Jerusalem: Facts and Trends 2007 / 2008

Transcription

1 Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies Founded by the Charles H. Revson Foundation Jerusalem: Facts and Trends 2007 / 2008 Maya Choshen, Michal Korach And Dan Kaufman 2010

2 This publication is published with assistance of the Charles H. Revson Foundation, New York. The opinions expressed herein are solely of the authors. Translation from Hebrew: Sagir International Translations, Ltd The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies The Hay Elyachar House 20 Radak Street, Jerusalem

3 Table of Contents About the authors...5 Introduction...6 Area...7 Population...7 Population size...7 Geographic distribution of the population...8 Population growth...8 Sources of population growth...9 Birth...9 Mortality...11 Natural population growth...12 Immigration...13 Migration between localities...14 Age of the population...17 Level of religious identification...19 Households...19 Incidence of poverty...20 Socio-economic status...21 Ownership of durable goods...21 Monthly consumer expenditure...22 Housing density...22 Employment...23 Rate of participation in the the civilian labor force...23 Employment by economic branch...24 Industry...26 Income and wages...27 Education...29 The education system in Jerusalem...29 Hebrew education...30 Arab education...31 Special education...31 Eligibility for matriculation certificates...32 Higher education...32 University registration...33 Construction...34 Apartments...34 Apartment prices...34 Construction starts...34 Construction completions...36 Tourism...37 Tourist hotels...37 Guests and overnight-stays...37 West Jerusalem East Jerusalem...38 Jerusalem versus other selected cities...39 Revenues...40 Mayoral and City Council Elections...41

4 List of Figures Population of Jerusalem, by Population Group, (thousands)...7 Population of Jerusalem, by Population Group, (percent)...8 Population Growth in Jerusalem, by Population Group, Live Births (Jews) in Jerusalem and Israel, Live Births (Arabs) in Jerusalem and Israel, Infant Mortality in Jerusalem, by Population Group, Natural Population Growth in Israel and Jerusalem, by Population Group, Initial Settlement of Immigrants from Selected Countries in Jerusalem, by Last Country of Residence, Internal Migration to and from Jerusalem, Internal Migration Balance Between Jerusalem and Districts, Migration Balance Between Jerusalem and Surrounding Localities, 2006, Internal Migration Balance in Jerusalem by Age, 1997, Age Structure of the Population in Israel and Jerusalem, Age Structure of the Population in Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv - yafo, Households in Israel and Jerusalem by Size of Household, Households in Jerusalem, by size of household and population group, Ownership of Selected Durable Goods in Israel and Jerusalem, Population Aged 15+ in Israel and Jerusalem, by Participation in the Civilian Labor Force and Gender, Population Aged 15+ in Israel, Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv - Yafo and Haifa, by Participation in the Civilian Labor Force and Gender, Employed Persons Working in Jerusalem, by Economic Branch and Gender, Employees' Salary in Israel and Jerusalem by Gender, (per month)...28 Employees' Salary in Israel and Jerusalem by Gender, (per hour)...28 Pupils in the Education System in Jerusalem, 2007/ Pupils in the Education System in Jerusalem by Class, 2007/ Students in Universities in Israel, 2000/01, 2006/ Floor Area of Construction Starts of Buildings in Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv - Yafo and Haifa, Floor Area of Construction Starts of Residential Buildings in Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv - Yafo and Haifa, Floor Area of Construction Completions in Jerusalem, by Purpose, Rooms in Tourist Hotels in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv - Yafo, Haifa and Elat, Overnight-Stays in Tourist Hotels in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv - Yafo and Elat, Overnight-Stays in Tourist Hotels in Jerusalem, by Month, Overnight-Stays in Tourist hotels in Jerusalem,

5 About the authors Dr. Maya Choshen is a researcher at the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies in urban planning, population and society, public services and everything in between. Dr. Choshen edits the Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook, supervises research teams and directs numerous projects in the aforementioned spheres. Michal Korach has a bachelor s degree in Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, and a master s degree in geography specializing in urban and regional studies from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. She researches population and society in Jerusalem for the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. Dr. Dan Kaufman is a researcher at the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. He coordinated the formulation of a comprehensive policy to promote biotech industries in Jerusalem. Dr. Kaufman initiates and coordinates the Mechadshim Project for formulated innovative strategies for Jerusalem. His studies involve promoting higher education in Jerusalem, making academic studies more accessible to the Ultra-Orthodox sector, and developing media and technology in Jerusalem

6 Introduction This publication presents an up-to-date and concise picture of Jerusalem and trends for change that have taken place in a broad range of spheres, including population, employment, education, tourism and construction. For many areas comparisons are presented between the Jewish and Arab populations in Jerusalem, but there are other spheres where statistics for the Arab population are not available, and therefore no comparison was made between the two groups. The primary source for the data appearing in this publication is the Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem, which is published on an annual basis by the Jerusalem Municipality and the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. Data in the Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook are collected from many varied sources, mainly the Central Bureau for Statistics and the Jerusalem Municipality. At this point allow us to thank all those who provided us with data for their tremendous contribution to the publication of the Yearbook and this publication. Additional contributors include Yair Assaf-Shapira graphic design, Lior Glick proofreading, Hamutal Appel preparation for printing, and Esti Boehm production. To all of you we express our gratitude and appreciation. Dr. Maya Choshen, Michal Korach - 6 -

