Animated Atlas: The Early Colonies

Transcription

1 Teacher s Guide Content Objectives Activities Animated Atlas: The Early Colonies HAVTX SVE & CHURCHILL MEDIA

2 Animated Atlas: The Early Colonies INTRODUCTION...3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES...4 INTENDED AUDIENCE...4 PRESENTING THE PROGRAM...4 TARGET VOCABULARY...6 DISCUSSION STARTERS...7 REVIEW QUESTIONS...7 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS...9 TRANSCRIPT...11 GLOSSARY Intended for Intermediate and Junior High Students 2003 Peter Mays Productions 6677 North Northwest Highway Chicago, IL fax: fax:

3 Introduction... Animated Atlas: The Early Colonies covers the period in American history of the first English colonies, from 1585 to The exploration of Roanoke, Jamestown in Virginia, the Puritans in New England, the Dutch in New Netherlands, New Sweden, and Maryland and later Virginia gives students a better grasp of the places, people, and events that first began to shape America. This history is illustrated with geography, and the emphasis is on exploration. By presenting the material with geographic images, augmented by archival material, it is possible to visualize the most exciting aspect of these early colonies, which is how they began the initial exploration and settlement of an unknown wilderness. By covering only the early colonies to 1660, the story has a historical unity lacking in presentations that attempt to cover all thirteen. This story, along with the illustration of geographic features, will give students a solid sense of these first colonies a reference within which to base all thirteen. 3

4 Learning Objectives... After completing the program and participating in discussion and activities, students will be able to: Point out the major geographic features along the Atlantic Coast that played key roles in the settlement of early America; Grasp the overall religious and political conflicts in England, from Elizabeth I to the Puritan revolution, and relate these to the motivations for colonizing America; Understand the different natures of the early colonies in New England, Virginia and Maryland, and New Netherland; and Discuss the early development of each of these colonies and gain a sense of how this prompted themes that continued in the later growth of the nation. Intended Audience... This program is intended for intermediate (grades 4 through 6) and junior high (grades 7 through 9) students and may be used as review in higher grades. Presenting the Program... You may wish to follow this procedure in presenting the program. 1. Preview the program and familiarize yourself with this teacher s guide and its reproducible masters. Pay special attention to the transcript; it provides you with the exact content of the program. Review the learning objectives, discussion starters, and review questions. 2. Next, introduce students to the program, using the discussion starters to relate the upcoming information to their prior 4

5 knowledge. 3. Have students complete the program in its entirety the first time. 4. Check for understanding by discussing and reviewing the program s content and concepts, using the review questions in this teacher s guide as an outline. 5. If time permits, allow students to complete the program a second time, pausing for discussion at points of interest. Note that each colony can be viewed separately to facilitate your teaching schedule. 6. Assign the enclosed reproducible master(s) for guided and independent practice. Students may complete the activities alone, with a partner, or in a cooperative learning group. Choose the activities appropriate to your objectives and your students levels of understanding. Be creative and integrate some activities of your own design that are based on the program s concepts. 5

6 Target Vocabulary... Algonquian Indians Anglican Church Appalachian Mountains Boston Charles I charter colony commission commonwealth covenant Cromwell, Oliver deplete dissenter dominant Elizabeth I emigrate feudal haven Henry VIII House of Burgesses House of Commons House of Lords Hudson, Henry indentured servant inlet Iroquois Confederacy James I Jamestown Netherlands Newfoundland New York New Spain Orient parliament patent patroon piedmont pilgrim plantation Pocahontas proprietary Protestant Puritans Quebec rapids Raleigh, Walter Reformation Restoration Rolfe, John Roman Catholic Church remnants Santa Fe shoal Smith, John Spanish Armada tidewater tobacco tolerance West Indies Williams, Roger Winthrop, John 6

7 Discussion Starters... Prepare your students for the program by completing the exercises and answering the following questions. Briefly discuss and point out on the map the conquests of Spain in the New World. What did Spain use her colonies for? What was the relationship between Spain and Britain? Why were they and other European nations like France and the Netherlands rivals? Why did Europeans want colonies? In reviewing the map of North America, you might point out that Spanish treasure ships passed through the Caribbean. In the 17th and 18th centuries, these ships would be attacked by pirates of the Caribbean, where the multitude of islands could hide them. The immense wealth being acquired by Spain should be emphasized as a motive to colonize the New World. Have students locate Europe, particularly Britain, and the approximate area of the early American colonies on a map. Point out the complexity of the Atlantic Coast in terms of geographic features like inlets and bays. Compare this to the relative simplicity of the Pacific Coast. Point out the varying size of the original thirteen states, from Rhode Island to Virginia. Remind students that these states were the thirteen colonies, which grew spontaneously, whereas the later states were designed by Congress after the nation was begun, which explains why the original thirteen are more irregular. Review Questions... Use these questions and discussion topics to review the program material. 1. Why did France establish a presence in North America? [Initially for fishing in the Great Banks, she turned to trading for furs with the 7

