Wine production in Denmark Do the characteristics of the vineyards affect the chances for awards?

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1 WORKING PAPER Ja Btz ad Valdmar Smith Wi prducti i Dmark D th charactristics f th viyards affct th chacs fr awards? Dpartmt f Ecmics ISBN (prit) ISBN (li)

2 Sptmbr 2009 Wi prducti i Dmark D th charactristics f th viyards affct th chacs fr awards? Ja Btz & Valdmar Smith Dpartmt f Ecmics Aarhus Schl f Busiss Aarhus Uivrsity Abstract: By th d f th frmr ctury thr wr lss tha 10 cmmrcial vitrs prducig wi i Dmark. Thr was widsprad accptac f th viw that cmmrcial prducti f wi i th mst rthr parts f Eurp was impssibl. Hwvr, th umbr f cmmrcial wi grwrs i Dmark grw t mr tha 60 at th d f 2009 ad th Assciati f Daish Wigrwrs w cuts mr tha 1400 mmbrs. Dmark ca lgr b s as a -wi prducig cutry! Frmally, th trasfrmati f Dmark t a wi prducig cutry tk plac i yar 2000 wh Dmark was accptd as a cmmrcial wi prducig ati withi th Eurpa Ui. Basd a rmarkably dtaild micr data st this papr first givs a dscripti f wi prducti i Dmark ad thraftr w addrss th qusti whthr viyard charactristics ar imprtat fr th quality f th wi ad/r whthr idividual charactristics f th wi grwr ar imprtat. Usig a hdic mdl th fcus is spcially th imprtac f gral factrs lik th typ f sil, slp, ggraphy, grap varity tc. i rlati t th awards btaid by th rspctiv viyards W thak Ja Bckr, Th Assciati f Daish Wigrwrs fr data accss ad participats at th aual VDQS mtig hld i Namur, May 2009 ad participats at th aual AAWE mtig hld i Rims, Ju 2009 fr cstructiv ad hlpful cmmts.

3 1. Itrducti Accrdig t th itratial alchl statistics Dmark blgs t th grup f cutris that hav a rlativly high csumpti lvl f wi. I 2007 th ttal csumpti f wi i Dmark amutd t 168 milli litrs which crrspds t arly 33 litrs pr capita. Thus, xt t wi prducig cutris lik.g. Italy, Frac ad Grc, Dmark blgs t th vry tp f wi csumig cutris. Hwvr, accrdig t histry Dmark has t b a wi prducig cutry. Of curs bsids traditi th mai ras is sub ptimal climat cditis. N mayb xcpt fr ambitius Daish wimakrs rcgiz Dmark as a pttial wi cutry. Still, at all tims thr wr i fact privat prss wh prducd wi i small quatitis fr thir w csumpti ad sm wis wr f rlativly gd quality. Mrvr, durig th latst dcad mr ad mr ppl hav stablishd small wi filds ad bught facilitis t prduc wi i a mr prfssial way. Climat chags, i.. bttr wathr i August ad Sptmbr cmbid with mildr witrs ad lss risk f frsty prids i th sprig has causd a icrasig itrst fr wi prducti i Dmark. Furthrmr, th dvlpmt f grap varitis which ar mr suitabl fr prducti f wi i cl climat aras als bstd th itrst fr a mr widsprad wi prducti. Du t prssur frm th Daish Gvrmt th August 2000 rvisi f th EU Wi Rgulati mad it lgal als t prduc wi a cmmrcial basis i Dmark (th sam was dcidd fr Swd ad Irlad). Thus, Daish cmmrcial wi grwrs gt accptac t prduc vi d tabl withut ggraphical rigi th labl. At th sam tim Daish rgulativ ruls wr implmtd. Csqutly a w wi prducig cutry was br. Hwvr th Daish prducrs did t gt accss t th EU subsidy systm lik th ld wi prducig cutris. Sic 2000 th Daish wi idustry has icrasd rapidly ad by w th Assciati f Daish Wi Prducrs has mr tha 1400 mmbrs. Furthrmr, du t th rapid dvlpmt f prducti Dmark askd fr prmissi t prduc vi d tabl with a ggraphical idicati th labl, which mas that yar f harvst ad grap varity culd b aucd th labl. Th EU cmmissi accptd this rqust i 2007 ad hraftr Daish wis ca carry th labl rgial wi frm Jutlad (th mailad), Fu (a islad), Zalad (a islad) r Brhlm (a small islad i th Baltic Sa).