7 Area Jerusalem is Israel s largest city in area. Its municipal jurisdiction covers 126,000 dunams. For the sake of comparison, the area of Tel Aviv 1 is 51,000 dunams, Haifa has an area of 60,000 dunams, and Ma'aleh Adummim, 49,000 dunams. Population size Population At the end of 2008 Jerusalem had 763,600 inhabitants. The Jewish and other 2 population was 495,000 inhabitants and the Arab population numbered 268,600 inhabitants. At the end of 2007 the population of Jerusalem was 747,600 people. The Jewish population was 487,100 and the Arab population was 260,500. The Arab population included an Arab majority (95%) and a Christian minority. This year Jerusalem s population comprised 10% of the population of Israel; the Jewish population made up 8% of Israel s Jewish population while the Arab population constituted 18% of Israel s Arab population. The proportion of Jews in the city s population dropped from 74% in 1967 to 72% in 1980, and to 65% in There was a concomitant rise in the proportion of Arabs in the city s population, from 26% in 1967 to 28% in 1980, and to 35% in Anywhere we include data regarding Tel Aviv, this refers to Tel Aviv Yafo. 2 Hereinafter: the Jewish population. In this chapter data regarding the Jewish population include: Jews, Christians, non- Arabs and those who are not religiously classified

8 Geographic distribution of the population At the end of 2007 there were 444,900 Jerusalem residents (Jews and Arabs) living in the areas added to the city after 1967, constituting 60% of the city s population. Roughly 43% of the inhabitants of these areas lived in neighborhoods with a Jewish majority (192,100), and they made up 39% of the city s total Jewish population. At the end of 2007 the residents of the largest Jewish neighborhoods built after 1967 in areas added to the city after its reunification numbered as follows: 41,900 residents in Pisgah Ze ev, 41,400 in Ramot Alon, 27,100 in Gilo, 20,200 in Neve Ya'akov, 14,900 in Ramat Shlomo and 12,200 in East Talpiyot. Some 57% of the residents living in areas added following the reunification of the city lived in neighborhoods with an Arab majority (252,800) and they made up 97% of the city s Arab population. The largest Arab neighborhoods (in terms of population) in these areas were: Shuafat (including the refugee camp) had 37,400 residents, Beit Hanina 26,800, the Moslem Quarter 26,500 and A-Tur (including A-Sawana) 23,600. Population growth During 2007 Jerusalem s population grew by 1.9% (14,300 persons): The Jewish population grew by 1.3% (6,100 people) while the Arab population increased by 3.2% (8,200 people). These figures indicate that the rate of population growth among the Arab population is higher than that of the Jewish population, both in relative terms and in absolute terms. From 1967 to 2007 the population of Jerusalem grew by 181%: The Jewish population grew by 146% while the Arab population increased by 280%. During this same period the population of Israel grew by 161%: The Jewish population rose by 143% while the Arab population increased by 269%

9 Sources of population growth Three factors contribute to the increase of the city s population: q Natural population growth the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths. q Immigration the number of new immigrants who have chosen Jerusalem as their first place of residence in Israel. q Balance of migration between localities the difference between the number of people moving into Jerusalem (entering) from other localities in Israel and the number of people migrating from Jerusalem (leaving) to other localities in Israel. Birth In 2007 there were 20,376 babies born in Jerusalem; 62% of them were born to Jewish families (and others) and 38% were born to Arab families. In Israel, by way of comparison, 74% of babies were born to Jewish families and 26% were born to Arab families

10 Jerusalem s population is characterized by high birth rates. This is aided primarily by the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish population and the Muslim Arab population. In 2007 the birth rate in Jerusalem was 27.5 births per thousand inhabitants, compared with 21.1 births per thousand in Israel. The birth rate among Jerusalem s Arab population is higher than the birth rate in the Jewish population. In 2007 the birth rate among the Jewish population in Jerusalem was 26.0 births per thousand (versus 19.6 births per thousand among the Jewish population in Israel), while among the Arab population in Jerusalem the birth rate was 30.3 births per thousand (compared with 27.3 births per thousand among the Arab population in Israel). Since the 1970s there has been a gradual decline in birth rates among the Jewish population in Jerusalem. The average birth rate among Jews dropped from 27.7 births per thousand in the 1970s ( ) and 1980s ( ), to 25.7 births per thousand in the 1990s ( ) and to 24.9 in The Arab population witnessed a sharp drop in birth rates during the same periods. In the 1970s ( ) the average birth rate among the Arab population was 42.5 births per thousand. This dropped to 32.9 births per thousand in the 1980s ( ) and rose somewhat to 34.1 in the 1990s ( ). From the average birth rate was In 2007 the overall fertility rate (number of children a woman can expect to have during her lifetime) was 4.0 in Jerusalem compared with 2.9 in Israel, and 2.0 in Tel Aviv and in Haifa. It would seem, therefore, that the average number of children that a woman in Jerusalem can expect to have is double the number of children that a woman from Tel Aviv or Haifa could expect to have. The overall fertility rate of Jewish women in Jerusalem was 4.0, and this is similar to the overall fertility rate of 4.1 among Arab women in Jerusalem. The high overall fertility rate among Ultra-Orthodox women, who give birth to an average of about 7.7 children 3 during their lifetime, contributes to the high overall fertility rate among Jewish women. Among Muslim women in Jerusalem the overall fertility rate was 4.2 children, and this is somewhat higher than the overall fertility rate of 3.9 among Muslim women in Israel. 3 Gurovich, Norma and Cohen-Kastro, Ayelet (2004). The Ultra-Orthodox Geographical distribution and demographic, social and economic characteristics of the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish population in Israel, The Central Bureau of Statistics, Working Paper Series No. 5, p. 39. Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

