Development of the Atomic Bomb
|
|
- Buck Gyles Greer
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 28 Nuclear Fission Fission, Fusion, Binding Energy, and Half Life How would we write this Nuclear Reaction? Uranium Isotopes Naturally occurring Uranium contains two major isotopes Uranium-238 (99.3%) Uranium-235 (0.7%) As it turns out the only isotope of Uranium that undergoes fission is Uranium-235 Why do you think U-235 can undergo fission? 235 U Fission U U + 1 0n U * and seconds later U * 92 36Kr Ba n + ENERGY 50 possible sets of fission products (sum of atomic numbers = 92) 3 neutrons released for ONE U each neutron can split another U CHAIN REACTION POSSIBLE If amount of U U is sufficient (CRITICAL MASS) then the number of neutrons generated is high enough to result in a nuclear explosion ) Nuclear Fission Representation of a fission chain process. The Fission Chain Reaction Begins 1
2 The Critical Mass Needed for the Chain Reaction 2
3 Are there other Fuels for the Fission Chain Reaction? UraniumUranium (Keep in mind, the abundant form of Uranium found in nature is UraniumUranium-238 (~99%). PlutoniumPlutonium -239 but Plutonium Plutonium-239 is scarce now what? Here s what scientists discovered during World War II: 238 U U U Np Np Pu n 0 + γ β -1 0 β -1 Development of the Atomic Bomb During WW2 the American set up a secret project called the Manhattan Project recruiting all the best physicists and nuclear chemists available By 1945 they developed two types of nuclear bombs A U-235 fission bomb and a Pu-239 fission bomb Little Boy and Fat Man The Arrangement of Uranium in the First Atomic Bombs 10 feet 3
4 Arranging U-235 to get a Controlled Nuclear Reaction Arrangement of U-235 in a critical mass, where there s enough U-235 in a small space so that the neutrons cause a chain reaction, would be difficult to control in a nuclear power plant. How can this conversion of small amounts of mass into great amounts of energy be used to produce electricity? In the 1930, Enrico Fermi, an Italian Physicist, discovered that Uranium can be arranged in what he called a Fission Pile, where the Uranium would be arranged in rows, or in a lattice, so that the fission reaction could be controlled. Arranging U-235 to get a Controlled Nuclear Reaction By arranging the Uranium fuel in a lattice structure, CONTROL RODS could be inserted between the Uranium fuel rods to stop the flow of neutrons flowing between the rods, and thus, slowing/stopping the reaction. Water is used to slow the neutrons down, within the reactor, so that they are more likely to strike the Uranium fuel rods water is the MODERATOR, which is another discovery by Fermi. Arranging U-235 to get a Controlled Nuclear Reaction By arranging the Uranium fuel in a lattice structure, there is NO POSSIBILITY of an uncontrolled nuclear explosion, like in a nuclear warhead or bomb. Simply stated, there Uranium is not in a close-enough proximity for an uncontrolled chain reaction, or blast. So, this is an important point: the threat of a nuclear explosion, within a nuclear power plant, is an imagined danger. A Schematic of a Nuclear Power Plant Walls of reactors are made of Graphite, which slows down the neutrons, increasing the chance that neutrons will strike U-235. Control Rods made of Cadmium or Boron, which absorb large quantities of neutrons, and stop the flow of neutrons w/o dissipation of energy. Also use water as a moderator to slow down fast moving neutrons Modern reactors have a containment building make of 6 feet of concrete, used to contain radioactive material in the event of an accident. A Schematic of a Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Fission & POWER With a Fission Pile, its impossible to have a Nuclear Explosion. What type of Explosion is possible? Currently about 103 nuclear power plants in the U.S. and about 435 worldwide. 17% of the world s energy comes from nuclear. 4
5 We ll take a closer look at Nuclear Power Plant Mishaps in a bit Nuclear Fusion Fusion small nuclei combine 2 H + 3 H 4 He + 1 n Energy Occurs in the sun and other stars Nuclear Fusion Fusion Excessive heat can not be contained Attempts at cold fusion have FAILED. Hot fusion is difficult to contain Recall Mass Defect It is experimentally observed that the mass of an atom (containing neutrons) is always slightly less than the sum of the masses of its component particles. The difference between the atomic mass and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons is called the mass defect. Can we calculate the Energy given off by a nuclear reaction based on the weight difference from reactants to products based on Einstein s Equation, E = mc 2? Calculation of Nuclear Energy Released Calculation of Binding Energy Calculate the energy released (per mole of tritium consumed) for