8 Indians.] 2. Why did England begin colonizing the New World? [Inspired by the success of Spain, England wanted to share in the wealth.] 3. How did European explorers and settlers transport themselves to America? [In sailing ships across the Atlantic Ocean, in a voyage that took a month or longer, and during which at least 10% of the passengers died.] 4. Roanoke Island is part of what current state? [North Carolina.] 5. What organizations supported the colonization of Virginia? [King James I chartered two companies to colonize Virginia: the Virginia Company of London in the south and the Virginia Company of Plymouth in the north.] 6. What commercial discovery allowed Jamestown to survive economically? [The cultivation of tobacco in plantations was exported to England for profit.] 7. What was the relationship between the Jamestown settlers and the local native Americans? [Occasional wars interspersed with alliance.] 8. What three cities were founded in North America by 1610? What nations founded them? [Jamestown England (1607), Quebec France (1608), Santa Fe Spain (1609).] 9. Why did the Pilgrims come to the New World? [To escape from the repression of their religion in England.] 10. Why did the Pilgrims form the Mayflower Compact? [By accident, they landed outside their original charter, and therefore they drew up a new one to govern the new colony.] 11. Did the Puritans believe in freedom of religion? [No. They insisted on absolute obedience to one faith.] 8

9 12. What is the difference between the Anglicans and the Puritans in church government? [The Anglicans accepted the rule of bishops, archbishops, and the monarchy over their church. The Puritans accepted only their own rule as congregations.] 13. Why did Roger Williams found Rhode Island? [As a refuge, initially for himself and his family, from the Massachusetts Bay Puritans, and for all religions and creeds. Additionally, to have better relations with the Indians.] 14. Why did the Dutch back Henry Hudson s explorations in North America? [To find a northwest passage to the orient.] 15. What was the initial commercial effort of the Dutch in America? [Trading for furs through Indians of the Iroquois Confederacy.] 16. Why was New Netherland not successful? [Too feudal.] 17. Why did wealthy families settle in Virginia? [Anglican royalists escaping Puritan domination after the English Civil War.] 18. What were the three types of English colonies? [Chartered, proprietary, and crown.] 19. What five nations had colonies in North America? [Spain, France, England, Netherlands, Sweden.] Discussion Questions What historical developments in this period of the early colonies led to the section of the 1st Amendment, which states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..." [The Puritans who settled in New England were almost completely motivated by the need to find a land where they could practice the religion they believed in. Though they 9

10 allowed no other belief or nonbelief, others like Roger Williams expanded this to a more complete religious freedom and separation of church and state. Many who settled in Virginia were on the opposite side of the religious conflicts in England. Therefore, as the colonies matured, the theme of religious freedom in the New World became a widely accepted belief. The brutal religious wars in Europe just before and during this period occurred because the different nations took different religious sides. A government or leader can gain instantaneous allegiance and support from the people by citing religious beliefs and differences. By separating religion and government, it means not only that the individual has religious freedom, but also that government leaders cannot call on religion in attempting to sway the people to go to war or something else that hurts others.] 2. What historical developments in the early colonies led to the development of democracy in this country? [Parliament in the mother country was replicated in the colonies, in the House of Burgesses in Virginia, and inassemblies in New England. New England also had actual democracy in the town meetings. The conflict between Parliament and the Crown in England kept the mother country busy and allowed the colonies at a very early stage to establish a certain independence that could not easily be taken away. This is quite different from the Spanish and French colonies, which had mother countries that did not have parliaments or civil wars, but were consistently authoritarian. The Netherlands was in fact a republic (the United Provinces), but a new one with immediate authoritarian predecessors.] 3. What effect did the geographic separation of the early colonies from the mother country by the Atlantic Ocean have on the development of the colonies? [Increased potential for independence economically and politically.] 10

11 Transcript... INTRODUCTION: SPAIN AND FRANCE (00:50-02:25) The United States is part of the North American continent. It began as a nation of thirteen states on the Atlantic coast. Each of these states had been a colony of England or another European nation, in a Europe that was undergoing tremendous religious and political upheaval. This program will cover the early colonies, until 1660, and show how the imprint of that period on those colonies set the course and character of this nation, and the ideals to which it aspires. Let us go back four hundred years in the history of North America, to At this time, Spain held Middle America and much of South America as colonies. Huge deposits of silver were mined using Indians and African slaves. The treasure was transported to the mother country, Spain, in ships of the Spanish Main. In 1609, Spain established Santa Fe in what is today s New Mexico, as a northern outpost of her New World empire. France developed her own interests in the natural resources of North America. Initially interested in fishing in the Great Banks off Newfoundland, towards the end of the 1500s France turned to trade with the Indians for furs, contacting them along the St. Lawrence River. In 1608, Quebec was founded at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. ENGLAND AND ROANOKE (02:26-04:07) During the 1500s, the dominant country in the British Isles, England, emerged from the feudal period. A succession of kings, culminating in King Henry VIII, created the modern British nation. 11

