STATISTICAL REPORT 2 1

Transcription

1 STATISTICAL REPORT 2 1

2 Contents 1 FOREWORD 2 1: PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION, : FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION, : INLAND DELIVERIES, : NATURAL GAS SUPPLIES, : LNG IMPORTS, : STORAGE, : NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN FIGURES, : NATURAL GAS RESERVES, : EXPECTATIONS FOR : THE EUROPEAN NATURAL GAS GRID IN APPENDIX

3 Foreword BY THE SECRETARY GENERAL It has been said that time doesn t pass, it continues. In that continuation we look back on the thread of experience to reassess our present state. It is a valuable and ageless exercise. To this end, I am glad to present the following body of information for your use and reflection. Our 2015 edition of the Statistical Report is a compilation of the most recent reporting of data available for a review of We realise this publication is an important reference for many, and our hope is to increase its circulation and maintain its timely release. For these reasons, this year is the first year we have decided to publish the report uniquely in digital format. The global energy context for gas in 2014 was eventful. The global economics of (increased) supply and (relatively low) demand, meant oil prices plummeted to half of what they were even mid-year. Broad geopolitical and economic challenges contributed to the already existing energy challenge in Europe, where affordability, sustainability and security are paramount, and yet difficult to satisfy simultaneously. It is no coincidence that this was the year in which the new Commission began developing its concept of the Energy Union to take a cohesive and integrated approach to tackling these challenges. In several ways, gas in Europe has continued to increase its flexibility and responsiveness. As shown in the following pages, gas infrastructure has continued to be developed particularly in the eastern side of the Union. Trading hubs witnessed an increasing amount of trade, an indication of greater market liquidity. Capacity for liquefied natural gas (LNG) increased with a new terminal opening in Lithuania. Storage capacity also increased in several countries via underground installations. In realising the internal European energy market, gas sources are becoming increasingly difficult to track and data at the national level difficult to obtain. Although this is a challenge for statistics, it also demonstrates welcomed advances in achieving more intra-hub trade through well-connected markets. The data in this report is based on available national and gas industry information, completed with best estimates, which Eurogas has combined to provide the most comprehensive survey at the time of publication. Where no data was available, own estimates have been produced and supplemented with data from international organisations in order to estimate the EU total. As always, many thanks to the members of the Statistics Committee for their integral contributions to this report, and the many supporting companies who have made this report possible. For many of them, accurate and timely collection of data is increasingly arduous, and their efforts are very much appreciated. I would also like to extend gratitude to non-eurogas members who contributed to this report, namely: Energimyndigheten of Sweden, Eestigas of Estonia, Bulgarian Ministry of Energy, Synergrid and Fluxys of Belgium, EIHP for provision of Croatian data, and AGN of Portugal. We hope that you will find the 2015 edition of the Eurogas Statistical Report to be useful. As always, Eurogas experts are at your disposal to answer any questions that you may have. Beate Raabe, Secretary General Nonetheless, gas demand continued on a challenging downward slope. Mainly due to warm weather conditions, primary energy consumption (PEC) for gas was 10.4% below 2013 as less heat was needed for residents and businesses. All energy sources decreased except hydro-power, which rose by 2.2%. STATISTICAL REPORT