the fusion reaction of tritium and deuterium, The molar nuclear mass of carbon-14 is g/mol The molar mass of a proton is g/mol. The molar 1H + 1H 2He + 0n mass of a neutron is g/mol. Calculate the given the following molar masses of nucleons and nuclei. (c = binding energy of the C-14 nucleus (c = m/s) m/s) Mass Reactants = g mass (g/mol) Mass Reactants = g C-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons: particle Mass Products = g Mass C-14 should be (6 x )+(8 x ) proton Mass Products = g Mass C-14 should be = neutron deuterium Mass Diff. = Mass Reactants Mass Mass Defect = = grams Products Mass Difference = g Mass Defect = x 10-4 kg tritium Mass Difference = x10-5 kg E = mc 2 = x 10-4 kg x (3x10 8 m/s) 2 helium E = mc 2 = x10-5 kgx(3x10 8 m/s) 2 E =1.02 x 10 kg-m 2 /s 2 = 1.02 x 10 J E = 1.69 x 10 kg-m 2 /s 2 = 1.69 x 10 J 5
6 Calculation of Binding Energy Calculate the Mass Defect, and the Binding Energy (in Joules) for 11 5B, the Boron isotope (including the electrons) with a weight of grams/mole. The mass of a proton, neutron, and electron are , , and grams/mole, respectively. B-11 has 5 protons, 5 electrons, and 6 neutrons: Mass B-11 should be (5 x )+(5 x )+(6 x ) Mass B-11 should be = Mass Defect = = grams Mass Defect = x 10-5 kg E = mc 2 = x 10-5 kg x (3x10 8 m/s) 2 E =3.63 x kg-m 2 /s 2 = 3.63 x J Binding Energy Worksheets (2) Half-Life Half-Life HALF-LIFELIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a sample to decompose. The rate of a nuclear transformation depends only on the reactant concentration. Decay of 20.0 mg of 15 O. What remains after 3 half-lives? lives? After 5 half-lives? lives? Kinetics of Radioactive Decay For each duration (half-life), life), one half of the substance decomposes. For example: Ra-234 has a half-life life of 3.6 days If you start with 50 grams of Ra-234 Half-Life of Radioisotopes Half life life is the time required for one-half of any given quantity of isotope to decay After 3.6 days > 25 grams After 7.2 days > 12.5 grams After 10.8 days > 6.25 grams 6
7 Learning Check! Learning Check! The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39 hours? The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. Only 4 mg are present from a sample that had originally contained 128 mg sample of I-123. How old is the sample? How Old is Oetzi, the Iceman? Oetzi the Iceman was discovered on the border between Italy and Austria in 1991, in the Otztal Alps, partially submerged in a melting glacier. It s estimated that he is from the Neolithic age, some 5300 years ago. How Old is Oetzi, the Iceman? Oetzi was discovered in an extraordinarily warm summer season, which led to abnormal melting of glacier ice. It s estimated that Oetzi, along with animals and plants from his time, were covered by a sudden, deep snow, followed by a prolonged cold period. Examination of the body suggests that Oetzi died from an arrow wound to his back/shoulder. How can we estimate his age using the Half life of C-14. Radiocarbon (C-14) Dating How Old is Oetzi, the Iceman? Radioactive C-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere by nuclear reactions initiated by neutrons in cosmic radiation 14 7 N + 1 on 14 6C + 1 1H The C-14 is oxidized to CO 2, which circulates through the biosphere. When a plant dies, the C-14 is not replenished. But the C-14 continues to decay with t 1/2 = 5730 years. Activity of a sample can be used to date the sample. How much C-14 would be remaining in Oetzi s bones, given his estimated age of 5300 years? The T 1/2 of C-14 is 5730 years. 7
8 C-14 Dating Solves The Shroud of Turin (Torino) Question The Shroud of Turin (Torino) The Shroud bearing the image of Jesus should be approximately 2000 years old C-14 analysis revealed the presence of 92% of the original amount of C-14 This decrease of 8% corresponds to a time period of about 700 years Learning Check! The C-14 content of a fossilized bone is 12.5% of that of a live bone. Knowing that the t 1/2 of C-14 is 5730 years, how old is the artifact? How Old is the Earth? Perhaps the Half life of naturally occurring U-238 can help us U-238 that is present in certain rocks slowly decays to Pb-206 by the following Radioactive Decay Series: What is happening during each decay in the sequence? How Old is the Earth? How Old is the Earth? As time progresses the amount of U-238 decreases and Pb-206 increases Most abundant form of Pb is Pb-207 By measuring the ratio of Pb-206 / Pb-207, scientists can determine the age of a rock The oldest rocks can then be used to determine the minimum age of the Earth By dating rocks from the Moon even better estimates can be obtained! Why? 206 Pb/ Pb natural ratio determined from Fe meteorites (don t have U, therefore the 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratio = original 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratio when Earth formed) 8