4 Th aim f this articl is twfld. Firstly, w giv a itrducti t Daish wi prducti. Thus, i th fllwig scti w illumiat prducti ladscap ad th lgal framwrk fr wi prducti as s frm th iput sid. Scdly, w lk at th utput ad discuss which factrs ar f imprtac fr btaiig high quality i a wbr wi cutry. Thus, attti is put wi grwrs charactristics ad factrs lik trrir, grap varitis, fild ad rw ritati, stpss f th viyard, sil ad harvst cditis tc. Usig a hdic mdl st up th chacs fr awards at th yarly Daish Wi Ctst is tstd agaist th atural hypthsis that i a wbr idustry ubsrvd charactristics may b dmiat fr th prfrmac f th prducrs. 2. Wi prducti i Dmark Th mst imprtat factr fr prducig wi i th rthr rgis f th EU is th climat cditis. Thus, a sufficitly lg sas frm pig t harvst is critical ad at th sam tim a lg warm prid up t harvst is crucial. Nrmally pig taks plac i th first part f Ju ad harvst is i th middl f Octbr. Figur 1 givs th vrall tmpratur fr th wathr i Dmark i Ju Sptmbr sic It is asily s that th grwig cditis vary sigificatly frm yar t yar, bviusly with gd cditis i.g ad O th thr had 1987 illustrats that i sm yars wi prducti sms hardly pssibl at all. Figur 1. Avrag tmpratur Ju Sptmbr, Dmark Surc: Statistics Dmark Of curs, sushi hurs frm Ju t Sptmbr ar highly imprtat. Agai sigificat variati t th rul appars,.g. i 2005 th avrag mthly umbr f

5 sushi hurs was 199 but i 2006 it icrasd t 230. Ju Sptmbr i 2007 was t ly cld but gav ly 181 sushi hurs ad agai it rs t 217 i Thus it is clarly s that Dmark is a cl climat ara with hug variati i grwig cditis. Traditial grap varitis cat matur. As a xampl Spätburgudr, which ds wll as rthr as Sachs i Grmay ca hardly matur i Dmark. Thrfr spcial varitis ar usd, s blw. As a csquc, th micr climat ad lcati f th wi filds is vry imprtat i Dmark, s blw. 2.1 Rgulati I li with thr wi prducig cutris thr ar strict rgulati fr cmmrcial wi prducti i Dmark, s Th Daish Agricultural Miistry (2008). Cmmrcial wi prducrs ar ly allwd t us grap varitis which hav b accptd, s Bx 1. Ad furthrmr ly a fw basic wis ar accptd fr graftig. Mrvr, i rdr t start sllig wi a cmmrcial basis th grwrs must hav a EU passprt fr all thir wi stcks. BOX 1. Grap varitis apprvd fr us i Dmark (rdrd alphabtically), Akl (N), Biaca (B), Blå Dau (N),Castl (N), D Muscat (N), Duklfldr (N), 3. A hdic mdl fr awards Ehrbritstir (B), Esztr (B), GF.GA (B), GF.GA (N), GM 4 46 kl 10 (B), GM (Rs), GM (B), GM (B), Gldrislig (B), Huxlrb (B), Krr (B), Krlig(B), Lé Millt (N), Madli Agvi 7672 (B), Madli Sylvar (B), Mrzlig (B), Nr (N), Optima (B), Ori (B), Ortga (B), Phix (B), Précs d Maligr (B), Rflx (B), Rfrm (B), Rgt (N), Rgr (B), Rd (N), Sigrrb (Rs), Sirius (B), Slaris (B), Tidlig Blå Burgudr (N), Zalas Prl (B), Bacchus (B), Charday (B), GM (N), Malvasi (N), Maréchal Fch (N), Pit Auxrris (B), Pit Blac (B), Pit Muir (N), Pit Nir (N). B = Blac, Rs = Rsé, N = Nir Furthrmr, ach cmmrcial wi grwr must rprt ttal fild siz, grap varitis, harvst ifrmati, prducti ad stcks f wi. Ths ruls ar i accrdac with th EU rgulati, which has b implmtd i rdr t suprvis wi prducti i Eurp. I additi, Dmark has a umbr f xmptis frm th EU ruls bcaus Daish wi prducrs ar t accptd fr EU subsidis. Th mst imprtat is th xmpti rul ccrig us f sacchars. Du t climat cditis this is rathr vital fr Daish wi prducti.