12 During the rule of Henry's daughter, Elizabeth I, England challenged Spain as a world power. Sir Walter Raleigh was Elizabeth's favorite. She backed his proposal to found an English colony in America. He named this new land Virginia, in honor of his Queen, who never married and was presumed a virgin. Raleigh sent several expeditions to the New World. Each stopped and took on supplies at the Canary Islands off Africa and then proceeded west across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies, the same route followed by Columbus. Then, they proceeded north along the coast of Florida, finally stopping in what is today's North Carolina. Moving along the sandy shoals of this coastline, they found an opening and sailed to Roanoke Island, where they founded a small colony. This region had a dense Native American population. In 1588, England was threatened by the Spanish Armada. For two years, no one could help the tiny outpost in Virginia. In 1590, when a final expedition returned to Roanoke, no Europeans remained. The word CROATOAN was found carved on a tree, referring to an island to the south. To this day, no one has discovered what became of this lost colony. JAMESTOWN (04:08-07:30) King James I succeeded Elizabeth in He chartered two companies, one in London and one in Plymouth, to colonize Virginia. The London Company was allowed to establish colonies in the south, and the Plymouth Company in the north, with a broad overlap between the two. In 1606, the London Company recruited 144 settlers, both rich and poor, who set off in three ships for the New World. They sailed north past Roanoke Island, stopping at Chesapeake Bay in They entered the bay, slowly moved up what they named the James River, and founded the colony of Jamestown, named for their King. 12

13 Thus began the oldest continuous English settlement within the future United States, located in the lower half of Chesapeake Bay. The states of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware would later cover this area. The Chesapeake Bay is one of the most important geographic features of America. It is located at the midpoint of the Atlantic Coast. The English settlers built the James Fort as a secure place to live. Their early history was miserable. Within six months, half of them died from starvation and malaria, which was spread by mosquitoes from the nearby swamp lands. An able soldier among them, John Smith, took control, working the men and bargaining with the local Algonquian Indians. As a result, the colony survived. The most important village was Kecoughtan. To improve relations with the Indians, a settler named John Rolfe married Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief of that village. Later, on a visit to England, she died of smallpox at the age of 22. Rolfe also discovered that tobacco from the West Indies was an ideal crop for Virginia. Increasing amounts of this cash crop were sold to England, establishing the colony as a commercial enterprise. The London Company supported the colony by giving grants of land to wealthy Englishmen, who would transport at least 250 workers to Virginia. Thus, new plantations grew up along the rivers and coasts, each with its own access to the sea. Many of these workers were indentured servants who became free to obtain their own land after five to seven years of labor. In 1619, the Virginia colony elected the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses. Despite this growth, an Indian massacre in 1622 killed one third of the settlers. Due to this disaster, the English Crown dissolved the London Company, and the King ruled Virginia directly as a crown colony, though the House of Burgesses was retained. 13

14 PILGRIMS AND PURITANS (07:31-15:20) Commercial interests like those that founded Virginia were not the only motive to colonize America. Religion provided a far more compelling motive for many people. During this period, a great storm was raging over Europe, leaving as many dead as the plague. This was the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church, ruled by the Pope in Rome, and new Protestant churches in northern Europe. This period is called the Reformation. Different European nations took different sides, and horrible wars and persecutions were committed in the name of Christ. England had its own version of the Reformation under King Henry VIII. In order to divorce his first wife and marry Ann Boleyn, a lady of the court, Henry VIII separated England from the Catholic Church, which did not allow divorce. He created the Church of England, or Anglican Church, which allowed divorce and had the King, not the Pope, as its head. The English Parliament confirmed this union of church and state with a series of laws repressing the Catholic faith. Under Elizabeth and James, the Anglican Church, or Church of England, sprouted competition, the Puritans, who wished to purify the Anglican Church of its Catholic remnants. The royal government repressed the Puritans. Some of these Puritans sought refuge in the Netherlands, or Holland, a protestant country, but they never felt at home there. Through a connection with the Virginia Company of London, they obtained a patent to form a plantation in America, and in 1620 they sailed to the New World in the Mayflower. The Pilgrims initially intended to land in northern Virginia and serve out their term of indentured service. As the Mayflower approached Nantucket, off today s Massachusetts, a terrible storm came up and threw it off course. The Pilgrims were forced to head north, following the coast until they rounded the tip of Cape Cod and 14