9 The Coinium Activity Using a fictitious, naturally radioactive isotope called Coinium, you ll estimate the Half life of the isotope, and plot it s radioactive decay in Excel. From the best fit line, you should be able to graphically estimate the half-life life, or time required to go from 100% to 50%, 50% to 25%, etc. Nuclear Medicine: Imaging Thyroid imaging using Tc-99m TcO4-, a monovalent anion which has a size similar to iodide (iodine). As a result it is taken up by the thyroid iodine pump (see radionuclide thyroid imaging) but not bound to the organic structures into which iodine is incorporated to produce thyroid hormone. Food Irradiation Geiger Counter Used to detect radioactive substances Food can be irradiated with γ rays from 60 Co or 137 Cs. Irradiated milk has a shelf life of 3 mo. without refrigeration. USDA has approved irradiation of meats and eggs. Effects of Radiation 9
10 Nuclear Chemistry & t 1/2 Worksheets (2) 10
Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics comprises the study of:
Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics comprises the study of: The general properties of nuclei The particles contained in the nucleus The interaction between these particles Radioactivity and nuclear reactions
More informationObjectives 404 CHAPTER 9 RADIATION
Objectives Explain the difference between isotopes of the same element. Describe the force that holds nucleons together. Explain the relationship between mass and energy according to Einstein s theory
More information1. In the general symbol cleus, which of the three letters. 2. What is the mass number of an alpha particle?
1. In the general symbol cleus, which of the three letters Z A X for a nu represents the atomic number? 2. What is the mass number of an alpha particle? 3. What is the mass number of a beta particle? 4.
More informationBasics of Nuclear Physics and Fission
Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission A basic background in nuclear physics for those who want to start at the beginning. Some of the terms used in this factsheet can be found in IEER s on-line glossary.
More information22.1 Nuclear Reactions
In the Middle Ages, individuals called alchemists spent a lot of time trying to make gold. Often, they fooled people into believing that they had made gold. Although alchemists never succeeded in making
More informationStructure and Properties of Atoms
PS-2.1 Compare the subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) of an atom with regard to mass, location, and charge, and explain how these particles affect the properties of an atom (including identity,
More informationFor convenience, we may consider an atom in two parts: the nucleus and the electrons.
Atomic structure A. Introduction: In 1808, an English scientist called John Dalton proposed an atomic theory based on experimental findings. (1) Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms.
More informationNOTES ON The Structure of the Atom
NOTES ON The Structure of the Atom Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties. Those properties can be explained by examining the atoms that compose the matter. An atom is the smallest particle
More informationChapter 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 7: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry Problems: -20, 24-30, 32-46, 49-70, 74-88, 99-0 7.2 THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY In 896, a French physicist named Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium-containing
More informationPhysics 1104 Midterm 2 Review: Solutions
Physics 114 Midterm 2 Review: Solutions These review sheets cover only selected topics from the chemical and nuclear energy chapters and are not meant to be a comprehensive review. Topics covered in these
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Physics
Introduction to Nuclear Physics 1. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table According to the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom, also called the solar system model, the atom consists of a central nucleus
More information2 The Structure of Atoms
CHAPTER 4 2 The Structure of Atoms SECTION Atoms KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What do atoms of the same element have in common? What are isotopes? How is an element
More informationChemistry 1000 Lecture 2: Nuclear reactions and radiation. Marc R. Roussel
Chemistry 1000 Lecture 2: Nuclear reactions and radiation Marc R. Roussel Nuclear reactions Ordinary chemical reactions do not involve the nuclei, so we can balance these reactions by making sure that
More information............... [2] At the time of purchase of a Strontium-90 source, the activity is 3.7 10 6 Bq.