4 1. Primary energy consumption,2 14 In 2014, primary energy consumption (PEC) in the European Union (EU) decreased by 3.9% compared with 2013, to million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) (see Figure 1). Consumption of natural gas decreased by 10.4%, oil by 2.3%, solid fossil fuels (i.e. coal and peat) decreased by 6.6%. Consumption of nuclear electricity decreased by 0.5% between 2013 and An unusually warm year certainly had its effect on all energy sources. Growth weakened for renewable energy, with hydro power increasing by 2.2% (as compared with 11.0% in 2013) and 2.0% for other renewables (as compared with 5% in 2013). For coal, it was the second year in a row that a decrease was registered in PEC. With respect to shares in total European PEC, oil remained the largest component of PEC with a 33.8% share, but with a bit less volume, despite precipitous decline in oil prices in the second half of Natural gas is second in share with 21.3%. The category other renewables, including biomass, wind, solar and geothermal energy was up slightly on the previous year from 9.6% to 10.2% (see Figure 2). The category others, including heat, accounted for approximately 1% of the total energy mix. FIGURE 1: PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL IN THE EU-28, SWITZERLAND AND TURKEY, 2014 Mtoe Oil Solid fossil fuels Natural gas Nuclear electricity Hydro Other renewables Electricity net imports Others Total % Change 2014/2013 AUSTRIA % BELGIUM % BULGARIA % CROATIA % CYPRUS % CZECH REPUBLIC % DENMARK % ESTONIA % FINLAND % FRANCE % GERMANY % GREECE % HUNGARY % IRELAND % ITALY % LATVIA % LITHUANIA % LUXEMBOURG % MALTA % NETHERLANDS % POLAND % PORTUGAL % ROMANIA % SLOVAKIA % SLOVENIA % SPAIN % SWEDEN % UNITED KINGDOM % EU % % Change 2014/ % -6.6% -10.4% -0.5% 2.2% 2.0% -3.9% 38.6% -3.9% SWITZERLAND % TURKEY % Units: Million tonnes of oil equivalent (net calorific value). Note: Other renewables includes biomass, wind, solar and geothermal energy. Figures are best estimates available at the time of publication. FIGURE 2: SHARE OF PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL IN THE EU-28, 2013 AND % % EUROGAS

5 Primary energy use per capita (PEC/Capita) reflects both the geography and the industrial structure of a country, and is also used as a measure of energy efficiency in a country. Accordingly, it varies widely among EU Member States. The average PEC/Capita in the EU decreased from 3.31 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) in 2013 to 3.19 in 2014, in part due to the slow economic growth but also energy efficiency implementation, and warm weather (see Figure 3). Since 2007, before the beginning of the economic crisis, the PEC/Capita has decreased by 12%. FIGURE 3: PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA AND PER UNIT OF GDP, 2014 On average, energy use in EU Member States remains slightly lower per capita than that of Japan, and substantially lower than in the United States, meaning that the EU is relatively more efficient than these two major economies. Energy intensity, as measured by PEC per unit of gross domestic product (PEC/GDP), measures the energy efficiency of a nation s economy and indicates the cost of converting energy into GDP. In 2014, the energy intensity in EU Member States also further decreased to 0.12 toe compared with FIGURE 4: SHARE OF NATURAL GAS IN PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 2014 toe PEC/Capita* PEC/GDP** 0% 50% AUSTRIA BELGIUM BULGARIA CROATIA CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK ESTONIA FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY IRELAND ITALY LATVIA LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MALTA NETHERLANDS POLAND PORTUGAL ROMANIA SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN UNITED KINGDOM EU SWITZERLAND TURKEY UNITED STATES JAPAN * Eurostat & IEA figures for population. ** Units: Tonnes of oil equivalent per thousand euros of GDP. Eurostat figures for GDP (in millions of euro, chain linked volumes (2010)) & OECD for Turkey. turkey netherlands united kingdom hungary lithuana italy romania ireland croatia latvia belgium slovakia eu-28 germany spain austria luxembourg portugal denmark czech republic poland bulgaria france greece switzerland slovenia estonia finland sweden malta cyprus 21.3% The primary energy consumption of a country is defined as the total gross energy supply (indigenous production plus net imports) before any conversion of primary energy into final energy forms has taken place. Primary energy consumption includes net energy losses in the production of electricity and synthetic gas, refinery use, and other energy sector uses and losses (i.e. transformation and distribution losses). The share of natural gas decreased to 21.3% in 2014, approximately two percentage points less than in (see Figure 4). STATISTICAL REPORT

