Agenda. Strengthening with External Post-tensioning. Structural Strengthening Existing Structures STRUCTURAL. Strengthening Solutions
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1 Agenda Strengthening with External ost-tensioning Clyde Ellis Vice resident Strengthening Division Introduction rimary vs. Supplemental strengthening Basic Concept using Ext. T Advantages Systems/Components Detailing Considerations Case Studies Structural Strengthening Existing Structures Upgrading Structural Capacity Construction Defects Design Erros Bad Detailing Change of use New Loads Deterioration Strengthening Solutions Methods & Systems Carbon Fiber Section Enlargement Span Shortening Epoxy late Bonding Internal/External -T Services Materials Design Support Construction FR Enlargement External T Strengthening Solutions Strengthening Solutions Higher Loads for Tennant Conversion New enetrations Construction Defects (Low strength concrete) Span Shortening Top Steel Too Low Shear Upgrade 1
2 Strengthening Solutions New Existing Section Enlargement Of Beam for Higher Loads Using Form & ump More Expensive $$$ ~50% rimary oad could FAIL Structure! Greater than 40% Ult rimary vs. Supplemental Strengthening Key Selection Factor ercent Increase Needed? IF DESIRED LOAD IS ALIED TO THE STRUCTURE AS IS WHAT WILL HAEN? Less Expensive $ ~50% Supplemental Overstress Overstress Only Only Code No Failure Violation FR yes Excessive Cracking Less or Expensive Deflection $ Structure Will NOT Fail Up to 40% Ult -Enlargement -Enlargement with Ext T -Bonded Steel late -FR -Ext T Development of External -T Technology First Strengthening Steel Highway Bridge (MN) First restressed Concrete Bridge (Germany); T Bars First Strengthening Steel Truss Bridge (France) T Basic Concept Externally applied load to a member with tendons that relieves tension overstresses resulting from service load and fatigue stresses Dead end NEW LOAD Live end F Ext T Strengthening Applications Limited: Lack of information on how to apply technique No specific guidelines on this method of strengthening Uplift at Deviator Straight Tendons Harped Tendons Axial Load Flexure & Shear Confinement Bar or Strand External or Internal Concentrated Loads External Tendons Special Deviators 2
3 Draped (arabolic Tendons) Uniform Uplift Internal Effect of Eccentric Tendons At Mid-span Q f r Q f c f c 2f c f t = f c 2Q f c f t 2f c 2f c e f c = f t 2f t = 2f c Equivalent loads and moments Effects of Magnitude of restress e e M sinθ e sinθ M artial ost-tensioning Tensile stresses are partially eliminated Allows some crack growth Full ost-tensioning Tensile stresses can be eliminated under full dead and live load Eliminates further crack propagation θ cosθ cosθ Advantages of External T Structurally very effective Negligible increase to dead load Increases ultimate strength Reduces tensile stresses Improved fatigue category details (steel) Reduces deflection Closes cracks Design Considerations Check ultimate strength, service stresses, deflections Stress reversal from over balancing recompression Non-issue for R/C member Slabs ( p), Beams ( p), Girders (600-1,000p) Short and long term losses Minimize clearances Mounting, tendon path and stressing Stage stressing T not concentric with member longitudinal axis 3
4 restressing Steel High strength 7 wire strand ASTM A416 Ultimate Strength 270 ksi Low Relaxation Common sizes 0.6 dia strand Monostrand or multi-strand High strength threaded bar ASTM A722 Ultimate Strength 150 ksi Common Sizes 1 to 1-3/4 dia. Straight lengths up to 60 Durability Considerations External Tendon Cross-Section HDE pipe protective sheathing Fill duct voids with cementitious grout Creates alkaline environment rovides fire resistance Centralizers are not required Galvanized coating for exposed hardware Watertight connections External T Features Replaceable Bolted connections Tendons can be cut and replaced Inspectable Magnetic flux leakage Force verification Load cell, lift-off for ungrouted T Vibration analysis Ability to Increase restress Force Future T Stress tendons to a higher force than originally installed at T Anchorages Internal Concrete anchor blocks Stress above or below slab Single strands or multi-strands T Anchorages External Built up section of steel plates Mechanical locking device Wedges and wedge plate Nut and washer T Anchorages External 4
5 STRUCTURAL Girder T Layout Fallingwater External ost-tensioning Deviator Block Cantilever Beam Deviator Block Dead end Anchor T Dead end Tendons Anchor T duct Joist Live end Anchor T Anchorages Built-up T Deviators T Deviators rimarily used with strand tendons Applicable if design requires precompression and uplift Minimum Tendon Radius Minimum Tangent Length 5
6 lan Development - EOR Basics prestressing steel type, tendon and deviator locations Tendon eccentricity Minimum to meet design requirements Maximum considering allowable vertical clearance Final effective force Stressing sequence T Supplier Requirements Design anchorage components considering Stressing devices Means of connecting to steel member Tendon size (# of strands) Tendon profile (highlight possible obstructions) Grouting operation plan (if applicable) Friction elongation calculations Determine jacking force External T New Equipment External T Dead End Anchorage NEW LOAD Roof 12th FLR ULIFT Grout Tubes External T Deviator NEW LOAD Strands Grout Duct External T Live End ULIFT 6
7 Continuous T Tendons Home Depot arking Garage Strengthening of recast Double T Strengthening of recast Double T Strengthening of recast Double T AASHTO Beam Repair Damage from over height vehicle 7
8 Splice connections T Encased in Concrete Introduce compressive stresses at the repair w/ external tendons Steel Beams T Bar Strengthening Circular Tendons T Bar Radial Force Friction Center Stressing Anchorages Silo Strengthening Holcim Cement lant reheat Tower Concrete ipe 8
9 Industrial Frame Industrial Frame recision Drilling Anchorage Blocks Summary External T strengthening has a successful history of 60+ years Longitudinal tendons can be used to strengthen concrete and steel beams, girders, truss chords/diagonals External T has been used to relieve stresses, reduces deflections, improve fatigue details and add substantial LL capacity Sufficient knowledge exists to develop a manual to assist engineers in applying T principles Questions 9
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