1 Strontium-90 decays with the emission of a β-particle to form Yttrium-90. The reaction is represented by the equation 90 38 The decay constant is 0.025 year 1. 90 39 0 1 Sr Y + e + 0.55 MeV. (a) Suggest,
More informationMain properties of atoms and nucleus
Main properties of atoms and nucleus. Atom Structure.... Structure of Nuclei... 3. Definition of Isotopes... 4. Energy Characteristics of Nuclei... 5. Laws of Radioactive Nuclei Transformation... 3. Atom
More informationNuclear Energy: Nuclear Energy
Introduction Nuclear : Nuclear As we discussed in the last activity, energy is released when isotopes decay. This energy can either be in the form of electromagnetic radiation or the kinetic energy of
More informationRadioactivity III: Measurement of Half Life.
PHY 192 Half Life 1 Radioactivity III: Measurement of Half Life. Introduction This experiment will once again use the apparatus of the first experiment, this time to measure radiation intensity as a function
More informationSolar Energy Production
Solar Energy Production We re now ready to address the very important question: What makes the Sun shine? Why is this such an important topic in astronomy? As humans, we see in the visible part of the
More informationSCH 3UI Unit 2 Outline Up to Quiz #1 Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table
Lesson Topics Covered SCH 3UI Unit 2 Outline Up to Quiz #1 Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table 1 Note: History of Atomic Theory progression of understanding of composition of matter; ancient Greeks and
More informationPHYA5/1. General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination June 2011. Unit 5 Nuclear and Thermal Physics Section A
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examinerʼs Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examinerʼs Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination June 2011 Question 1 2 Mark Physics
More informationMatter. Atomic weight, Molecular weight and Mole
Matter Atomic weight, Molecular weight and Mole Atomic Mass Unit Chemists of the nineteenth century realized that, in order to measure the mass of an atomic particle, it was useless to use the standard
More informationMCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE
1 MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE 1. The volume of a given mass of water at a temperature of T 1 is V 1. The volume increases to V 2 at temperature T 2. The coefficient of volume expansion of water may be calculated
More informationNuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 1. The number of electrons in an atom of atomic number Z and mass number A is 1) A 2) Z 3) A+Z 4) A-Z 2. The repulsive force between the positively charged protons does
More informationCHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING
CHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING Essential Standard: STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND THAT THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ARE A CONSEQUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER,
More informationMasses in Atomic Units
Nuclear Composition - the forces binding protons and neutrons in the nucleus are much stronger (binding energy of MeV) than the forces binding electrons to the atom (binding energy of ev) - the constituents
More informationPlutonium vs. Uranium: The Road Less Traveled. In a world where nuclear proliferation may no longer be held back by the guise of antiproliferation
David Wang STS.092 Plutonium vs. Uranium: The Road Less Traveled In a world where nuclear proliferation may no longer be held back by the guise of antiproliferation treaties, where the news, everyday,
More information2 ATOMIC SYSTEMATICS AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
2 ATOMIC SYSTEMATICS AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE In this chapter the principles and systematics of atomic and nuclear physics are summarised briefly, in order to introduce the existence and characteristics of
More informationRadiation and the Universe Higher Exam revision questions and answers
Radiation and the Universe Higher Exam revision questions and answers Madeley High School Q.The names of three different processes are given in List A. Where these processes happen is given in List B.