15 found a protected inlet. Here they anchored and deliberated. Since they were outside Virginia their patent was useless. They therefore drew up their own law, the Mayflower Compact, which would govern the new colony. Discovering that Cape Cod was too barren to support human life, the Pilgrims sailed west to Plymouth Bay. Here they landed and made their first settlement in the New World. The Pilgrims barely made it through their first winter, but with the coming of spring and the help of local Indians, who had villages nearby, they survived. In October of 1621, they held their first Thanksgiving, inviting the Indians to join them and thanking God for their new life. The Pilgrims were a covenanted society, of one religion and faith, with only members of the Church having the power to vote. Within a few years, they had established trading posts to the south and north. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing in the mother country. James son, King Charles I, persecuted the Puritans and other dissenters with increasing force. In the 1630s, as the disaster of civil war loomed up, thousands of Puritans fled to the New World. Twenty thousand settled in New England and Virginia, while thirty thousand sailed to the sugar plantations of the Caribbean islands. The Puritans headed for New England had a charter to found a new colony in Massachusetts Bay, which was north of Plymouth Bay. A protected recess of this bay had a nearly formed island which made a perfect harbor. Here the city of Boston was founded in By 1634, small towns had been established around Boston, all laid out according to the same plan. Salem had been established somewhat earlier. The Puritans wanted to set an example in the wilderness of a life following the New Testament, a "city upon a hill" for all the world to see. They were driven by powerful ideals, but at the same time they were intensely practical. They became independent of England by transferring their charter to America. Thus, they elected their own governors, usually John Winthrop, who was their leader in this 15

16 period. They established a legislature of two houses or assemblies, which became the standard for all the American colonies. In this early period, both Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay people established small settlements and trading posts along the north coast of New Hampshire and Maine. New Hampshire and Maine were proprietary colonies, which means they were granted by the King to individuals as private property. An important geographic feature of New England is the Connecticut River. The valley of the Connecticut River proved to have excellent ground for new settlements. In 1635, Boston Puritans founded Hartford on the Connecticut River. Two years later, a company of London Puritans chose New Haven on the coast as a trading city to rival Boston. Since these settlements were outside the lower boundary line established by the charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Hartford and New Haven formed separate governments and formed a base for the later colony of Connecticut. The Puritans demanded absolute religious agreement. Dissenters were sent back to England. In this early period, the first great American dissenter appeared in the form of Roger Williams, who took the position that religious belief was an individual s choice. He insisted on the complete separation of church and state. Winthrop, in a period when he was not governor, warned Williams that he was about to be arrested for his unconventional beliefs. Winthrop advised Williams to escape into the wilderness, recommending Narragansett Bay, which was outside any charter. Roger Williams and his family took off through the forest towards the head waters of that bay. Here, he was protected by the Narragansett Indians. Here, he established the colony of Rhode Island, at a site he named Providence for his god. Rhode Island became a haven for freedom of worship and friendly relations with the Indians. The conflicts in the mother country built up to a civil war in The House of Commons, dominated by the Puritans and led by Oliver Cromwell, fought the Royalists, who were Anglicans led by 16

17 the King. In 1649, the House of Commons won, abolished the House of Lords, had King Charles beheaded, and declared England to be a commonwealth. As a result of this improved position in England, the Puritans ceased immigrating to the New World. The New England Puritans were on their own. By 1650, most of the coast was populated. NEW NETHERLAND (15:21-19:26) The Netherlands, or Holland, or the Dutch, faced England across the English Channel. Despite its small size, the Netherlands emerged as a rival world power to England in the 1600s. In 1609, the Dutch East India Company commissioned Henry Hudson, an English explorer, to search the New World for a north west passage to the Orient. Let us journey past Cape Cod and along the New England Coast, past Long Island. We arrive at what will become the most important harbor in the world, that of New York City. We continue past the isle of Manhattan, following the route of Hudson up the broad river, which will later bear his name. Hudson gave up when he reached the first rapids on the river. He had discovered not a route to the East, but the greatest fur-bearing region in North America south of the St. Lawrence. In 1624, the Dutch founded a trading post for furs at Fort Orange. This would later become Albany, the capital of the state of New York. Furs were a popular export to Europe, where the forests had been depleted. The five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy were the primary source of furs. Other Indian tribes allied themselves with the French along the St. Lawrence, leading to extensive tribal warfare and future wars between the French and English colonists. Let us proceed down the Hudson to where it flows into the sea. This area has a perfect harbor, protected by Staten Island and Long Island, 17

18 with the broad expanse of the Hudson going into the interior. In 1626, the Dutch purchased the isle of Manhattan from the Indians for trinkets worth twenty-four dollars. They established New Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan. This would later become the financial district of New York City. Small towns with Dutch names were soon established, including New Harlem, Hoboken, Hackensack, Yonkers, Bronck, Flushing, and Breuckelen. The Dutch granted feudal domains along the Hudson River to patroons, who would transport at least fifty workers to the colony. By 1650, when the Puritans had settled the coasts of New England, the Dutch had settled the area from New Amsterdam to Fort Orange with large farms. They were not successful, and the near feudal structure of New Netherland kept it from growing at anything like the rate of the English colonies. In 1623, the Dutch established a small trading post on the Delaware River, in what is now the state of New Jersey. In 1638, Sweden established a trading post near the mouth of the river, which soon grew into a small colony. The Swedes introduced the log cabin to America, which was so well suited to pioneer housing that it spread all over the frontier. In 1655, the Dutch took over this settlement of about three hundred people. FINAL VIRGINIA (19:27-20:42) We left Virginia in Virginia grew steadily under King Charles I. In 1632, he granted the area north of the Potomac River to his friend, Lord Baltimore, who was a Roman Catholic. This proprietary colony was named Maryland after Lord Baltimore s wife, and it became a haven for English Catholics who were persecuted even more than the Puritans in England. By 1660, the tidewater region of Chesapeake Bay was largely settled 18