6 2. Final energy consumption, 2 13 In 2013, final energy consumption (FEC) in the EU continued to remain stable, increasing by 0.1% to million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) compared with Once again due to sluggish economic recovery, the final consumption of all fuels decreased, except for natural gas, which increased by 3.2% (see Figure 5). This is a stronger increase in FEC for natural gas than in 2012 (1.8%, yearon-year). The use of oil products in FEC decreased by 0.8%, solid fossil fuels by 4.7%, electricity by 0.5%, and others (including renewables and heat) by 0.1%. The increase of natural gas use in FEC reflects weather temperatures realised in the first half of 2013, which led to an increase in gas demand for heating homes. In 2013, natural gas was still the second fuel used in FEC with a share of 22.7%, ahead of electricity at 20.2% but behind oil products, which remained the largest component of FEC with a share of 40.8% (see Figure 6). FIGURE 5: FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL IN THE EU-28, SWITZERLAND AND TURKEY, 2013 Mtoe Oil products Solid fossil fuels Natural gas Electricity Others Total % Change 2013/2012 AUSTRIA % BELGIUM % BULGARIA % CROATIA % CYPRUS % CZECH REPUBLIC % DENMARK % ESTONIA % FINLAND % FRANCE % GERMANY % GREECE % HUNGARY % IRELAND % ITALY % LATVIA % LITHUANIA % LUXEMBOURG % MALTA % NETHERLANDS % POLAND % PORTUGAL % ROMANIA % SLOVAKIA % SLOVENIA % SPAIN % SWEDEN % UNITED KINGDOM % EU % % Change 2013/ % -4.7% 3.2% -0.5% 0.1% 0.1% SWITZERLAND % TURKEY n/a % Units: Million tonnes of oil equivalent (net calorific value). Note: Figures are best estimates available at the time of publication. n/a: not available. The final energy consumption is calculated from the sectoral use of energy, for which reliable data is available with a significant time lag. The FEC figures are shown for FEC is equivalent to PEC but excludes net energy losses from the production of electricity and synthetic gas, refinery use and other energy sector uses and losses (i.e. transformation and distribution losses). The major part of the difference can be attributed to the conversion of primary fuels into electricity. FIGURE 6: SHARE OF FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL IN THE EU-28, 2012 AND % % EUROGAS

7 3. Inland deliveries,2 14 Natural gas deliveries decreased by 11.0% from terawatt hours (TWh) in 2013 to TWh in 2014 (see Figure 7). Exceptional warm temperature averages in 2014 were joined by a continued strong downward pressure on gas demand due to a moderately increasing share of renewables and continued presence of coal, particularly in the power sector. Slow European economic performance also dampened industrial demand (see Figure 7). The demand in the residential and commercial sector was hit hard due to the lack of heat demand in the winter months, especially compared with In contrast to the fluctuations in 2013, the temperatures remained relatively warm throughout Demand will again rebound somewhat in 2015 with average temperatures returning to levels closer to normal (see section 9). Although a few countries saw stable or even increasing demand for gas in industry, European industrial consumption of gas decreased by 4.4% in 2014 in comparison with The use of gas in transport increased noticeably in terms of percentage (8.5%). In terms of volume delivered, natural gas supplied 18.6 TWh, roughly the same as the previous year in terms of share of total gas demand (see Figures 7 and 8). FIGURE 7: INLAND SALES OF NATURAL GAS IN THE EU-28, SWITZERLAND AND TURKEY, 2014 TWh Residential & commercial Industry Power plants* Transport Others uses Total inland sales % Change 2014/2013 AUSTRIA % BELGIUM % BULGARIA % CROATIA % CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC % DENMARK % ESTONIA % FINLAND % FRANCE % GERMANY % GREECE % HUNGARY % IRELAND % ITALY % LATVIA % LITHUANIA % LUXEMBOURG n/a % MALTA NETHERLANDS % POLAND % PORTUGAL % ROMANIA % SLOVAKIA % SLOVENIA % SPAIN % SWEDEN % UNITED KINGDOM % EU % % Change 2014/ % -4.4% 0.0% 8.5% -19.8% -11.0% SWITZERLAND % TURKEY % * Including heat plants Units: Terawatt hours (gross calorific value). Note: Figures are best estimates available at the time of publication. n/a: not available. FIGURE 8: EU-28 NATURAL GAS SALES BY SECTOR, 2013 AND % % Inland deliveries represent deliveries of marketable gas to the inland market, including gas used by the gas industry for heating and operating its equipment, and includes losses in distribution. STATISTICAL REPORT