More informationCarbon-14 Dating. or, How Old Are Those M&Ms? Number of Undecayed M&Ms
BRSP - 15 Page 1 Carbon-14 Dating or, How Old Are Those M&Ms? One of the tools available to scientists who study ancient climates is called carbon-14 dating (also known as carbon dating or radiocarbon
More informationChapter NP-1. Nuclear Physics. Atomic Nature of Matter TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Chapter NP-1 Nuclear Physics Atomic Nature of Matter TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES 1.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2.0 COMPOSITION OF ATOMS 2.1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
More informationChapter NP-5. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Reactions TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 NUCLEAR REACTIONS 2.0 NEUTRON INTERACTIONS
Chapter NP-5 Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactions TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 2.0 NEUTRON INTERACTIONS 2.1 ELASTIC SCATTERING 2.2 INELASTIC SCATTERING 2.3 RADIATIVE CAPTURE 2.4 PARTICLE
More informationRadioactivity & Particles
Radioactivity & Particles Introduction... 2 Atomic structure... 2 How are these particles arranged?... 2 Atomic notation... 4 Isotopes... 4 What is radioactivity?... 5 Types of Radiation: alpha, beta and
More informationEnergy Conversion Efficiency. Before we discuss energy conversion efficiency, let us briefly get familiarized with various forms of energy first.
Energy and Environment-1: Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy Objectives Key words and Concepts Energy Conversion Efficiency Fossil Fuels Nuclear Energy Cold Fusion? Summary Objectives: 1. Gain real understanding
More informationSubmarines and Aircraft Carriers: The Science of Nuclear Power
! Submarines and Aircraft Carriers: The Science of Nuclear Power Science Topic: Physics and Social Science Grades: 9th 12th Essential Questions: How does a nuclear reactor work? What are the benefits and
More informationAtoms and Elements. Outline Atoms Orbitals and Energy Levels Periodic Properties Homework
Atoms and the Periodic Table The very hot early universe was a plasma with cationic nuclei separated from negatively charged electrons. Plasmas exist today where the energy of the particles is very high,
More informationBasic Nuclear Concepts
Section 7: In this section, we present a basic description of atomic nuclei, the stored energy contained within them, their occurrence and stability Basic Nuclear Concepts EARLY DISCOVERIES [see also Section
More informationUnit 1 Practice Test. Matching
Unit 1 Practice Test Matching Match each item with the correct statement below. a. proton d. electron b. nucleus e. neutron c. atom 1. the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of
More informationAmount of Substance. http://www.avogadro.co.uk/definitions/elemcompmix.htm
Page 1 of 14 Amount of Substance Key terms in this chapter are: Element Compound Mixture Atom Molecule Ion Relative Atomic Mass Avogadro constant Mole Isotope Relative Isotopic Mass Relative Molecular
More informationHOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WORK?
HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WORK? O n t a r i o P o w e r G e n e r a t i o n P U T T I N G O U R E N E R G Y T O U S G O O D E O N T A R I O P O W E R G E N E R A T I O N What a Nuclear Reactor Does
More informationLesson 6: Earth and the Moon
Lesson 6: Earth and the Moon Reading Assignment Chapter 7.1: Overall Structure of Planet Earth Chapter 7.3: Earth s Interior More Precisely 7-2: Radioactive Dating Chapter 7.5: Earth s Magnetosphere Chapter
More informationHomework #10 (749508)
Homework #10 (749508) Current Score: 0 out of 100 Description Homework on quantum physics and radioactivity Instructions Answer all the questions as best you can. 1. Hewitt10 32.E.001. [481697] 0/5 points
More informationThe content is based on the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) standards and is aligned with state standards.
Literacy Advantage Physical Science Physical Science Literacy Advantage offers a tightly focused curriculum designed to address fundamental concepts such as the nature and structure of matter, the characteristics
More informationNuclear Science Merit Badge Workbook
Merit Badge Workbook This workbook can help you but you still need to read the merit badge pamphlet. The work space provided for each requirement should be used by the Scout to make notes for discussing
More informationParticle Soup: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Name: Partner(s): Lab #7 Particle Soup: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Purpose The student explores how helium was made in the Big Bang. Introduction Very little helium is made in stars. Yet the universe is
More informationIndiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance.
