From Kanalstrahlen to Top Down Identification of Biomolecules

Transcription

1 LC-MS: From history to the future From Kanalstrahlen to Top Down Identification of Biomolecules Gunnar Stenhagen Stenhagen Analyslab AB

2 one of the main reasons for writing this book was the hope that it might induce others, and especially chemists, to try this method of analysis Sir Joseph John Thomson, Nobel Prize 1906 for his theoretical and experimental investigation on the conduction of electricity by gases

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4 Kanalstrahlen Goldstein (1886) Colours produced by rays J.J. Thomson (1908) Anode Anode Gorgeous red Reddish Cathode Cathode Pale blue Green Neon Helium

5 N S S N Photo November 2008 GS

6 1906 Mass spectra recording direct on glass surface J.J. Thomson Photograph

7 Mass spectra recording with electroscope J.J. Thomson Discharge tube 1912 Magnet Collector, Closed metal box with parabolic slit Wilson tilted electroscope

8 Mass spectrum of Carbon monoxide 1912 Deflection Magnet force Data collection with electroscope

9 Isotope Mass Spectrometer 1937 Francis W. Aston 3 rd Mass Spectrograph 1937 Resolving power: 2000 Mass measurement accuracy: 20ppm

10 1952 Consolidated Engineering Corp. model The largest commercial MS machine available for analytical work Scanning: Three octaves i.e. from mass 12 to mass 96 in 6 minutes Price: kr (1952)

11 1954 Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometer for organic analysis (180 o Dempster type) Magnet weight 1400kg Mass Spectrometer at Karolinska institutet (Built by R. Ryhage 1954) Vibrating reed amplifier Scan rate: m/z in 5 min Sample amount: ca 10 mg

12 Work at Astra Nutrition AB Mölndal (A-building) 1960 *(shark)

13 Classic literature in Mass Spectrometry Ionisation: Electron impact (EI) Applications Interpretation Abundance tables Photo 2008 GS Mass spectra data

14 Threatening cloud 1 Interpretation of mass spectra of mixtures were very difficult Sample introduction into the ion source were not easy Photo 2007 GS Photo taken at a trip to Århus (Labflex) 2007

15 Interface needed Photo 2008 GS

16 Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry ES Two stages separation jet E. Stenhagen, Britt. Pat E.W. Becker, Separation of Isotopes, Ed. H. London, George Newnes Limited, 1961 Fast scanning magnet Electron multiplier Drawing G Stenhagen

17 Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer built at Medical Chemistry Department at Göteborg University 1961 Gas chromatograph oven Sample injector Magnet FID amplifier Photo L Alqvist Mass spectra recorder Gas chromatogram recorder

18 LKB 9000 The world first commercial GC/MS instrument 1965 Photo B. Kullenberg Gas chromatogram Scan push button Mass spectra

19 High Resolution Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer AEI MS Control console Tube unit Res , Acc mass 2-10 ppm, Sens. 1 ng sample

20 LKB 2091 Tape recorder Computer 1973

21 Threatening cloud 2 Not suitable for polar non-volatile e.g. drug-like compounds Limited mass range Molecular ion not always visible (EI, CI), too much fragmentation No robust LC-MS interface Photo 2008 GS

22 Pantheon, Rom, Italy (27 B.C). Photo 2007 GS

23 FAB (Fast Atom Bombardment) 1981 J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1981,

24 Components of a Mass Spectrometer Vacuum System Inlet eg. LC Ion Source Mass Analyzer I Mass Analyzer II Detector Data System Collision cell

25 Collision cell sector tandem MS/MS system Mass range Da, Instrument weight 12 tons

26 Mass analysers

27 New era: Electrospray Tivoli, Italy, photo 2007 GS

28 Electrospray lonization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules J B Fenn, M Mann, C K Meng, S F Wong, and C M Whitehouse 1985 Chemical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven Photo 2007 GS

29 Electrospray (ESI) Suitable to a wide range of polar non-volatile compounds Sensitive (low pg amounts) Soft ionization technique (gives molecular weight) Robust Interface LC-MS Nobel Prize 2002 to John B. Fenn for application of ESI-MS to biological macromolecules

30 2008 Electrospray Ionization of PurL (Formylglycinamide Ribonucleotide Amidotransferase) Observed MW: /- 23 Theoretical MW: Fred W. McLafferty et. al, ASMS 2008

31 Top Down Identification and Characterization of Biomolecules Protein mixture Accurate mass of each molecular ion Dissociation * (MS/MS) of each directly give its sequence *) Collisionally activated dissociation, CAD Infrared multiphoton dissociation. IRMPD Electron-capture dissociation. ECD Electron-transfer dissociation. ETP Prefoldin dissociation. PFD Activated ion electron-capture dissociation. AI-ECD Further dissociation (MS 3 ) give location of modification etc.

32 ASMS 2008 Goals for Top Down Disease Proteomics: Finding the meaning of protein modifications occurred in vivo Solve its molecular complexity and for quantification of positional isomers even with labile modifications Allowing to establishing the relevance of such modifications to physiological functions and disease status * to date the largest protein resolved isotopically * Top Down Disease Proteomics: Deciphering Protein Modifications for Understanding and Diagnosis of Human Diseases Ying Ge, Lisa Xu, Inna Rybakova, Vlad Zabrouskov, Richard L. Moss, Jeffery W. Walker

33 Conc (nm) Summary of what we can do with mass spectrometry P3 Calibration curve y = 0,1764x R 2 = 0,9999 Molecular weight Molecular formula Molecular structure Sequence Isotopic incorporation Quantification Response

34 Is there any life on Mars? Hopefully mass spectrometry can give the answer Instrument parameters Magnet sector: 6500 Gauss Mass range: Da Dimension 24x23x18cm Weight: 5.7kg Operating power 13 watt 24 cm J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2008,19, Phoenix Mars Mission Gas Analyzer Mars, Photo NASA

35 The End GS