11 The overall fertility rate in Jerusalem (4.0) is higher than the fertility rate in Ma aleh Adummim (2.8), Mevasseret Zion and Givat Ze ev (2.6), but lower than the fertility rate in Beit Shemesh (5.2), Betar Illit (7.5) and Modi in Illit (8.2). Mortality In 2007 the number of deaths in Jerusalem stood at 3,190 78% of which were Jews and 22% of whom were Arabs. The mortality rate in Jerusalem 4.3 deaths per thousand people is lower than the rate for Israel (5.5), Tel Aviv (9.0) and Haifa (10.0), and derives from the fact that Jerusalem s population is relatively young. The mortality rate among the Arab population is significantly lower than the mortality rate for the Jewish population. In 2007 the mortality rate among the Jewish population was 5.1 deaths per thousand residents (compared with 6.2 deaths per thousand among the Jewish population in Israel, 9.2 in Tel Aviv and 10.6 in Haifa), while among the Arab population in Jerusalem the mortality rate was 2.7 deaths per thousand (compared with 2.8 deaths per thousand among the Arab population in Israel). Over the years there has been a gradual decline in the mortality rate among the Jewish population in Jerusalem while in the Arab population there has been a sharp, rapid drop. The average mortality rate in the Jewish population fell from an average of 6.4 deaths 4 per thousand in the 1970s ( ) to 5.9 in the 1980s ( ), 5.5 in the 1990s ( ), and to 5.3 in the years Among the Arab population the average mortality rate declined from an average of 6.4 deaths per thousand in the 1970s ( ), to 4.5 in the 1980s ( ), 3.5 in the 1990s ( ) and to 2.9 in One of the key factors that can explain the sharp drop in the mortality rate among the Arab population is the dramatic decline in the infant mortality rate. In the 1970s ( ) the average infant mortality rate among the Arab population in Jerusalem was 45.2 deaths per thousand live births. This rate dropped to 17.2 in the 1980 ( ), 10.7 in the 1990s ( ), and to 6.0 in the years From 2005 to 2007 the average infant mortality rate among the Jewish population in Jerusalem was 2.9 (3.0 among the Jewish population in Israel) and among the Arab population the rate was 6.0 (versus 7.2 among the Arab population in Israel). The disparity in the infant mortality rates between the Jewish and the Arab population derives in part from congenital birth defects whose frequency is higher among the Muslim population due to marriage among relatives, and due to genetic diseases. 5 The decline in the mortality rates among Jerusalem s Arab population is the result of improved sanitation conditions, better health services and preventive medicine practices in the 1970s and 1980s, and the implementation of the National Health Care Law in the mid-1990s. Another reason underlying lower mortality rates among the Arab population in Jerusalem is the fact that the Arab population is younger than the Jewish population. In 2007 the percentage of children (age 0-14 years) among the Arab population was 41% (compared with 31% among the Jewish population), and the percentage of older adults (age 65+) was only 3% (compared with 11% among the Jewish population). 4 It should be noted that during these years the mortality rate among the Arab population declined from 7.3 deaths per thousand people in 1973, to 5.3 deaths in Among the Jewish population the mortality rate dropped during this period from 6.8 deaths to 6.0 deaths

12 Natural population growth Natural population growth (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths) is the primary factor in the growth of Jerusalem s population. In ,200 individuals were added to Jerusalem s population 59% of these were Jews and 41% were Arabs. Natural population growth in Jerusalem is significantly higher than natural growth in Tel Aviv (4,000 people) and Haifa (800 people). This year the rate of natural growth in Jerusalem was 23.2 per thousand residents, compared with 15.5 nationwide, 10.3 in Tel Aviv and 3.0 in Haifa. The rate of natural population growth among the Arab population in Jerusalem is significantly higher than the rate among the Jewish population. In 2007 the natural growth rate among Arabs was 27.7 per thousand, compared with 20.9 per thousand among Jews. Nevertheless, the natural growth rate for the Jewish population was higher than the natural growth rate of the Jewish population in all of Israel 20.9 and 13.3, respectively. The natural growth rate among Arabs in Jerusalem was higher than the natural growth rate for Arabs in all of Israel 27.7 and 24.4, respectively