.1.1 Measure the motion of objects to understand.1.1 Develop graphical, the relationships among distance, velocity and mathematical, and pictorial acceleration. Develop deeper understanding through representations
More informationChapter Five: Atomic Theory and Structure
Chapter Five: Atomic Theory and Structure Evolution of Atomic Theory The ancient Greek scientist Democritus is often credited with developing the idea of the atom Democritus proposed that matter was, on
More information8.7 Exponential Growth and Decay
Section 8.7 Exponential Growth and Decay 847 8.7 Exponential Growth and Decay Exponential Growth Models Recalling the investigations in Section 8.3, we started by developing a formula for discrete compound
More informationThe Physics of Energy sources Nuclear Reactor Practicalities
The Physics of Energy sources Nuclear Reactor Practicalities B. Maffei Bruno.maffei@manchester.ac.uk www.jb.man.ac.uk/~bm Nuclear Reactor 1 Commonalities between reactors All reactors will have the same
More informationEXPERIMENT 4 The Periodic Table - Atoms and Elements
EXPERIMENT 4 The Periodic Table - Atoms and Elements INTRODUCTION Primary substances, called elements, build all the materials around you. There are more than 109 different elements known today. The elements
More informationWhat Is Energy? Energy and Work: Working Together. 124 Chapter 5 Energy and Energy Resources
1 What You Will Learn Explain the relationship between energy and work. Compare kinetic and potential energy. Describe the different forms of energy. Vocabulary energy kinetic energy potential energy mechanical
More informationMASS DEFECT AND BINDING ENERGY
MASS DEFECT AND BINDING ENERGY The separate laws of Conservation of Mass and Conservation of Energy are not applied strictly on the nuclear level. It is possible to convert between mass and energy. Instead
More informationNuclear Structure. particle relative charge relative mass proton +1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass
Protons, neutrons and electrons Nuclear Structure particle relative charge relative mass proton 1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass Protons and neutrons make up
More informationAtomic structure. Resources and methods for learning about these subjects (list a few here, in preparation for your research):
Atomic structure This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/,
More information10 Nuclear Power Reactors Figure 10.1
10 Nuclear Power Reactors Figure 10.1 89 10.1 What is a Nuclear Power Station? The purpose of a power station is to generate electricity safely reliably and economically. Figure 10.1 is the schematic of
More informationAnswers to Review Questions for Atomic Theory Quiz #1
Answers to Review Questions for Atomic Theory Quiz #1 Multiple Choice Questions: 1. c 7. a 13. c 19. a 25. b 31. b 37. a 43. d 2. d 8. c 14. c 20. c 26. d 32. c 38. d 44. b 3. b 9. a 15. b 21. c 27. b
More informationThe Physics of Nuclear Weapons
The Physics of Nuclear Weapons While the technology behind nuclear weapons is of secondary importance to this seminar, some background is helpful when dealing with issues such as nuclear proliferation.
More informationIndustrial tracers - Finding leaks and blockages
Cancer Treatment Alpha radiation is used to treat various forms of cancer. This process, called unsealed source radiotherapy, involves inserting tiny amounts of radium-226 into cancerous organs. The alpha
More informationNuclear ZPE Tapping. Horace Heffner May 2007
ENERGY FROM UNCERTAINTY The uncertainty of momentum for a particle constrained by distance Δx is given, according to Heisenberg, by: Δmv = h/(2 π Δx) but since KE = (1/2) m v 2 = (1/(2 m) ) (Δmv) 2 ΔKE
More informationNoble Gases. Outline Nobel Gas Elements Radon and Health Chemistry Homework
Radon and Other Noble Gases The elements in the last column of the periodic table are all very stable, mono-atomic gases. Until 1962, they were called inert gases because they did not react with other
More informationAtomic Calculations. 2.1 Composition of the Atom. number of protons + number of neutrons = mass number
2.1 Composition of the Atom Atomic Calculations number of protons + number of neutrons = mass number number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons number of protons = number of electrons IF positive
More informationSTATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CHEM 150 - COLLEGE CHEMISTRY I
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CHEM 150 - COLLEGE CHEMISTRY I PREPARED BY: NICOLE HELDT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, HEALTH, AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
More informationAbout the course GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Recommended literature: Chemistry: science of the matter. Responsible for the course: Dr.