6 2.2. Lcati f wi prducrs i Dmark Daish wi grwrs ar rgaizd i th Assciati f Daish Wi Prducrs. By th d f 2008 thr wr 1389 mmbrs ut f which 58 wr cmmrcial prducrs (i 2000 th crrspdig umbr was 8). 1 Th wi grwrs ar lcatd i all aras f Dmark. Figur 2 shws that thr is ctral rgi fr wi prducti i Dmark v thugh th micr climat varis csidrably. Figur 2. Mmbrs i Th Assciati f Daish Wigrwrs, by rgi, Nv Surc: Th Assciati f Daish Wigrwrs, Thus lcati cls t castal aras hav lss risk f frsty ights i May, mr suy cditis durig th summr, but at th sam tim cldr tmpraturs durig th summr bcaus f th sa, i.. th sa tmpratur is rmally arud blw dgrs Clsius. I th middl f Jutlad (th gr rgi) cld ights ar quit rmal i April ad May ad i sm yars v with frst i th last part f May. 1 By August th umbr f cmmrcial grwrs had grw t 63.Th Daish Wi Grwrs Assciati xpcts this umbr t icras by 10 durig th xt yar, s Viprss 6, 2009.

7 2.3 Prducti Bcaus f rprtig ruls, thr ar frmal statistics all wi prducti i Dmark as is th cas fr.g. thr agricultural prducts. N cmmrcial prducrs d t hav t rprt thir prducti t th authritis, which mas that th wi statistics is icmplt, i.. udrrprtig is prst. Figur 3. Th harvst f graps, (kil/m 2 ) by siz f rprtd fild (m 2 ). Surc: Th Assciati f Daish Wigrwrs, Th figur icluds ly prducrs rprtig t th aual harvst statistics f th assciati. Thrfr, th figurs fr th vrall Daish wi prducti dpd hw may prducrs actually giv harvst ifrmati i a particular yar. Thus, i 2005 th rprtd harvst was kg., i kg ad i kg., which rflcts that th wathr cditis i 2006 wr rally gd, i.. harvst i 2006 did bfit frm ptimal wathr cditis spcially i August/Sptmbr ad with a dry suy prid i Octbr, whr th harvst tk plac. I additi, i lss gd yars th ictiv t rprt is lwr, which als is rflctd i th figur. Fr 2008 th stimatd prducti is arud bttls f wi. Figur 3 givs th yild (kg/sqm) by siz f prducr.