13 Since the 1970s to the present there has been a decline in the natural growth rate in Jerusalem both among the Jewish and the Arab populations. The decline in the natural growth rate among Jews was moderate and consistent: In the 1970s ( ) and 1980s ( ) the average natural growth rates among the Jewish population were 21.3 and 21.8 per thousand, respectively. The rate dropped to 20.3 in the 1990s ( ) and was 19.6 in Among the Arab population, on the other hand, there was a sharp drop in the natural growth rate. In the 1970s ( ) the average natural growth rate among the Arab population in Jerusalem was 36.2 per thousand residents. This dropped to 28.5 in the 1980s ( ), rose somewhat to 30.3 in the 1990s ( ), and stood at 29.5 in Immigration 6 In recent years there has been a marked decline in the number of immigrants coming to Israel. In 2002 there were 33,600 new immigrants who arrived in Israel; their numbers dropped to 21,200 in 2005 and to only 18,100 in By contrast, the number of immigrants in Jerusalem during these same years has remained stable, and stands at an average of 2,500 immigrants annually. In 2007, 2,459 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, and they constituted some 14% of the total number of immigrants to Israel that year. For the sake of comparison, only 5% of all immigrants to Israel settled in Tel Aviv that year, and only 4% settled in Haifa. Beginning from 2002 there has been a considerable increase in the rate at which immigrants choose Jerusalem as their first place of residence in Israel. This change derives from the greater proportion of immigrants from the USA and Western Europe in the total number of immigrants to Israel, with a concomitant drop in the relative proportion of immigrants from the Former Soviet Union. During the large wave of immigration from the FSU Jerusalem absorbed a relatively smaller share of the total number of immigrants. In there were 72,000 immigrants who settled in Jerusalem, constituting 7% of all the immigrants coming to Israel during those years. Compare this to Tel Aviv and Haifa, where 10% of the immigrants arriving in Israel during those years settled in each of these cities. On the other hand, in immigrants in Jerusalem constituted 11% of all the immigrants to Israel, compared with 5% in Tel Aviv and 4% in Haifa. Roughly 29% of the immigrants coming to Jerusalem during those years were from the USA, 21% were from France and 10% came from Russia. Between 1990 and ,900 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem. During those years some immigrants became familiar with the opportunities available in various localities in Israel, redefined their aspirations, desires and economic abilities, and thus also changed their place of residence. In 2007 there were 64,300 immigrants living in Jerusalem. This figure is lower than the number of immigrants who settled in Jerusalem from by about 22,600, and this gap stems primarily from the departure of immigrants from Jerusalem to other localities in Israel. In , 112,000 new immigrants had moved to Tel Aviv, and Haifa received 112,200 new immigrants. In 2007 there were 49,500 immigrants residing in Tel Aviv, with 64,300 living in Haifa. It would appear, therefore, that the number of immigrants who came to Israel from 1990 onward and who lived in Jerusalem in 2007 comprise 74% of the total number of immigrants who initially settled in Jerusalem, and this figure is greater than for Tel Aviv (44%) and Haifa (57%). In 2007 there were 64,300 immigrants living in Jerusalem (who immigrated since 1990). In terms of residential distribution of the immigrant population, the neighborhoods with the highest concentration of immigrants are: Pisgah Ze ev 8,300 immigrants, who comprise 20% of the neighborhood s population; Neve Ya akov 4,900 6 Immigrants and potential immigrants, exclusive of immigrant citizens

14 immigrants, 24% of the neighborhood s population; Gila 3,500 immigrants, 13% of the neighborhood s population. The neighborhoods that had the highest percentage of new immigrants out of the city s entire population are: Downtown Jerusalem (25%), Neve Ya akov (24%), Pisgah Ze ev and Rehavia (20%), Talbiyeh, Yemin Moshe, Abu Tor, Bakaa and the Allenby Quarter and Kiryat Yovel (center and south) (19%). Migration between localities In 2007 the number of residents who moved from Jerusalem to other localities in Israel was 17,600, while 11,200 new residents moved to Jerusalem from other localities in Israel. The migration to Jerusalem was negative, and stood at -6,400. From the negative migration balance varied from -5,600 to -6,200 residents. This figure rose in the second half of the 1990s and reached its peak in 2000, when the negative migration balance was -8,200. Since 2001 the negative migration balance has fluctuated, ranging between -5,100 to -6,700. In 2007 there was a negative migration balance between Jerusalem and Jewish localities in Judea and Samaria (-3,310 residents). Compared with other of Israel s districts it is the most negative migration balance. A negative migration balance was also seen between Jerusalem and the localities of the Jerusalem district (-1,380 people), as well as localities in the Tel Aviv district (-960 residents) and localities in the central district (-1,250 residents). The lowest negative balance was seen between Jerusalem and localities in the northern, southern and Haifa districts. Between ,000 residents left Jerusalem for other localities in Israel, and 81,900 new inhabitants moved into Jerusalem from other localities. In total the city lost 51,100 residents during those years as a result of the migration balance. Among those who left the city, the number of those leaving for the Jerusalem metropolitan area is most prominent 51% (31% to Judea and Samaria, and 20% to the Jerusalem district). 32% of the emigrants from Jerusalem left for the Tel Aviv metropolitan area (16% to the Tel Aviv district and 16% to the central district). For the sake of comparison, in the 1980s both the Tel Aviv metropolitan area and the Jerusalem metropolitan area were equally attractive to Jerusalem residents, and 36% of those leaving Jerusalem went to each of these areas. In the 1990s the proportion of emigrants to the Jerusalem metropolitan area rose to 48% while the proportion of emigrants to the Tel Aviv metropolitan area fell to 29%. The increased number

15 of Jerusalemites leaving the city for the Jerusalem metropolitan area stems from the accelerated development of the area in the early 1990s, which include extensive construction in the localities around the city such as Mevasseret Zion, Ma aleh Adummim, Beit Shemesh, Betar Illit and other rural localities. Among migrants to Jerusalem, on the other hand, the percentage of those moving in from the Jerusalem and Tel Aviv metropolitan areas is similar. In , 34% of the migrants to Jerusalem came from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area (18% from the Tel Aviv district and 16% from the central district) and 35% came from the Jerusalem metropolitan area (22% from Judea and Samaria and 13% from the Jerusalem district)

