KJM3100/KJM4100. Materialkjemi/Chemistry of materials. Poul Norby Kjemisk Institutt, Kontor Ø148

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1 KJM3100/KJM4100 Materialkjemi/Chemistry of materials Poul Norby Kjemisk Institutt, Kontor Ø148 Some classes of materials which will be covered in the course: Minerals Ceramics Glass Micro and mesoporous materials Nanomaterials Liquid crystals Polymers Additional teachers: Bo Nyström: Gels and polymer nanoparticles Jaan Roots: Polymers

2 The course material (pensum) V2006: Title Author Year ISBN Chapter start end pages acc. Solid State Chemistry and Its Applications West, Anthony R Kap. 18 Glass Kap. 19 Cement and concrete Kap. 20 Refractories Crystal Chemistry and Kap. 4 The crystal chemistry Refractivity Student edition Howard W. Jaffe of the ionic bond Kap. 5 Paulings second rule of electrostatic valency in ionic coordination compounds Modern Perspectives in Inorganic Crystal Chemistry Erwin Parthé (ed.) 1992 The bond valence method in crystal chemistry (M. O'Keeffe) Properties of Materials Kap. 2 Atomic and molecular (Paperback) Mary Anne White origins of color Kap. 3 Color in metals and semiconductors Understanding Solids, The science of materials Richard Tiley 2004 Kap. 6 Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites The Chemistry of C. N. R. Rao (Editor), Achim Müller (Editor), Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Anthony K. Properties and Applications Cheetham (Editor) Semiconducting nanoparticles Pensum vedr. polymerer og flytende krystaller Noter/kopier Structure of the course: Total: 45 lectures, 15 colloquia One project report 30h inorganic materials 10h: project report 20h: polymers and soft materials

3 Minerals: Bonding, Paulings rules and bond valence Ceramics: from pottery shards to space shuttles Reactivity and stability Glass: Properties of glasses Colour of materials Micro and mesoporous materials: Catalysis and solid acids Nanomaterials: Semiconducting quantum dots Liquid crystals: Smart materials Polymers: Soft is beautiful Materials in everyday life

4 The mobile phone is an example of devices, which we look at as a natural component in everyday life. There are several things that have made the mobile telephone revolution so powerful: New materials, Microtechnology Advanced programming. Your cellphone is crammed full of materials, with functionality which could only be dreamed of a few decades back. The hard cover is made from organic polymers; strong, light, durable and machinable. And also nowadays, and more in the future, with a focus on making the materials recyclable and the processes and environmentally safe. Loudspeakers in the mobile phone is an effect of another astonishing development in materials technology. The development of stronger and stronger magnets has allowed miniaturization of loudspeakers, although the technology and principle of construction of the loudspeaker is old. The present material for high field permanent magnets is Nd2Fe14B (neodymium magnets) Another class of loudspeakers (and buzzers) are based on piezoelectric ceramics.

5 The display has liquid crystals as the functional material. Liquid crystals are somewhere between crystals and fluids. The molecules are ordered to some extent. But they move easily and may reorganize. The display consist of a thin layer of liquid crystals between two glass plates with crossed polarizing filters. We can control the ordering of the molecules by an electrical field. The liquid crystals rotate the polarization of the light, and the transmission or blocking of light gives the black/transparent effect. In order to apply an electrical field, a thin layer of another functional material is deposited on the glass plates. This is an transparent conducting oxide, e.g. tin/indium oxide (ITO). Light on the screen and keypad is provided by micro diodes (LED, Light Emitting Diodes). Layered structures of p- and n-doped semiconducters are used.

6 * aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared * aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) - green * aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) - high-brightness orange-red, orange, yellow, and green * gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange-red, orange, and yellow * gallium phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green * gallium nitride (GaN) - green, pure green (or emerald green), and blue * indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - near ultraviolet, bluish-green and blue * silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate - blue * silicon (Si) as substrate - blue (under development) * sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate - blue * zinc selenide (ZnSe) - blue * diamond (C) - ultraviolet * aluminium nitride (AlN), aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) - near to far ultraviolet Coming up: OLEDs Organic light-emitting diodes The mobile phone contains many electric and electronic components; resistors, amplifiers, transitors, condensators The heart of the device is the integrated circuits; the mobile phone has become a powerful computer! The components are synchronized by a piezoelectric quartz crystal. The picture shows the crystal in its protective casing.

7 Materials: Appearance Precious and Semi-precious Gemstones Sapphire Corundum Mechanical Properties MoS 2 Metals/Alloys, e.g. Titanium for aircraft Cement/Concrete Ca 3 SiO 5 'Ceramics', e.g. clays, BN, SiC Lubricants, e.g. Graphite, MoS 2 Abrasives, e.g. Diamond, Quartz (SiO 2 ), Corundum(Al 2 O 3, TiN, Si 3 N 4 Graphite Diamond Magnetic Properties e.g. CrO 2, Fe 3 O 4 for recording technology Magnetoresistance, La 1-x Sr x MnO 3 Magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 Catalysts Zeolite ZSM-5 Petroleum refining methanol-to-octane Electrical Properties Metallic Conductors, e.g. Cu, Ag... Semiconductors, e.g. Si, GaAs Superconductors, e.g. Nb 3 Sn, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 Electrolytes, e.g. LiI in pacemaker batteries Piezoelectrics, e.g. α-quartz (SiO 2 ) watches Sensors Oxygen sensor, e.g. ZrO 2 /CaO solid solution Quartz Ruby Optical Properties Pigments, e.g. TiO 2 in paints Phosphors, e.g. Eu 3+ in Y 2 O 3 is red on TV Lasers, e.g. Cr 3+ in Al 2 O 3 is ruby Frequency-doubling of light, e.g. LiNbO 3 Rutile

8 Approaches to nanomaterials Bottom_up Top_down The nano world Molecular Wires. Tailor-made parts in size from nano to submicron Carbon Nanotube Field Emitter Carbon nanotube grown at the top of the silicon tip for field emitter display with ultra low power dissipation Single Electron Transistors Ultra low power devices Drug Delivery System (DDS): A novel type of synthetic liposomal nanoparticle (100 nm in diameter) which bears sugar chain-protein conjugates and functions as DDS in a blood vessel

9 Nanomaterials in batteries and nanobatteries Conversion of Zinc Oxide Nanobelts into Superlattice-Structured Nanohelices Science 2005

10 Biomimetics and nanostructures a) nacre in red-abalone. b) synthetic ZnO crystals. c) a diatom. d)-h) different types of synthetic silica crystals