About the course GENERAL CHEMISTRY University of Pécs Medical School Academic year 2009-2010. Responsible for the course: Dr. Attila AGÓCS Optional course for 2 credit points. To have grade at the and
More informationChemical Building Blocks: Chapter 3: Elements and Periodic Table
Name: Class: Date: Chemical Building Blocks: Chapter 3: Elements and Periodic Table Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
More informationNuclear accidents and radioactive contamination of foods 30 March 2011
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Nuclear accidents and radioactive contamination of foods 30 March 2011 This document is intended to provide basic background information and not
More informationGCSE Additional Science Physics Contents Guide
GCSE Additional Science Contents Guide Copyright Boardworks Ltd 2007 Boardworks Ltd The Gallery 54 Marston Street Oxford OX4 1LF 08703 50 55 60 enquiries@boardworks.co.uk www.boardworks.co.uk 04-07 contains
More informationNuclear Fusion and Radiation
Nuclear Fusion and Radiation Lecture 8 (Meetings 19, 20, 21 & 22) Eugenio Schuster schuster@lehigh.edu Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Lehigh University Nuclear Fusion and Radiation p. 1/66 The discovery
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Test 2 f14 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Carbon cycles through the Earth system. During photosynthesis, carbon is a. released from wood
More informationLesson 43: Alpha, Beta, & Gamma Decay
Lesson 43: Alpha, Beta, & Gamma Decay The late 18s and early 19s were a period of intense research into the new nuclear realm of physics. In 1896 Henri Becquerel found that a sample of uranium he was doing
More informationA n = 2 to n = 1. B n = 3 to n = 1. C n = 4 to n = 2. D n = 5 to n = 2
North arolina Testing Program EO hemistry Sample Items Goal 4 1. onsider the spectrum for the hydrogen atom. In which situation will light be produced? 3. Which color of light would a hydrogen atom emit
More informationChem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry
Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Why? Chemists are concerned with mass relationships in chemical reactions, usually run on a macroscopic scale (grams, kilograms, etc.). To deal with
More informationPotassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating
Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating K-Ar Dating In 10,000 K atoms: 9326 39 K 673 41 K 1 40 K Potassium Decay Potassium Decay Potassium Decay Argon About 1% of atmosphere is argon Three stable isotopes of argon
More informationHow nuclear products keep us healthy and safe
How nuclear products keep us healthy and safe Millions of Ontarians benefit from electricity generated by Ontario Power Generation. Few people are aware that the company also brings benefits to people
More informationABSORPTION OF BETA AND GAMMA RADIATION
ABSORPTION OF BETA AND GAMMA RADIATION The purpose of this experiment is to understand the interaction of radiation and matter, and the application to radiation detection and shielding Apparatus: 137 Cs
More informationPHYA5/1. General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination June 2012. Unit 5 Nuclear and Thermal Physics Section A
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examinerʼs Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examinerʼs Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination June 2012 Question 1 2 Mark Physics
More informationFission fragments or daughters that have a substantial neutron absorption cross section and are not fissionable are called...
KNOWLEDGE: K1.01 [2.7/2.8] B558 Fission fragments or daughters that have a substantial neutron absorption cross section and are not fissionable are called... A. fissile materials. B. fission product poisons.
More information1.3 Radioactivity and the age of the solar system
1.3. RADIOACTIVITY AND THE AGE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 57 1.3 Radioactivity and the age of the solar system Most of you are familiar with the phenomenon of radioactive decay: Certain elements have isotopes
More information47374_04_p25-32.qxd 2/9/07 7:50 AM Page 25. 4 Atoms and Elements
47374_04_p25-32.qxd 2/9/07 7:50 AM Page 25 4 Atoms and Elements 4.1 a. Cu b. Si c. K d. N e. Fe f. Ba g. Pb h. Sr 4.2 a. O b. Li c. S d. Al e. H f. Ne g. Sn h. Au 4.3 a. carbon b. chlorine c. iodine d.
More informationThe Sun and Solar Energy
I The Sun and Solar Energy One of the most important forces behind global change on Earth is over 90 million miles distant from the planet. The Sun is the ultimate, original source of the energy that drives
More informationChapter 16. 16.1 The Nucleus and Radioactivity. 16.2 Uses of Radioactive Substances. 16.3 Nuclear Energy
Chapter 16 Nuclear Chemistry tan is going to visit his son Fred at the radiology department of a local research hospital, where Fred has been recording the brain activity of kids with learning differences
More informationAZ State Standards. Concept 3: Conservation of Energy and Increase in Disorder Understand ways that energy is conserved, stored, and transferred.