8 Firstly, it is asily s that th siz distributi f Daish wi grwrs is highly skw, with a sigificat amut f small garag prducrs. Calculatig a Hrfidahl cctrati idx basd th fild siz distributi i figur 2 w gt H2005 is 0.19; H2006 is 0.17 ad H2007 is Agai, th lattr is highly iflucd by bad climat cditis which causd sm f th largr prducrs t b highly slctiv i thir harvst. Rcalculatd it umbr quivalts th Hrfidahl idics crrspd t a hypthtical situati with 6, 6 ad 12 prducrs f qual siz withi th thr yars. Csqutly, wi prducti i Dmark is rlativly cctratd. Lkig at th yild i arly all filds, th yild is lss tha 2 kg pr squar mtr irrspctiv f th yar lkd at. Giv th variati i harvst cditi this f curs rflcts slcti f graps. Thr is a clar tdcy that micr prducrs gt th highst yild which mst likly is causd by bttr suitd lcati f thir plats. Largr prducrs hav p wi filds which f curs maks th yild mr dpdt gral wathr cditis. Excpt fr prducr all largr prducrs (>1000 sqm.) btai a yild blw 1 kg pr squar mtr. Figur 4 givs a vrviw f th imprtac f varius grap varitis. Th mst imprtat grap varity is Rd, which is usd fr prducig sigl grap rd wi ad als th basic cmpt i blds. Rd is rally suitabl fr th Daish wathr cditis. It ds t d a lg summr fr maturig ad it is rathr rsistat t plat disass lik fugus attacks. Th graps L Millt ad Rgt, which ar wll kw ld grap varitis i Grmay t, ar scd mst imprtat. Still w srts ar itrducd,.g. Cabrt varitis, which sm t d prtty wll t i th wi xprimts prfrmd util w.

9 Figur 4. Th Daish wigrwig ara distributd by grap varity, ,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 r a 0,2 h S 0, ,1 0, G m fr b r J l a g h i c S r a M s iriu S a ilg Z ris la S rl P s la a Z ita a G r r K r d u rg u b lå B r it a h J R K W K tz ri u h ic M ir N t i P ira h p a S a c ia B r ld f r D Grap r N r l y u h c S l c A W K g li rz M ix h P r d A t k a i s v u m g D A ri la d a M a g rt O r l B l t s a C h c F l a h c ré a M ri O t il M L t g R d R Surc: Th Assciati f Daish Wigrwrs. Th figur icluds ly prducrs wh ctribut t th aual harvst statistics. 2.4 Daish Wi Ctst ad awards Dspit th fact that th Daish wi idustry is w br, svral wi grwrs hav participatd i itratial wi ctsts ad sm hav maagd t wi awards i traditial blid tastigs. O xampl is th Daish Dmai Skærsøgård wh actually gt a silvr mdal i 2007 ad 2008 fr thir DON s Pik at th Frch sparklig ctst, Effrvscts du Md. DON s Pik is a sparklig wi mad by th Mthd Traditill. At th ctst it was up agaist 31 champags, th mst wll kw huss i this class wr Niclas Fuillatt ad Jacquart. At th dmstic lvl Th Daish Assciati f Wi Grwrs arrag th aual

10 Daish Wi Ctst, which is hld i th sam traditi as ccurs i Frac tc. Furthrmr, prfssial rfrs ar icludd i th pal f blid tastrs ad lik lswhr th wis ar rwardd by a 0 20 pit systm. Th valuati taks it accut clur, s ad f curs tast. At th 2008 ctst 211 wis cmig frm 20 cmmrcial wi grwrs ad 76 privat cmmrcial prducrs wr submittd fr valuati. Bx 2 shws th distributi f pits. Nt that i rdr t b icludd i th ctst at last 8 pits ar dd. 45 wis did t pass this thrshld. Th avrag scr was 11 pits. Bx 2. Th aual wi ctst f Daish wis, wis did t pass th miimum cditis. (Grad < 8.00 pits) 63 wis wr accptabl (Gradd btw 8.00 ad 9.99 pits) 50 wis gt th charactr accptd with prais (Gradd btw ad pits) 30 wis gt a brz mdal ( pits) 12 wis gt a silvr mdal ( pits) 11 wis w gld (vr 15 pits) Surc: Th Assciati f Daish Wigrwrs. Th figur icluds prducrs wh ctribut t th aual harvst statistics. Mrvr, 6 ut f th 11 gld wirs wr cmmrcial garag prducrs but i th ppsit d f th scal th sam grup cutd 35 f th 45 wis which did t pass th ctst. As xpctd, th cmmrcial wi grwrs split it tw grups, i.. wi prducti i th vry high quality/high skill sgmt ad a sgmt i th thr d f th scal, i.. th lw quality. Naturally, i a w br wi idustry such diffrcs ar t b xpctd. Figur 5 prsts th pit distributi fr wis at th 2008 ctst. It is clarly s that tast is th mst imprtat factr bhid th ttal scr. Thus, thr is ly mir variac i assssmt fr s ad clur, i.. mst wis btai btw 2 ad 3 pits.