8 4. Natural gas supplies, 2 14 As in previous years, EU production still remains the largest source of gas for EU-28 customers, with a share of approximately 33% of total net supplies (see Figure 9). With the very positive continued progress in the realisation of the European internal gas market, it is becoming increasingly difficult to determine the origin country of imported gas in many European countries. This challenge is reflected in the fact that the Norway import column has been merged with Other sources. It should be noted that although we cannot determine Norwegian gas consumption per country, the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy reports that the total amount of gas, including small volumes of LNG, exported from Norway to the EU-28 stands at bcm for 2014, or approximately 25% of EU-28 gas demand 1. In total, approximately 57% of gas consumed in Europe comes from Western European fields (see Figure 10). Russia supplied 27%, and Algeria 8%. Regarding liquefied natural gas (LNG), the share of gas from Qatar in EU supplies, the EU s main LNG supplier, remained steady at 5%. FIGURE 9: NATURAL GAS SUPPLIES IN THE EU-28, SWITZERLAND AND TURKEY, 2014 TWh Indigenous production Norway & other sources* Russia Algeria Qatar Changes in stocks** Others balances Total net supplies % Change 2014/2013 AUSTRIA % BELGIUM % BULGARIA % CROATIA % CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC % DENMARK % ESTONIA % FINLAND % FRANCE % GERMANY % GREECE % HUNGARY % IRELAND % ITALY % LATVIA % LITHUANIA % LUXEMBOURG % MALTA NETHERLANDS*** % POLAND % PORTUGAL % ROMANIA % SLOVAKIA % SLOVENIA % SPAIN % SWEDEN % UNITED KINGDOM % EU % % Change 2014/ % -6.0% -7.6% -11.8% -10.3% % 108.3% -11.1% SWITZERLAND % TURKEY % Units: Terawatt hour (gross calorific value). Note: Figures are best estimates available at the time of publication. * Due to changes in national data reporting standards, it is no longer possible to consistently distinguish between source countries of gas imports on a national level. This column primarily represents Norwegian imports but some imports from other countries such as Trinidad Tobago, Peru, Libya, etc. are included. Net exports are included. ** (-) Injection / (+) Withdrawal. *** This large figure under Norway & other sources is negative due to Dutch net exports. Natural gas supplies (or inland consumption calculated) are defined as: indigenous production + imports - exports + stock changes. FIGURE 10: BREAKDOWN OF EU-28 SUPPLIES, 2013 AND 2014 libya 1 nigeria 1 qatar algeria trinidad tobago 0.3 peru 0.1 egypt 0.1 oman 34 indigenous production NIGERIA 1 libya 1 qatar 8 algeria trinidad tobago 0.3 peru 33 indigenous production russia 27 russia norway & others 24 norway & others 1 Based on data in Exports of Oil & Gas published by the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, November, EUROGAS

9 5. LNG imports,2 14 Along with the drop in European gas demand, liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports also diminished in 2014 (by 15.8%), though not as sharply as in 2013 (29.1%). This statistical report includes Lithuania for the first time among the European countries importing LNG, as the Klaipéda terminal became operational at the end of Qatar remained Europe s leading LNG provider with a share of 47% of the EU LNG imports (see Figure 14). FIGURE 11: LNG SUPPLIES IN EU-28 AND TURKEY, 2014 FIGURE 12: LNG IMPORTS TO EU-28 AND TURKEY, TWh LNG net imports % change 2014/2013 BELGIUM % FRANCE % GREECE % ITALY % LITHUANIA* NETHERLANDS % POLAND** % PORTUGAL % SPAIN % SWEDEN n/a n/a UNITED KINGDOM % EU % TURKEY % Units: Terawatt hours (gross calorific value). Note: n/a: not available. Excluding re-exports. * In December 2014, Klaipéda LNG terminal started receiving LNG imports ** LNG from terminals in Europe and transferred to Poland by road transport TWh - GCV European LNG imports European LNG regas capacity In 2014, 15% of the EU s net imports was made up of LNG (see Figure 13). As shown in the light blue bar graph of Figure 12, installed European LNG import capacity for 2014 stood at TWh, 2 or 5 times the amount of LNG imported in the same year. This compares with TWh of installed capacity in FIGURE 13: NET IMPORTS TO EU-28 FROM NON-EU COUNTRIES BY TYPE OF TRANSPORT, 2013 AND lng 15 lng 100% 100% pipelines 84 pipelines 85 FIGURE 14: BREAKDOWN OF EU-28 LNG SUPPLIES, 2013 AND others peru norway 5 trinidad tobago 5 others egypt peru oman 1 norway yemen trinidad tobago oman 0.2 egypt nigeria % 46 qatar nigeria % 47 qata algeria 23 algeria 26 2 The LNG Industry in 2014, The International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers (GIIGNL). 3 Natural Gas Information, IEA, Adequate data of this nature is currently not available for our reporting. STATISTICAL REPORT

