطال بة الب ناية الشاي الس ك ر الماء الق ه وة اال سم الم دينة الطاو لة الو ر قة الق ل م الساعة الك رس ي الم كت بة الح ليب الب يت الك تاب. ب) في الد رس إلى الطال بة إلى الب يت الر ج ل والب نت في ه ذا الس ؤال ه ذا الش ب اك في الس ي ارة إلى الجام عة ه ي الطال بة she s the student و أ نا األ ستاذ. أ نت الر ج ل. أ نا في الب يت. الطال ب في الجام عة. الس ي ارة في الشار ع. الو ر قة والق ل م ع لى الطاو لة في الم كت ب. 8. One letter words These are always written as part of the following word, and never stand alone: for, to, belonging to as, like by, with و and ب ك ل, thus ف and then Note: when ل is written with a word beginning with,ال the أ ل ف is dropped: ل + ال < ل ل Exercise 22. (Translations 16 ) ل لد رس ل لجام عة ك طال ب و الغ رفة ب الس ي ارة Grammatical terms: Our current students have suggested that you will also find it helpful to have some familiarity with grammatical terms in English if you don t already, e.g. adverb, preposition, conjunction, subject, predicate, object, active, passive, interrogative, particle, transitive/intransitive verbs, suffix, participle, infinitive, relative clause, conditional sentence. Answers 1. our door 2. Ex.2 a) door, book, from, house, office, girl/daughter, no, from, office, door, no, girl/daughter, book, house. 3. Ex.2 b) my book, my office, our house, my daughter, your (m.) book, your (f.) office, your house, our office, our daughter, your (f.) book, your (m.) office, our door.

15 computer. = كومبيوتر Canada; = كندا York; = New نيو يورك Ex.4 no, big, milk and tea, a house, an office, a lesson, from, a man and a boy, a book, a girl, our lesson, new, a door, beautiful/handsome, a handsome boy, a new house, a big office, tea, a big house, from a house, a handsome man, a new lesson, a big book, new milk, a boy and a girl, your (m.) tea, from my house. 6.Ex.6 long, a spacious office, milk and tea, a new student, a handsome boy, a lesson in a street, far from, a girl, near to, a pen and a book, a wide street, no, a thirsty boy, a tired and hungry student, a long pen, a distant street, your (f.) pen, a nearby house, a house in a long street, a hungry man, a spacious house, a thirsty student, a new pen and a long book, our street. 7.Ex.8 a) 8, b) 9, c) 7, d) 5, e) 2, f) 3, g) 10, h) 11, i) 6, j) 1, k) 4. 8.Ex.9 1. He's a boy. 2. Mahmoud is a student. 3. It is a difficult lesson. 4. It's a long street. 5. He is an ill boy. 6. Muhammad is a handsome man. 7. She is from Syria. 8. Yasir is a small boy. 9. It is a short and strange book. 10. She is a girl from London. 11. He is hungry and thirsty. 12. It is a beautiful morning. 13. Our bread is new. 14. Your lesson is difficult. 9.Ex an Arab student (m.) 2. an Arab student (f.) 3. a new room 4. a new student (m.) 5. a difficult lesson 6. a small university 7. a spacious house 8. a small room 9. a Muslim student (f.) 10. a new watch 11. an Arabic book 12. a short girl 13. a strange Arab university 14. a wide street 15. a beautiful student (f.) 16. a small room 10.Ex The city of Beirut is in France. 2. The city of London is near Libya. 3. The city of Cambridge is small. 4. The University of Cambridge is new. 5. In the city of London (there) is a big university. 6. In the University of Cambridge (there) is a big library. 11. Female lecturer 12.Ex.18. hungry; tired; thirsty; ill; yes; no I; you (m.); you (f.); he; she this (m.); this (f.); but; Allah 13. Ex This is a thirsty man. And he is hungry. 2. This is a small city. 3. This is a small piece of paper and this is a long book. 4. This is a sick lecturer (f.). And she is tired. 5. This is Arab (i.e. Turkish) coffee and this is tea. 6. He is a lecturer in the University of London but he is from Syria. 7. Are you a new student? - No, but I am a student from an Arab university. 8. This is a difficult question. 9. It is a new car. 14. Ex.20. (أ a man and a woman; a difficult exam; I'm from Syria and my name is Mahmoud. This is a short exam. in the house, to the building, this lecturer (f.), in the room, from home (= the house) to the university and from the (ب university to home, in the exam, to the library, in the city. In this building (there) is a big office. I'm from this city. The book is on this chair. This city is far from the university. (أ. 15.Ex.21 the lesson, the student (m.), the car, the street, the lecturer (m.), the girl, the office, the class, the question, the boy, the room, the man, the exam, the student (f.), the building, the tea, the sugar, the water, the coffee, the name, the city, the table, the piece of paper, the pen, the watch, the chair, the library, the milk, the house, the book. in the lesson, to the student (f.), to the house, the man and the woman, in this question, this window, in the car, to the (ب university. She's the student, and I'm the lecturer (m.). You are the man. I'm at home. The student (m.) is in the university/ at university. The car is in the street. The piece of paper and the pen are on the table in the office. 16. Ex.22. to the lesson; for/belonging to the university; as a student; and the room; by car