16 Migration Balance Between Jerusalem and Surrounding Localities, 2006, Migrants , ,200 Efrata Giv'at Ze'ev Mevasseret Ziyyon Modi'in Illit Bet Shemesh Ma'ale Adummim Modi'in Betar Illit If we divide the period in question into two sub-periods, we can examine whether there were any changes in the migration trends during those years. In , 62,600 individuals left Jerusalem for other localities in Israel 53% of these moved to the Jerusalem metropolitan area and 30% moved to the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. In there was a rise in the number of Jerusalemites moving to other localities in Israel, and their number was 70,300. When compared with , we can see a decline in the percentage of migrants to the Jerusalem metropolitan area, from 53% to 50%, accompanied with a rise in the percentage of migrants to the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, from 30% to 34%. If we look at those moving to Jerusalem, then we observe that during this same period there was significant rise in the number of people moving to Jerusalem from other cities in Israel. During there were 36,900 people who moved to the city, compared with 45,000 in The percentage of migrants who came from the Jerusalem and Tel Aviv metropolitan areas remains the same. The localities that attracted the largest number of Jerusalem residents during 2007 are: Tel Aviv (1,530), Betar Illit (1,400), Ma aleh Adummim (1,290), Beit Shemesh (1,270) and Modi in-macabbim-reut (1,050). The localities from which Jerusalem attracted the most residents are: Tel Aviv (740), Beit Shemesh (670), Bnei Brak (630), Ma aleh Adummim (530) and Mevasseret Zion (380)

17 Generally speaking, typical migrants are young. The same is true with regard to Jerusalem both those leaving Jerusalem and those moving to the city are characterized by their young age. In , 47% of those leaving Jerusalem and 54% of those moving to Jerusalem were years old. The median age of Jerusalemites leaving the city was 24.8, and that of the new residents moving to the city was Age of the population Jerusalem s population is characterized by its young age. In 2007 the median age of the city s residents was 23 (this means that half of the population was younger than 23 and the other half of the population was older). By way of comparison, the populations of Tel Aviv and Haifa are older than the population of Jerusalem and the median age for these cities was 34 and 37, respectively. The median age for the entire country was 29. The Jewish population in Jerusalem is older than the Arab population. In 2007 the median age for the Jewish population was 25, and for the Arab population it was

18 Jerusalem is characterized by a young age structure with a relatively high proportion of children (ages 0-14), and a relatively low proportion of older adults (65+ years old). In 2007 the percentage of children (0-14 years) was 35% of the city s entire population, compared with 18% in Tel Aviv and Haifa and 28% for the entire country. Among the Jewish population in Jerusalem children comprised 31% of the population, compared with 41% in the Arab population. The percentage of older adults (65+ years) in Jerusalem is relatively low. Jerusalemites in this age group constituted 8% of the city s population, compared with 14% in Tel Aviv, 18% in Haifa and 10% in all of Israel. Among the Jewish population this age group comprised 11% of the population, versus only 3% among the Arab population. The Ultra-Orthodox Jewish population 7 is characterized by its young age. Among the Ultra-Orthodox, the proportion of children (0-14 years) was 43% compared with 24% among the general population (religious and secular 8 ). The percentage of older adults (65+ years) among the Ultra-Orthodox was 6%, compared with 13% among the general population. The Muslim Arab population in Jerusalem is also characterized by its young age, and it is significantly younger than the Christian Arab population. Among the Muslim population the proportion of children (0-14 years) was 42% compared with 21% for the Christian Arab population. The percentage of older adults (65+ years) in the Muslim population was 3%, compared with 13% for the Christian Arab population. Population of Jerusalem, by age and population group, Median age Total population 35% 8% 23 Jewish population 31% 11% 25 Arab population 41% 3% 19 General Jewish population 24% 13% 32 Ultra-Orthodox population 43% 6% 18 Muslim Arab population 42% 3% 19 Christian Arab population 21% 13% 34 Non-Christian Arab population 17% 17% 41 In 2007, in those neighborhoods with a Jewish majority (secular and religious), the lowest median age was found in the following neighborhoods: Musrara (19), Har Homa (22) and Givat Masuah (24). The neighborhoods that had the highest median age were Kiryat Wolfson (68), Neve Sha anan, Nayot and Neve Granot (50) and Talbiyeh (47). In those neighborhoods where the majority of the population is Ultra-Orthodox, the lowest median age was found in: Mea She arim and Batei Ungarin, Ramat Shlomo and Kiryat Kaminetz in Neve Ya akov (15). The neighborhoods with the oldest median age were Sha arei Hessed (31), Knesset and Batei Broide (24). In the neighborhoods with an Arab majority, the lowest median age was found in the following neighborhoods: Ras el-amud and Wadi Kadum (14), Silwan and Wadi Joz (15). The neighborhoods with the highest median age were Bab a-zahara and the American Colony (35), the Christian Quarter (31) and the Armenian Quarter (28). 7 The Jewish population residing in neighborhoods where most of the residents are Ultra-Orthodox. 8 The Jewish population residing in neighborhoods where most of the residents are secular and religious