10 6. Storage, 2 14 The figures show natural gas storage facilities for peak shaving, seasonal variations and strategic security of supply. A peak shaving facility is used to store surplus natural gas to meet demand requirements during peak consumption periods, typically deep winter or high summer. FIGURE 15: NATURAL GAS STORAGE IN THE EU-28, SWITZERLAND AND TURKEY, 2014 End 2013 Number of storage facilities Working capacity * Peak output** AUSTRIA BELGIUM BULGARIA CROATIA CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK ESTONIA FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY IRELAND ITALY LATVIA LITHUANIA In 2014, three new storage facilities were completed in the EU (an underground facility in the Netherlands, one salt cavern facility in Poland, and a LNG peak shaving Number of storage facilities Working capacity * Peak output** LUXEMBOURG MALTA NETHERLANDS POLAND PORTUGAL ROMANIA SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN UNITED KINGDOM EU SWITZERLAND n/a n/a n/a TURKEY * Units: Million cubic metres. ** Units: Million cubic metres per day. Note: n/a: not available. facility in Portugal). In all, working capacity increased to million cubic metres (mcm), and to mcm in terms of peak output capacity. 7. Natural gas industry in figures, 2 14 FIGURE 16: GAS INDUSTRY IN FIGURES, 2014 End 2014 Total length of pipelines (in kilometres) Number of gas customers (in thousands)* Number of natural gas vehicles** Gas power generation capacity installed (in megawatts) AUSTRIA BELGIUM n/a BULGARIA CROATIA CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK ESTONIA FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY IRELAND ITALY LATVIA LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MALTA NETHERLANDS POLAND PORTUGAL ROMANIA n/a SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN UNITED KINGDOM n/a EU SWITZERLAND TURKEY n/a * The number of gas customers is counted by the number of meters, and includes domestic as well as non-domestic (industrial, commercial and other) customers, except in Germany where the number of domestic customers is equivalent to the number of dwellings supplied with natural gas for heating. ** Eurogas and NGVA Europe. Note: Figures are best estimates available at the time of publication; n/a: not available. 8 EUROGAS

11 8. Natural gas reserves, 2 14 FIGURE 17: GLOBAL GAS RESERVES BY REGION, NATURAL GAS south & central america western europe north america russia africa 8 FIGURE 18: RESERVES-TO-PRODUCTION (R/P) RATIO IN 2000 AND asia pacific 8 100% 12 other cis* middle east 42 Total proved reserves at end 2014: 188 tcm 10 0 natural gas * Commonwealth of Independent States. Global reserves-to-production ratios of gas (years) 5 The reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio represents the length of time the remaining discovered reserves would last if production was to continue at the same level of that year, and if no new reserves were to be discovered. In 2000, the R/P ratio for gas was about 58 years. By 2014, the gas R/P ratio had only slightly decreased to 54 years (see Figure 18). As in other recent years, this reflects the fact that the discovery of gas has kept pace with the production and use of gas, as discovery continues, and as technology has advanced and improved production efficiencies. Unconventional gas, estimated global resources New advanced production techniques mean that gas can now be produced from shale rock, coalbeds, and other tight formations (natural gas in low permeability rock). It is difficult to predict the additional reserves that will come from recoverable unconventional resources globally. It is expected that the volumes of recoverable resources will be many times higher than those from the reserves referred to in the figures above. FIGURE 19: RECOVERABLE RESOURCES BY REGION, END 2014 OECD Europe Eurasia and Eastern Europe 139 OECD North America Middle east Coalbed methane Tight gas Shale gas Conventional gas Asia / Pacific Africa Latin America tcm of resources worldwide (Conventional resources: 56.0% Shale gas: 27.2% Tight gas: 10.4% Coalbed methane: 6.4%). Source: IEA International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook November Units: trillion cubic metres 5 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June STATISTICAL REPORT