19 with tobacco farms and plantations. With the English Civil War and Puritan rule thereafter, it was the turn of the Anglican Royalists to escape to the New World. Many young nobles emigrated [from England] to Virginia and founded upper-class families like the Washingtons, the Randolphs, the Madisons, and the Lees. However, most Virginians were small farmers. They sought land further and further west, in the piedmont region at the base of the Appalachian Mountains. By 1700, they reached the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Shenandoah Valley. CONCLUSION (20:43-22:00) We have reached the end of this chapter in American history. We have traced the early development of New England, New Netherland, and Virginia and Maryland, as well as mentioning New France. The English colonies were fortunate in being able to obtain a certain independence, politically and economically, during the English Civil War and its Puritan aftermath. This concluded a century later with separation from the mother country in Trade between the colonies was beginning. Ships built and manned by New Englanders transported tobacco raised in Virginia and Maryland to England, and returned with manufactured goods. More important than commerce, a tradition of religious and political freedom had begun. Religious tolerance is the root of the tree of liberty on which would grow other civil rights. Given the terrible European history of intertwining government and religion, it should come as no surprise that the very first clause of the Bill of Rights states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof... 19

20 Glossary... Algonquian Indians One of the first tribes with whom the French made an alliance, they were driven from the St. Lawrence River area by the Iroquois. Their name was extended to the language group of tribes covering eastern Canada and the US Atlantic Coast. Anglican Church The Church of England, which broke with Rome in 1534, was Protestant in doctrine but rooted in Catholic hierarchy and ceremony. The 26 senior bishops sit in the House of Lords and are led by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Anglican Church remains the established state religion of England. The American branch is called the Episcopal Church, or Episcopalians. Appalachian Mountains Mountain system in North America running inland parallel to the Atlantic Coast from the state of Alabama north to Maine. Baltimore, Lord George Calvert ( ) was granted proprietorship of what became Maryland by Charles I of England in Lord Baltimore, who was a Roman Catholic, died before the charter was signed. The charter rights passed to George s son Celilius, who founded the colony in 1632, partly as a haven for persecuted English Catholics. Boston Founded in 1630 as the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, this city is today the capital of Massachusetts and the leading city of New England. Charles I ( ) Son of James I, Charles ruled as king of England Charles was more autocratic than his father, dissolving the Puritan dominated parliaments of 1625, 1626, and 1629, and then ruling without one until During this period, he established the Star Chamber for secret trials of his enemies. The Long Parliament of 1640 sought to curtail his powers; a conflict between the House of Commons and the King precipitated the Civil War in Charles was defeated and captured in 1647 and 20

21 beheaded in His sons Charles II and James II returned England to royal rule in the Restoration of charter A grant or guarantee of right, franchises, or privileges to a colony or group of people from the sovereign power of a state or country. colony An overseas possession or territory ruled by its mother country. commission A formal written contract granting the power to perform various acts or duties. commonwealth A nation or state in which supreme authority is held by the people. Cromwell, Oliver ( ) Lord protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland Cromwell was a member of Parliament in the early English Civil War and emerged quickly as the military leader of the parliamentary forces. In 1649, he subdued Ireland with appalling massacres. He became a dictator during the Puritan rule (with John Milton as his apologist), with England finally divided into military districts. His death allowed the restoration of royal rule under Charles II, son of the beheaded king, in deplete To reduce in quantity, power, or value. dissenter One who dissents or differs in opinion. dominant Commanding, controlling, or prevailing over others. Elizabeth I ( ) Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth ruled as queen of England , the last of the Tudor monarchs. Her initial task was to reestablish royal supremacy over the English Church after the reign of her Catholic sister Mary I ( ). Known as the "Virgin Queen," she 21

22 nonetheless had numerous suitors, including Sir Walter Raleigh, who won her backing for a colony in the New World. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 established England as a world power and ushered in the "Elizabethan Age" of prosperity and cultural achievement. William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and Francis Bacon were active in this period. Elizabeth had her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, executed as a possible heir, but she allowed for the succession of Mary s son, James, after her death, which established the peaceful union of England and Scotland. emigrate To leave one s place of abode or country for life or residence elsewhere. feudal Having the characteristic of a medieval fee, lords, vassals and serfs, as in Europe from the 9th to the 15th centuries. haven A place of refuge or safety. Henry VIII ( ) Son of Henry VII, he reigned and was one of the most powerful and formative rulers in England s history. He established the Anglican Church with the king as its head. He replaced feudal authority with a central government. He inaugurated the British navy. In search of a male heir, he married six times: to Catherine of Aragon (mother of Mary I), whom he divorced for Anne Boleyn (mother of Elizabeth I), whom he beheaded; Jane Seymour (mother of Edward VI, dying in childbirth), Anne of Cleves (divorced), Catherine Howard (beheaded), and Catherine Parr, who survived him. House of Burgesses The first representative assembly of colonial America, it was established in Virginia in 1619 with two delegates from each of eleven plantations. In the years leading up to the Revolutionary War, the House of Burgesses became a hotbed of revolutionary sentiment, with such notables as Patrick Henry, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson in attendance. Its deliberations and traditions in this period are described by Thomas Jefferson in his autobiography. 22

