Evolution of Humankind. Fossil Hominids from South Africa-the Cradle of Mankind
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1 Fossil Hominids from South Africa-the Cradle of Mankind Hominid - Biological group include humans, human-like animals (gorilla, chimps, orang-utans, our ancestors) Sterkfontein richest Hominid fossil site-world Heritage site known as Cradle of Mankind - Cold be because depression in ground people pushed-mud slide Hominid studies depend on: Fossilised remains Genetic evidence (mitochondrial DNA through mother s line) Archaeology Trends in Human Evolution: Human biological evolution: Skeletal changes linked to bipedalism - Morphological alterations arrangement and size of bones, hip size and shape, knee size, leg length and shape/orientation of vertebral column - More delicate skeleton - Shift foramen magnum to more forward position - Rounder skull - Increased cranium size-develop language and intelligence\ - Flatter face-less sloping forehead, small eyebrow ridges (usually absent), less protruding jaw, more developed chin, more rounded jaw, change in dentition Advantages bipedalism: - Free arms completely (use/make tools more efficiently, stretch fruit, pick fruit, seeds in trees, use hands social display communication) - See further over savannah grass (better nutrition) however more easily seen by predators - Foraging/scavenging out in open savannah bodies exposed less sunlight (better temperature control) - More energy efficient walk on two legs-energy reproducing Changes in skull and endocranial features - Large brain outcome substantial energy saving development ie:bipedalism - Bipedalism change energy/fat allocation in body-additional energy brain Changes in manipulative ability of hand (fine motor skill) Walking upright - Adapt to climate change cooling globally - Rainforests in Africa replaced savannah, patches woodland - Tree climbing apes more adept walking-rewarded shrubs, carcasses, roots in savannah
2 Human cultural evolution: Living socially co-operative groups-increased chances of survival Use of tools (stone, wood, bone) Parenting Fire (manipulate environment suit us) Shelter Clothing (occupy more niches) Abstract thought (communication, language, art) Increase intelligence-taught behaviour adapt changing climate Food-gathering Domestication of plants and animals Note: Hominids are bipedal animals in fossil record showing mixture ape-like and human-like feature Characteristics shared with apes: Opposable thumb Bare finger tips Long free rotating arms Stereoscopic vision Eyes cones/rods Large brains compared to body mass Portion of brain centres that process information from hands and eyes enlarged Olfactory (smell) brain centres diminish Dentition similar monkeys/apes Jaws teeth gentle curve Few offspring, long parental care Characteristics that make us different from other primates: Always bipedal Flat face (senses closer brain) Large brain Opposable thumb (power/precision grip) Note: Apes-only power Complex language, writing, technology Sophisticated culture suggest consciousness lacking apes (art/jewellery) - Cro-magon culture - Tool kits more sophisticated, wider variety raw materials (bone/antler) - New implements making clothing, engraving and sculpting - Fine art ie: decorated tools, beads, ivory carving humans/animals, clay figurines, musical instruments, cave paintings - Found Blombos caves, Pinnacle point, Border cave, Southern Africa
3 Patterns of dispersal: Modern man preceded by evolutionary forms of Hominid showed bipedalism Archaic man (habilis and erectus) and modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) characterised enlarged brain cases and use of tools Australopithecus afarensis: >3mya Example of Lucy Awash Valley (Ethiopia) Australopithecus africanus: >3mya Taung child discovered by Raymond Dart Mr Ples from Sterkfontein Caves in Cradle of Humankind discovered by Dr Robert Broom, Raymond Dart, John Robinson Little Foot discovered by Ron Clarke Laetoli footprints discovered in volcanic ash in Tanzania Australopithecus sediba: Latest find placed between Australopithecus and Homo species Discovered Malapa Fossil Site Cradle of Mankind by Professor Lee Berger Transitional species - A lot of argument/controversy - Link theory together - Lead to weight of gradual change (show shifts from one form to another)/common ancestor Homo habilus: 2mya Handy man/first tool maker From Lake Turkana (Kenya) and Olduvai gorge (Tanzania) Homo erectus: 1.5mya Disputed ancestor of humans and Homo neanderthalensis Found in Europe Homo sapiens: mya Example Border cave in KZN, Klasies river mouth
4 Earliest use of fire to make ochre artefacts at Blombos cave and Pinnacle cave (Mossel Bay) San as world s oldest extant people Migration of modern humans around the world: Both theories state climate played huge role man movements Follow prey Changes sea level during ices ages led to land bridges developing-allow migration, across seas, inhabit new continents Resources limited/more hospitable climate Early humans strandlopers-migrate along shores living off sea Multiregional Continuity Model: After Homo erectus left Africa, dispersed portions of Old World Regional populations slowly evolved into modern humans - Groups were isolated - Climate pressure, ocean levels rise, spontaneous change This model suggests that: Some level gene flow between geographically separated populations prevented speciation after dispersal All humans derive from Homo erectus Natural selection regional populations since original dispersal is responsible for regional variants (races) Emergence of Homo sapiens not restricted one area, phenomenon occurred throughout geographical range where humans lived Out of Africa theory: Most widely accepted Modern humans evolved recently out of Africa Migrated into Eurasia and replaced all populations which had descended from Homo erectus - Homo erectus from Africa migrated to Europe and Asia Critical to this model are: Homo erectus colonise large portion planet Changes occur Genetic and fossil evidence interpreted to show that archaic Homo sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans in Africa ( years ago) - Mutations in Africa especially Homo sapiens Successful second wave Members one branch of Homo sapiens left Africa ( years ago) over time these humans replaced earlier humans ie: Neanderthals/erectus Homo sapiens co-habited with Homo erectus eventually outcompete them/adaptable so colonise quickly DNA testing early humans interbred Neanderthals
5 Date earliest out of Africa migration (earliest migrants with living descendents) years ago suggested by genetics Migration out of continent could have taken place years ago according to Arabian archaeology find tools in region Modern human variation relatively recent phenomenon Alternatives theory evolution: Intelligent design - All living forms intelligently designed by supreme being - Evidence scientific based not faith based Creationism - All living forms created by God (image) - Some explanations in form of stories (Zulu/San) Note: All humans genetically very closely related to each other and to primates
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