12 9. Expectations for 2 15 In parallel with the preparations for this report which primarily concerns 2014 data, Eurogas also carried out a survey in September 2015 forecasting the 2015 gas consumption. Our latest estimates indicate that gas demand across the European Union will increase by approximately 7% this year, compared with In the first half of 2015 demand increased by 9%, compared with the same period in This increase is largely due to another shift in weather pattern, where the first half of the year was more of an average year, while the same period in 2014 was exceptionally warm. To maintain perspective, the consumption in 2015 will still likely be lower than it was in Slow economic recovery persists in many countries, coal retains its share, as well as oil and renewables. Mainly due to warm weather conditions demand for gas in heating in the commercial and residential sectors has so far experienced the biggest decrease. However, gas still remains the fuel of choice in the EU for heating and is likely to remain so thanks to the continued investment in highly efficient, modern gas appliances that can deliver significant energy savings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions throughout Europe. 6 These latest estimates also point to a higher demand for electricity than in 2014, but energy efficiency and other alternative energy sources mean less demand for gas in power generation. As in previous years, the low price of coal, coupled with a weak carbon price, have continued to favour coal above gas. However, hydroelectricity was weaker in some countries in 2014; a gap in power supply was therefore filled in part by gas. Early indications from the Eurogas data also suggest that gas demand in Europe for the second half of 2015 could again be effected by warmer temperatures. This forecast is, however, based on gas consumption for heating being at the normal seasonal levels throughout the year. Market fundamentals that had an impact on gas consumption in the first half of the year are expected to continue to be present for the rest of the year. Most countries see a downward trend in power generation where a weak price signal for low-carbon electricity is depressing gas demand. On this basis, taking 2015 as a whole, gas demand would correspond to an EU-28 & Switzerland annual consumption of about terawatt-hours or 441 billion cubic metres. 7 6 See Gas: the right choice for heating in Europe, part I and part II, by Eurogas, Marcogaz and GERG, published September Based on terawatt-hours gross calorific value, the applied calorific value of one cubic metre equals 10.8 kilowatt hours is representing a European average. 10 EUROGAS

13 1. The European natural gas grid in 2 15 Snøhvit Pipelines integrated in the European system existing under construction, projected or planned Reykjavik Other pipelines existing under construction, projected or planned natural gas fields Asgard Heidrun Mosjøen Tornio Liquefied natural gas (LNG) LNG receiving terminal in operation LNG receiving terminal under construction or projected liquefaction plant Statfjord Brent Frigg Heimdal Gullfaks Troll Kollsnes Karmøy Oslo Pori Gävle Helsinki Finngulf Tallinn Wyborg Sleipner Britannia Draupner Risavika Øra Lysekil Stockholm Nynäshamn Paldiski Moscow Riga Dublin Morecambe Teesside Ekofisk Tyra Copenhagen Swinoujscie Klaipéda Vilnius Minsk Milford Haven Groningen Bacton Gate London Zeebrugge Isle of Grain Essen Dunkerque Brussels Berlin Warsawa Kiev Paris Prague Montoir Munich Vienna Bratislava Chisinau Bern Budapest Ferrol Gijon Bilbao Milan Monaco La Spezia Zagreb Ljubljana Zaule Rovigo Krk Sarajevo Belgrade Bucharest Tiflis Lisbon Sines Madrid Sagunto Mallorca Fos Barcelona Tonkin Fos Cavaou Livorno Rome Sofia Podgorica Skopje Brindisi Tirana Aegean Istanbul Marmara Ereglisi Ankara Ibiza Huelva Cartagena Aliaga Izmir Kilis Aleppo Arzew Algiers Skikda Tunis Porto Empedocle Athens Revithoussa Nicosia Homs Rabat Vallelta Vassilikos Beirut Damascus Hadera Tel Aviv Amman Tripoli Idku Damietta Cairo STATISTICAL REPORT