19 Level of religious identification The population of Jerusalem is varied and comprised of groups with different characteristics, and this holds true for their level of religious identification. In (yearly average) 28% of Jews (age 20+) in Jerusalem defined themselves as Ultra-Orthodox, 17% defined themselves as religious, 32% as traditional and 23% as secular. The percentage of residents age 20+ who defined themselves as Ultra-Orthodox in Jerusalem (28%) is the largest among Israel s major cities and is four times the percentage of Ultra-Orthodox in Israel (7%). The percentage of Jerusalemites age 20+ who see themselves as religious (17%) is also greater relative to the major cities in Israel and is 1.7 times the percentage nationwide. The percentage of traditional Jews in Jerusalem (33%) is similar to Israel s major cities except for Ashdod, while the percentage of secular Jews in Jerusalem (23%) is lower when compared to all of Israel and the major cities. Among Muslims and Christians (and other religions) aged 20+ in Jerusalem, 6% defined themselves as very religious and 57% defined themselves as religious, 27% defined themselves as not very religious and 10% as not religious (for all of Israel, the distribution is as follows: 6%, 45%, 26% and 23%). Level of religious identification of the Jewish population (age 20+) in Israel and in major cities, Religious identification Israel Jerusalem Tel Aviv Haifa Rishon LeZion Ashdod Ultra-Orthodox 7% 28% 1% 3% 1% 8% Religious 10% 17% 5% 5% 4% 7% Traditional religious 14% 13% 9% 7% 10% 19% Traditional, not very religious 25% 19% 26% 23% 34% 32% Secular 44% 23% 60% 63% 51% 33% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Households In 2007 there were 189,500 households residing in Jerusalem; of these, 140,400 were Jewish and other households (74%) and 49,100 were Arab households (26%). The share of the Jewish (and other) population among households is higher (73%) than its share of the city s population (65%). The reason for this is that Jewish households are characterized by their small number of membersthan the Arab households. The size of the average household 9 was 3.3 persons in the Jewish population compared with 5.1 persons in the Arab population. In 2007, 22% of the Jewish households had only one person, compared to only 8% of the Arab households. Households with 6 or more members comprised 16% of all the Jewish households versus 42% of all the Arab households. The Jewish population in Jerusalem is characterized by large households in comparison with the Jewish population in Israel s major cities. In 2007 the size of the average household 10 among the Jewish population in Jerusalem was 3.3, compared with 3.1 in Israel, 2.4 in Haifa and 2.3 in Tel Aviv. The size of the average household among the Arab population in Jerusalem was 5.1, compared with 4.9 in Israel. 9 Including households with only one person. 10 Including households with only one person

20 There is a significant difference in the distribution of the number of persons in Jewish households in Jerusalem in contrast with Tel Aviv and Haifa. In % of the Jewish households in Jerusalem had only one person, compared to 37% in Tel Aviv and 28% in Haifa. In Jerusalem 16% of the households have 6 or more persons, versus 3% in both Haifa and Tel Aviv. Incidence of poverty In 2007, 35% of the families in Jerusalem were living below the poverty line. The incidence of poverty among the Arab population in Jerusalem is markedly higher than the incidence of poverty among the Jewish population: 67% of the families and 74% of the children in the Arab population were living below the poverty line, compared with 23% of the families and 48% of the children in the Jewish population. In 2007 the incidence of poverty in the Jerusalem district (84% of the population of the Jerusalem district lived in the city of Jerusalem) was higher when compared with Israel and the other districts. 33% of the families and 56% of the children in the Jerusalem district were living below the poverty line. Compare this to 12% of the families and 20% of the children in the Tel Aviv district, and 20% of the families and 34% of the children in all of Israel

21 Socio-economic status One more indicator of the population s socio-economic characteristics is the socio-economic index. This index is calculated by the Central Bureau of Statistics, which evaluates different social and economic variables relating to demographics, standard of living, education, occupation, unemployment and pension benefits. To prepare the index all of the local authorities in Israel were grouped together into ten clusters. Cluster 1 encompasses those local authorities where the socio-economic level of their residents are the lowest, while Cluster 10 has local authorities whose residents have the highest socio-economic level. In 2003 Jerusalem was ranked in Cluster 4, Haifa and Rishon LeZion were in Cluster 7 and Tel Aviv was in Cluster 8. In 1999 Jerusalem was ranked in Cluster 5, while in 2003 it was ranked in Cluster 4. The population living in the Jerusalem metropolitan area localities situated close to the city are heterogeneous in terms of socio-economic status, but homogeneous relative to the level in each locality. The population living in the Ultra-Orthodox localities and the Arab locality of Abu Ghosh are characterized by a very low socioeconomic level. Betar Illit is ranked in Cluster 1 which, as stated above, is the lowest cluster. Kiryat Ye arim (Telshe Stone) is ranked in Cluster 2 and Abu Ghosh is in Cluster 3. Beit Shemesh (one-fourth of whose population is Ultra-Orthodox) is ranked in Cluster 4. Cluster 6 included Ma aleh Adummim, Efrata and the Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. At the top of the ranking we find Mevasseret Zion in Cluster 8 and Har Adar in Cluster 9. Ownership of durable goods Another indicator characterizing the socio-economic status of Jerusalem s residents is the percentage of households owning durable goods (major consumer products): In % of the households in Jerusalem had two or more cars, compared with 17% in Israel, 16% in Tel Aviv and 19% in Haifa. Home computers were found in 60% of the households in Jerusalem, compared with 69% in Israel, 77% in Tel Aviv and 70% in Haifa. 46% of the households in Jerusalem were connected to the Internet, versus 59% in Israel, 74% in Tel Aviv and 65% in Haifa. Televisions were owned by 74% of the households in Jerusalem. This low percentage is influenced by the fact that Ultra-Orthodox families tend not to own televisions. In Israel 91% of the households had a television, 96% in Tel Aviv and 93% in Haifa. The percentage of subscriptions to cable television is also low in Jerusalem 37%, compared with 68% in Israel, 81% in Tel Aviv and 76% in Haifa