Forms of Energy AZ State Standards Concept 3: Conservation of Energy and Increase in Disorder Understand ways that energy is conserved, stored, and transferred. PO 1. Describe the following ways in which
More informationThe Mole. 6.022 x 10 23
The Mole 6.022 x 10 23 Background: atomic masses Look at the atomic masses on the periodic table. What do these represent? E.g. the atomic mass of Carbon is 12.01 (atomic # is 6) We know there are 6 protons
More informationAtomic Theory: History of the Atom
Atomic Theory: History of the Atom Atomic Theory: experimental observations that led scientists to postulate the existence of the atom (smallest bit of an element). 1. Law of Conservation of Mass -During
More informationEPA Radionuclides Rule and the RadNet Program
EPA Radionuclides Rule and the RadNet Program Kelly Moran (215) 814-2331 moran.kelly@epa.gov 7/20/2011 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1 What is a radionuclide (radioisotope)? element - any one of
More informationInstructors Guide: Atoms and Their Isotopes
Instructors Guide: Atoms and Their Isotopes Standards Connections Connections to NSTA Standards for Science Teacher Preparation C.3.a.1 Fundamental structures of atoms and molecules. C.3.b.27 Applications
More informationReview for Atomic Theory Quiz #1
Review for Atomic Theory Quiz #1 Practice Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which of the following is/are quantitative physical property(s) of matter? a) mass c) density b) volume d) all of the above 2. Which
More informationHistory of the Atom & Atomic Theory
Chapter 5 History of the Atom & Atomic Theory You re invited to a Thinking Inside the Box Conference Each group should nominate a: o Leader o Writer o Presenter You have 5 minutes to come up with observations
More informationThe Birth of the Universe Newcomer Academy High School Visualization One
The Birth of the Universe Newcomer Academy High School Visualization One Chapter Topic Key Points of Discussion Notes & Vocabulary 1 Birth of The Big Bang Theory Activity 4A the How and when did the universe
More informationReview 1. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Review 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei a. the nuclei die. c. particles collide. b. energy
More informationChapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Name Period This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you
More information( + and - ) ( - and - ) ( + and + ) Atoms are mostly empty space. = the # of protons in the nucleus. = the # of protons in the nucleus
Atoms are mostly empty space Atomic Structure Two regions of every atom: Nucleus - is made of protons and neutrons - is small and dense Electron cloud -is a region where you might find an electron -is
More information2014 Spring CHEM101 Ch1-2 Review Worksheet Modified by Dr. Cheng-Yu Lai,
Ch1 1) Which of the following underlined items is not an intensive property? A) A chemical reaction requires 3.00 g of oxygen. B) The density of helium at 25 C is 1.64 10-4 g/cm3. C) The melting point
More information3 Atomic Structure 15
3 Atomic Structure 15 3.1 Atoms You need to be familiar with the terms in italics The diameter of the nucleus is approximately 10-15 m and an atom 10-10 m. All matter consists of atoms. An atom can be
More informationAtomic and Nuclear Physics Laboratory (Physics 4780)
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Week of September 27, 2010 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Laboratory (Physics 4780) The University of Toledo Instructor: Randy Ellingson Gamma Ray Production: Co 60 60 60 27Co28Ni *
More informationThe Universe Inside of You: Where do the atoms in your body come from?
The Universe Inside of You: Where do the atoms in your body come from? Matthew Mumpower University of Notre Dame Thursday June 27th 2013 Nucleosynthesis nu cle o syn the sis The formation of new atomic
More informationREADING COMPREHENSION I SIR ISAAC NEWTON
READING COMPREHENSION I SIR ISAAC NEWTON Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was an English scientist who made great contributions to physics, optics, maths and astronomy. He is known for his Three Laws of Motion
More informationKE A = PE MAX 1/2M v 2 = k q1 q2 /R
CHAPTER 13 NUCLEAR STRUCTURE NUCLEAR FORCE The nucleus is help firmly together by the nuclear or strong force, We can estimate the nuclear force by observing that protons residing about 1fm = 10-15m apart
More informationNuclear Waste A Guide to Understanding Where We've Been and Where We're Going
Nuclear Waste A Guide to Understanding Where We've Been and Where We're Going National Conference of State Legislatures The presentation was created by the National Conference of State Legislatures and
More informationChapter 18: The Structure of the Atom
Chapter 18: The Structure of the Atom 1. For most elements, an atom has A. no neutrons in the nucleus. B. more protons than electrons. C. less neutrons than electrons. D. just as many electrons as protons.
More information