23 House of Commons Lower house of the British Parliament. This body has slowly come to represent the mass of the British people as the feudal period evolved into the modern period, and power in Britain was slowly wrested from the monarchy and installed in this representative body. House of Lords Upper house of the British Parliament. All peers or lords of the realm are members, as well as 26 bishops of the Church of England. This body has slowly lost power, along with the monarchy, but it can still delay passage of a Commons bill for up to a year. Hudson, Henry (died in 1611) English navigator and explorer. In , Hudson searched for a northeast passage to China in the Arctic Ocean above Russia. In 1609, with Dutch backing, he searched for a northwest passage to China in the New World. During this process, he discovered the Hudson River in today s New York. In 1910, with English backing, he entered Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay in today s Canada, establishing an English claim to this area. After a bitter winter, he was set adrift with his son by a mutinous crew and left to die. indentured servant People, usually poor or prisoners, who agree to provide free labor in order to repay debts. In the period covered, it was common for poor people to repay the cost of their voyage to America by serving five to seven years as a laborer before starting an independent life. inlet A bay or recess in the shore of a sea or lake. Iroquois Confederacy This was a political union of five Indian tribes west of the Great Lakes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Senecca, formed in the 16th century. Hunters and farmers, they were peaceful together but fearsome to others. In the 1600s, they were supplied with firearms by the Dutch and became supreme in New England. Most of them sided with the British in 23

24 the Revolutionary War and were consequently devastated by the Americans. By 1800, they had lost most of their territory, often through treaty violations and land fraud. James I ( ) Son of Mary Queen of Scots and King of Scotland as James VI from 1567, he succeeded Elizabeth I as the ruler of England , thus establishing the Stuart line. He sought autocratic control over Parliament, which alienated many people. He backed colonization in America (Jamestown is named after him), and he commissioned the Authorized Version of the Bible (King James Version, 1611). He was succeeded by his son, Charles I. Jamestown Founded in 1607 as the James Fort on a small peninsula on the James River. The House of Burgesses first met there in It was the capital of Virginia until 1699, when the capital was moved to Williamsburg, to the northwest. The ruins of the original fort were rediscovered in Netherlands Under Spanish rule in the 16th century, seven provinces in the north broke away from Spain and formed the Union of Utrecht in 1579; in 1681, it was declared the Netherlands, or United Provinces. The 17th century saw the golden age of the Netherlands, made prosperous by overseas trading and colonies. A Protestant country, it was famed for its religious tolerance and cultural life, but in the 18th century it was outrivalled by England and France. Newfoundland A large island on the Atlantic Coast of Canada, it was a haven for fishermen working the Great Banks. England claimed it in 1583, and it joined the Dominion of Canada in New York Name of the state and city, taken when the English took over New Netherland in Over the next hundred years, the city developed rapidly as a prosperous trade center, and by 1790 it was the largest city in the US. Today, it is divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island; the larger metropolitan area covers New Jersey and Connecticut, as well 24

25 as New York and western Long Island. New Spain New Spain was a viceroyalty of Spain s New World empire. It included part of the American southwest, all of today s Mexico, Central America except Panama, the Caribbean Islands, and the part of the Spanish Main on the coast of South America, which is now Venezuela. The other viceroyalty at this time was Peru, which covered South America outside Brazil. These two viceroyalties existed for almost 300 years, from the early 1500s to the Wars of Independence in Orient The far east of Asia, particularly China. parliament A body of elected representatives responsible for writing a country s laws and controlling its finances. A country ruled by a parliament is a republic. The mother of all parliaments is the British Parliament. patent An official document conferring a right or privilege. patroon The proprietor of a manorial estate in New York granted under Dutch rule but sometimes lasting until the mid-19th century. piedmont Land lying or formed at the base of mountains. pilgrim A person who makes a pilgrimage or religious journey. plantation A large farm where laborers live on its grounds. Pocahontas ( ) Daughter of the Indian Chief Powhatan, she befriended the settlers of Jamestown. In 1614, she was christened, married John Rolfe, and went to England, where she died of smallpox. proprietary Privately owned and managed. Protestant A Christian denying the universal authority of the Pope 25