22 Monthly consumer expenditure In 2007 the average monthly consumer expenditure for a household in Jerusalem was 11,302 NIS. In Israel the consumer expenditure was 11,584 NIS and in Tel Aviv the figure was 12,887 NIS. However, due to the differences in the size of households in Israel and these cities, the expenditure was divided among a different number of persons an average of 3.3 persons in Israel, compared with 3.8 persons in Jerusalem and an average of 2.2 persons in Tel Aviv. In other words, the average monthly expenditure per person (standard) in Israel was 4,259 NIS, compared with just 3,844 NIS in Jerusalem and 6,256 NIS in Tel Aviv. The principle consumer expenditures in Jerusalem were housing (25%), food (18%), transportation and communication (16%), and education, culture and entertainment (13%). The four main areas of consumption for households in Israel housing, transportation and communication, food, and education, culture and entertainment are also the four main spheres in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. Among these four spheres, the highest percentage of the expenditure is earmarked for housing in Israel as well as in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. The distribution for the principle consumer expenditures in Israel were: Housing (22%), transportation and communication (20%), food (17%) and education, culture and entertainment (13%). In Tel Aviv the principle consumer expenditures were divided as follows: Housing (29%), transportation and communication (19%), food (14%) and education, culture and entertainment (13%). Housing density In 2007 the average housing density in Jerusalem was 1.0 person per room among the Jewish population, compared with 2.0 persons per room in the Arab population. The average housing density among the Jewish population in Jerusalem (1.0 person per room) is higher than the housing density in Israel (0.9 persons per room), in Tel Aviv (0.8 persons per room) and Haifa (0.7 persons per room). The housing density for the Arab population in Jerusalem (2.0 persons per room) is higher than the housing density among the Arab population in Israel (1.4 persons per room). Over time there has been a decline in the average housing density for the Arab population in Jerusalem, from 2.3 persons per room in 1990 to 2.0 persons per room in Among the Jewish population there has been a slight decrease in housing density during the same time period, from 1.1 persons per room to 1.0 persons per room

23 Employment Rate of participation in the civilian labor force In 2007 the rate of Jerusalemites participation in the civilian labor force 11 was 45%. This rate is lower in contrast with the rate of participation in the civilian labor force in Israel and Haifa (56%) and in Tel Aviv (66%). The rate of participation in the civilian labor force for the Jewish population in Jerusalem was 48% (compared with 59% among the Jewish population in Israel), and for the Arab population the rate was 37% (compared with 45% among the Arab population in Israel). The low rate of participation in the civilian labor force in Jerusalem stems primarily from the low rate of participation among Ultra-Orthodox men and Arab women. The rate of unemployed 12 in Jerusalem was 9% (7% in Israel) 8% among the Jewish population (7% in Israel) and 13% among the Arab population (10% in Israel). There is a significant disparity in the rate of participation in the civilian labor force between men and women. In 2007 the rate of participation in the civilian labor force among Jerusalem s men was only 51%, compared with 71% in Tel Aviv, 62% for the entire country and 60% in Haifa. The law rate of participation among Jerusalem men is due to the low rate of participation among Ultra-Orthodox men. The rate of participation for Jewish men in Jerusalem was 46%, compared to 61% among the city s Arab men. The rate of participation in the civilian labor force among women in Jerusalem was only 39%, compared with 62% in Tel Aviv, 52% in Haifa and 51% for all of Israel. The low rate of participation among Jerusalem s women derives from the low rate of participation among Arab women. The rate of participation for Jewish women stood at 50%, compared with a mere 13% among Arab women. In 1980 the rate of participation in the civilian labor force in Jerusalem was 47%, rising to 51% in 1997, and then gradually dropped to the level of 45% in The rate of participation in all of Israel during those same years rose from 50% to 56%; in Tel Aviv there was a dramatic rise from 47% in 1980 to 66% in Percentage of employed and percentage of unemployed who are actively seeking employment from the entire population, aged 15 and older. 12 People who did not work at all during the determining week regarding which the survey was conducted, and who actively looked for work during the four previous weeks

24 The rate of participation among Jerusalem s men declined from 60% in 1980 to 51% in The rate of participation among Jerusalem s women, on the other hand, rose during the same period of time from 36% to 39%. There is a positive correlation between the rate of participation in the civilian labor force and level of education the more years of schooling the higher the rate of participation. In 2007 the rate of participation in Jerusalem among those with 0-4 years of schooling was 9%. The rate rose to 31% among those with 5-8 years of schooling, to 41% for those with years of schooling, and to 63% among those with 16 years of schooling or more. Additionally, the data indicate that the rate of participation in the civilian labor force rises with age until age 54 (above age 54 participation goes down). In 2007 the rate of participation among those aged was 4%. The rate increased to 35% among Jerusalemites aged 18-24, to 63% among those aged 25-34, and to 67% among those aged From ages the rate of participation dropped to 51%, and stood at 10% for those aged 65+. Employment by economic branch In 2007 the number of employed people in Jerusalem stood at 240,700, comprising 11% of all employed people in Israel. In Tel Aviv, by way of comparison, there were 366,200 employed people who comprised 14% of all employed people in Israel, and 162,700 employed people in Haifa who represented 6% of all the employed in Israel. Comparing the number of employed people with the size of the locality s population reveals Jerusalem s relatively low attraction to businesses and employees. In 2007 working people constituted 32% of all of Jerusalem s residents (240,700 employees out of 747,600 residents). In Tel Aviv the number of employed people was only slightly lower (94%) than the number of residents (366,200 employed compared with 390,100 residents), and in Haifa employed people comprised 61% of the city s residents (162,700 employed compared to 264,900 residents). Tel Aviv functions as a central city for the Tel Aviv metropolitan area with a population of 3.1 million people, 12% of whom live in the city of Tel Aviv. Haifa is the central city of a metropolitan area with about a million inhabitants, 26% of whom reside in Haifa. Jerusalem is also a central city of a metropolitan area. But in the