14 Appendix Definitions and Units The gross calorific value (GCV), or higher heating value, measures the total (maximum) amount of heat that is produced by combustion, including latent heat before combustion or generated in the combustion process. The net calorific value (NCV), or lower heating value, excludes this latent heat. Natural gas in international trade is usually measured on the basis of GCV. Modern technologies in gas combustion are able to capture the latent heat of condensation. But since the most current technologies for other fossil fuels are still not able to recover the latent heat, NCVs need to be used rather than GCVs when building an energy balance. Natural gas data presented in million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) is expressed as NCV. For natural gas, the NCV is 10% less than the GCV. Natural gas sales and supplies are stated in terawatt hours (TWh) because of different national gas qualities. The data is provided in GCV. When the Eurogas data is converted into billion cubic metres (bcm), we advise you to use an assumed energy content of 1 million cubic metres (mcm) of natural gas of 10.8 kilowatt hours (kwh) (GCV), which implies that 1 TWh equals approximately 92.6 mcm of natural gas. This corresponds closely to the weighted average heat content of all natural gas that is sold in the EU. Conversion factors Units glossary bcm billion cubic metres GJ gigajoule GWh gigawatt hour kwh kilowatt hour MBtu million British thermal units mcm million cubic metres Mtoe million tonnes of oil equivalent MWh megawatt hour m³ cubic metres Pcal petacalories PJ petajoule TWh terawatt hour toe tonnes of oil equivalent tcm trillion cubic metres General conversion for units of energy and volume 1 Mtoe = 10 Pcal PJ (NCV) = TWh (NCV) 1 cubic metre (m³) cubic feet (cf) 1 mcm of LNG 593 mcm of gas Eurogas conversion factors from volume to energy units 92.3 mcm gas 1 TWh (GCV) 1 m³ of natural gas 39 MJ (GCV) = kwh (GCV) Common conversion factors from gross to net calorific value Natural gas: NCV 0.9 GCV Oil: NCV 0.95 GCV Solid fossil fuels: NCV 0.97 GCV Equivalents 1 gigawatt hour 10 6 kwh (GWh) 1 megawatt hour 10 3 kwh (MWh) 1 petawatt hour kwh (PWh) 1 terawatt hour 10 9 kwh (TWh) Heat unit equivalents GJ kwh MBtu th therm 1 Gigajoule (GJ) kilowatt-hour (kwh) Million British thermal units (MBtu) thermie (th) therm EUROGAS

15 Eurogas is the association representing the European gas wholesale, retail and distribution sectors. Founded in 1990, its members include 44 companies and associations from 24 countries. Eurogas represents the sectors towards the EU institutions and, as such, participates in the Madrid Gas Regulatory Forum, the Gas Coordination Group, the Citizens Energy Forum and other stakeholder groups. Its members work together, analysing the impact of EU political and legislative initiatives on their business and communicating their findings and suggestions to the EU stakeholders. The association also provides statistics and forecasts on gas consumption. For this, the association can draw on national data supplied by its member companies and associations. Figures from this report may be used, provided that reference is made to Eurogas as the source. Eurogas, December 2015 All rights reserved. Photo credit : Shutterstock (p. cover)

16 НАЦІОНАЛЬНА АКЦІОНЕРНА КОМПАНІЯ У К Р А Ї Н И Objectives of Eurogas To help improve knowledge of natural gas, of its performances and of its use; To promote the development of natural gas in Europe particularly in the legal, economic, technical and scientific areas, to prepare studies and to promote cooperation within the gas industry; To promote the smooth functioning of the European internal gas market and to take stance on issues of interest to the European natural gas industry with respect to international and supranational organisations including but not limited to the European Institutions and to public opinion. European associations EUROGAS Avenue de Cortenbergh, 172 B-1000 Brussels T design by