26 and affirming the Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the primacy of the Bible as the only source of revealed truth. Puritans The Puritans were English Protestants who wanted a simple form of worship based on Scripture, a devout personal and family life, and the abolition of church hierarchy. They stressed selfdiscipline, work, and the Christianizing of all spheres of life. Most were Calvinists, believing in original sin, predestination, and salvation through grace. Initially showing up in the 1560s seeking to "purify" the Anglican Church of irreligious vestments and images, they later came to oppose the authority of the bishops and of the monarchy. They were systematically repressed under James I and more so under Charles I, causing many to emigrate in search of a better life in America. The English Civil War of led to a brief Puritan domination of England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but it was weakened by internal strife. After the Restoration of 1660, most Puritans left the Church and became Nonconformists. They would later be Baptists, Brethren, Congregationalists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Quakers. In the New World, the Puritans were able to construct a completely pure society, uncorrupted by the conflicts of Europe. They constructed a theocracy founded on essentially anti-democratic principles, which demanded literal Biblical prototypes for all its institutions and activities in order to be an earthly expression of the will of God. They were very strict; even Christmas was seen as pagan. But by the 1660s, a growing secularism was gradually weakening their society, and the excesses of the Salem witchcraft trials of the 1690s further hurt their cause. The Puritans have had a continuing and powerful effect on the United States. Their town meetings were the first example of grass-roots democracy in America. They were remarkably advanced in some realms, enacting divorce laws more liberal than the English ones and legislation promoting certain individual rights. Through their strong support of education (Harvard was founded in 1636), 26

27 they transmitted to future generations their rationalism and other humanist traditions. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts began the Revolutionary War, and in the 19th century the abolition movement against slavery was centered in New England. Thoreau, Emerson, and Hawthorne are some of the intellectual descendants of the Puritans. Quebec Founded in 1608 by Champlain at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, Quebec is Canada s oldest city. Its defensive position on a high cliff made it the key fort protecting France s New World presence, and its capture by the British in 1759 effectively ended the French and Indian War in Britain s favor. Quebec has remained essentially French in an English-speaking Canada. rapids A part of a river where the current is fast and the surface broken by obstructions, such as rocks. Raleigh, Walter ( ) English explorer and poet, a favorite of Queen Elizabeth I. He named Virginia for his Queen and organized the attempts to colonize Roanoke Island with her backing. In 1587, he lost Elizabeth s favor but continued to have numerous adventures, finally spending much of his time in the Tower of London, where he wrote the first volume of his "History of the World." He was executed by James I in 1618 for treason. Reformation The Reformation was a religious revolution in the 16th century that divided western Christendom into two camps, the Catholic and the Protestant. There were many causes, but the igniting spark was Martin Luther, who nailed 95 Theses on the church door at Wittenberg in 1517, protesting the sale of indulgences. A generation later, John Calvin of Switzerland established the most severe doctrines of the Protestant movement, e.g., predestination. Germany became divided; after much conflict, France and Mediterranean Europe remained Catholic; but the Netherlands and Scandinavia went Protestant. England's shift under Henry VIII was more political; his ideal was "the papacy without the pope," which produced the Anglican 27

28 church with its later offshoot of the Puritans. The Presbyterian version, indebted to Calvin through John Knox, was centered in Scotland. Much of the Reformation involved not religious doctrine but church government, and democratic reform here became a precedent for democratic reform in secular government. In general, the individual s role became greater in the Protestant religion; perhaps the key was the invention of the printing press. This allowed translations of the Bible (previously available only in Latin) into modern languages like German and English to be printed and read by the masses; thus, individuals could form their own religious views in the privacy of home and hearth. In England, this readership produced increasingly more radical sects, arriving at the Quakers by the late 17th century, who had an almost Buddhist, even hippy, philosophy of brotherly love and inner light. This dependence on direct reading of the Bible for inspiration and clarity culminated in fundamentalism in the later United States. remnants Small part or trace remaining. Restoration Name given to the return of Charles II as King of England in 1660, after the fall of Puritan rule. The Restoration was widely popular in England. The Restoration period, from 1660 to 1688 ( ruled by Charles II and then his brother, a Roman Catholic, James II, both sons of Charles I), was one of irreverent wit, lack of moral discipline, and scientific and literary achievement. But relations between Parliament and the two kings were uneasy, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought an end to James II s rule in favor of his daughter, Mary, who was married to William of Orange, the ruler of Holland. Both of them were Protestants; they ruled as William and Mary. In 1689, the dual monarchs were required to agree to a "Bill of Rights" limiting their powers and defining those of Parliament. This established Britain as a limited constitutional monarchy. Rolfe, John ( ) Early English settler in Virginia who married the Indian princess Pocahontas in His methods of 28