25 wake of two intifadas and following construction of the security fence, the ties with Palestinian villages that had been part of the metropolitan area beforehand were severely limited. Thus, metropolitan Jerusalem really doesn t include the Palestinian villages anymore and the number of residents in the metropolitan area, therefore, dropped from about 1.7 million in 2000 to around a million residents in The result is that in 2007 the population of Jerusalem constituted roughly 75% of the population living in the Jerusalem metropolitan area. In % of the employees living in Jerusalem worked in Jerusalem, their city of residence, compared with 75% of Haifa s residents and 68% of Tel Aviv s residents who worked in their city of residence. Because Jerusalem is Israel s capital and the administrative and government center with a high concentration of government ministries and national institutions, the rate people employed in civil service is very high. In % of the city s employees worked in civil service (public administration, education, health services, welfare and social service, and community, social and individual services) compared with 37% in Haifa, 32% in Israel and 25% in Tel Aviv. Employed Persons Working in Jerusalem by Economic Branch and Gender, % Males Females 20% % of Employed Persons 10% 0% Education Health, welfare & social services Public administration Business activities Wholesale and retail trade, and repairs Manufacturing (mining and industry) In Jerusalem, 3% of the employees worked in banking, insurance and finance, while 12% worked in business services. In all of Israel, 4% and 14% of the employees, respectively, worked in these industries; in Haifa, 2% and 17%, respectively. In Tel Aviv, Israel s financial center, the high rate of employees in these industries is quite prominent 9% in banking, insurance and finance, and 25% in business services. The proportion of employees working in industry in Jerusalem is low. The rate for employees working in industry in Jerusalem was 7%, similar to the rate for Tel Aviv (8%). In Israel the rate stood at 16% and in Ashdod, 26%. In 2007 the main industries that employed Jewish employees in Jerusalem were: Civil service (51%), banking, insurance, finance and business services (17%), and commerce (10%). Among Jerusalem s Arab employees, the main industries were: Civil service (23%), construction (19%), and commerce (19%). Principle industries among men employed in Jerusalem were: Business services (15%), commerce (15%), construction (10%) and education (10%). Among women, the main industries were: Education (29%), health, welfare and social services (18%), and civil service (12%)

26 Industry 13 In 2007 there were 421,600 people employed in industry (high-tech, mixed 14 and traditional), and they constituted 16% of all employed people in Israel. In Jerusalem, 16,200 people were employed in industry, comprising 7% of the city s total number of employed. The rate of those employed in industry in Jerusalem is low (7%), and it is similar to the rate for Tel Aviv (8%) but lower compared with other major cities in Israel (cities with populations of over 200,000 inhabitants) Haifa (14%), Rishon LeZion (15%) and Ashdod (25%). In the early 1970s the rate of employees in industry in Jerusalem was similar to the national rate. However, over time there was a gradual decline in the number of employees in this economic branch in Jerusalem, and to date the rate is low compared with branches such as commerce, business services and, naturally, lower than the public sector in which more than half of the city s residents are employed. In 2005 the number of industrial jobs in Jerusalem stood at 15,500 36% of these were in high-tech, 20% were in mixed industry and 44% were in traditional industry. In Tel Aviv the number of jobs in industry was 27,900 (25% of these were in high-tech), and in Haifa there were 15,700 industrial jobs (31% of them in high-tech). In all of Israel, 24% of the industrial positions were in high-tech industries. The largest industrial zones in Jerusalem in terms of number of jobs are: Har Hotzvim (5,000 jobs), Givat Shaul (2,300 jobs), Talpiyot (2,200 jobs) and Atarot (1,500 jobs). The city s two primary industrial branches in terms of number of jobs are: Food, beverages and tobacco (4,700 jobs) and electrical and electronic equipment (3,700 jobs). In 2005 Jerusalem s industrial Gross Domestic Product (GDP) stood at approximately billion NIS, which was 5.0% from the total industrial GDP for Israel. This figure points to the relative strength of the industry in Jerusalem because the percentage of industrial jobs in Jerusalem is only 4.7% of all the industrial jobs in Israel. By way of comparison, industrial jobs in Tel Aviv constitute 8.4% of all the industrial jobs in Israel, while its GDP was 7.6% of Israel s industrial GDP. The bulk (67%) of Jerusalem s industrial GDP comes from the high-tech industries. The proportion of mixed industry is 10% and 23% for traditional industries. We can see that while the contribution of Jerusalem s traditional industries to the city s GDP (23%) is the same as this sector s contribution to the national industrial GDP (23%), the contribution by Jerusalem s high-tech industry to the city s GDP (67%) is significantly higher than the high tech industry s contribution to the nation s GDP (37%). The greatest contribution (71%) to Jerusalem s industrial GDP comes from large companies that employ 100 people or more, while the number of jobs in these companies represents only 52% of all the industrial jobs in the city. The contribution of smaller companies (1-20 employees) to the GDP was 13% while the number of jobs in these companies represents 23% of all the industrial jobs in the city. Among the largest companies in Jerusalem in terms of number of employees are: Intel, Teva, NDS Technologies, Angel, Ophir Optronics and Medinol. 13 This section was written by Dan Kaufman. 14 Mixed high-tech and mixed traditional industry