29 curing tobacco made it the basis of the colony s later prosperity. He was probably killed in the Indian massacre of Roman Catholic Church The Catholic Church emerged from the fall of the Roman Empire as the universal Christian Church. The bishop of Rome ruled the Church as the Pope. In the dark age that followed, pagan Europe was converted to Christianity. The Church maintained a spiritual continuum from Christ himself through the Mass. The Church passed on much of the civilization and learning of antiquity to Europe, partly through the monasteries that copied and transmitted the Greek and Roman writings. In 1054 AD, the Byzantine Empire in the east split off and formed the Orthodox Church. For a thousand years, the Catholic Church influenced all aspects of life in western Europe. Though the emerging European nations maintained absolute obedience to Christianity, there was a constant struggle with kings and the emperor (of the Holy Roman Empire, or German-speaking peoples) over the Church s political claims. The Reformation split much of northern Europe off from the Church, which met this challenge with the Council of Trent and the Counter-reformation. Today, there are about 645 million Roman Catholics worldwide. Santa Fe Founded by Spain in 1609 (or 1610 for beginning building the presidio) at a site of prehistoric Indian pueblos, Santa Fe became the western end of the Santa Fe Trail in the 19th century, connecting to Mexico in the south. Today, it is the capital of the state of New Mexico. shoal A sandbank or sandbar in shallow water. Smith, John ( ) English explorer, soldier, and writer. Smith came to Jamestown with the first colonists. As conditions worsened, he took control of the colony, which allowed its survival. He claimed to have been captured by Chief Powhatan in 1607 and saved from death by the Chief s daughter, Pocahontas. Smith sailed 29

30 back to England in In 1614, he returned to America and charted the coast of New England, publishing his findings in "A Description of New England" (1616), in which he named New England and named the area on the mainland opposite Cape Cod "Plymouth." (Through an incredible coincidence of history, the Pilgrims set sail from Plymouth on the west coast of England, and by accident landed at Plymouth on east coast of New England.) Spanish Armada England was at war with Spain from 1587 to Philip II of Spain sent a huge fleet of Spanish and Portuguese vessels, called the Spanish Armada, to the English Channel in 1588 to overthrow Queen Elizabeth and put Philip on the English throne. The Armada was defeated by England; as a result, Spain declined and Elizabethan England flourished. tidewater Water overflowing land at flood tide; also, water, as in a river, affected by the ebb and flow of the ocean tide. tobacco This plant, when processed and smoked, chewed, or snuffed, releases nicotine to the user. Nicotine and related alkaloids of tobacco create habit-forming and narcotic effects, which account for tobacco s popularity. Cultivated initially by Indians in the New World (and used in their peace pipes), John Rolfe of Jamestown discovered a method of fire-curing it, which made it a cash crop for the Virginia colony. Its great potential for profit led to the organization of enormous single-crop plantations requiring large bodies of slave labor in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. Tobacco rapidly depletes the soil; this led to a shift of cultivation westward into Tennessee and Kentucky, and with it slavery. Great tobacco empires developed in the 19th century to produce pipe and chewing tobacco and snuff. They became the well-known cigarette companies of today. It is now known that smoking tobacco causes lung cancer and heart disease. West Indies Located in the Caribbean Sea south of Florida and west of Central America, these islands long played a crucial role in the New World. The West Indies remained Spanish throughout the 30

31 16th century, but England and France staked out islands in the 1600s. Barbados was the most populated English settlement in the 17th century. The sugar plantations of the West Indies required importing huge slave populations from Africa. Ships of New England transported goods to and from the West Indies; this became a major source of wealth for the American colonies. Williams, Roger ( ) Founder of Rhode Island. As a young man in England, Williams was ordained as an Anglican clergyman, but he developed Puritan sympathies. And to avoid persecution, he immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Here, he called for the separation of church and state and attacked the violations of Indian rights. When the Puritan magistrates tried to seize him, he took refuge with the Indians; he purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and established Providence, Rhode Island, in This colony was based on liberal principles and accepting all religious creeds, including Jews and Quakers. In later life, Williams returned to England and obtained a charter from Charles II to protect Rhode Island from being forcibly annexed by its orthodox Puritan neighbors. In his 70s, he participated in King Philip s War as a commander of the Providence forces. Winthrop, John ( ) Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Trained as a lawyer, Winthrop led the migration of Puritans initially to Salem, founding Boston in He was elected governor of the colony 12 times. He saw the colony through its early crises. Winthrop s personal journal, now know as "The History of New England," is an invaluable source for the history of this early period. 31

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33 RELATED TITLES: Animated Atlas: The Revolutionary War Animated Atlas: The Mexican-American War Animated Atlas: Overview of World War I Westward Expansion for Students Series: Daniel Boone & the First American Pioneers Ohio Boatmen & the Pioneering Farmers Mountain Men & Gold Seekers Old Texas & the Trail Drivers Covered Wagons & Westward Expansion PROGRAM CREDITS Written, Produced, and Directed by Peter Mays Narrated by Paula Achter Music by Jason Solowsky Bryce Consultant Chris Casady Video Consultant John Reeder Teacher s Guide Peter Mays 6677 North Northwest Highway Chicago, IL fax: fax: CustServ@SVEmedia.com Reproduction of this manual in whole or in part is permitted for use with students in the classroom. Printed in the United States