11 Figur 5. Gradig f wis (pits) at th 2008 Daish wi ctst. Surc: Assciati f Daish Wi Grwrs. Th figur icluds prducrs wh ctribut t th aual harvst statistics. 3. Which factrs dtrmi quality chacs fr awards? Wi prducti at th cmmrcial lvl is rlativly w i Dmark ad bviusly th quality ad rakigs f th Daish wis attract much attti. Csqutly, it is imprtat t valuat which factrs that ar imprtat fr prducig gd wi. Csqutly, it is itrstig t aalys th factrs bhid wi quality. I li with thr studis, s.g. Ashfltr t al. (2001) w st up a hdic mdl fr wi quality whr trrir factrs, th grap cmpsiti f th wis ad wi grwrs charactristics ar icludd. Th wi quality is apprximatd by th umbr f pits rcivd at th aual Daish wi Ctst, which rsults i th fllwig mdl (P qual t lg(pits) ) (1) P = a + b X + c Z + d Y + f S + whr X is a vctr f grap varity charactristics, Z dts trrir factrs, Y stads

12 fr grwrs charactristics. S is th sugar ctt (Ocsl) ad fially is a rrr trm assumd t b NID. I a wbr wi idustry crtai varitis ar xpctd t prfrm bttr tha thr typs f graps. Thrfr, a umbr f dummy variabls fr th typ f grap usd i prducig th spcific wis ar icludd i th mdl. Mst imprtat is Rd which is th dmiatig grap i Daish wi prducti, s abv. It is xpctd that wis mad ut f Rd, which is th mst suitabl grap fr makig wi i Dmark, btai mr pits tha thr wis. Furthrmr th grap dummis iclud ctrl fr whit ad rd wis. 2 Th mai trrir variabls ar fild dircti (suth) ad th stpss f th viyard. Mr stpss ad suthr dircti f th wi fild (rws) is xpctd t giv highr quality. Furthrmr, ctrl is mad fr plat itsity, i.. th mr plats pr squar mtr th lwr quality is xpctd ad furthrmr high yild pr squar mtr is xpctd t giv prr quality trugh lss thrugh slcti f graps. Fially grwr charactristics must b icludd i th mdl. I particular xpric sms imprtat bcaus wi prducti dmads high skill ad kwldg.g. th crrct harvstig tim, prducig th wi ad th rps ad tricks f makig th fial prduct whr tim lags f svral mths xist bfr th fial rsults ca b valuatd. Th data st givs ifrmati th ag f th yar f stablishig th wi filds which is assumd t apprximat th xpric f th wi grwr. Thus, lgr xpric is assumd t ifluc th wi quality i a psitiv dircti. I additi, w add th siz f th prducr. Largr prducrs ar xpctd t prduc bttr wis bcaus f larg scal advatags i bth prducti ad accumulati f kwldg. Nt that Daish wi grwrs ar vry small as cmpard t thr cutris, whr yu may als xpct that smallr grwrs prduc xcllt wi (.g. garag prducrs). I Dmark this mchaism may b at wrk t, du t th fact that sm micr prducrs spcially cmmrcial prducrs prduc high quality wis simpl bcaus cmic csidratis tim us ad us f thr rsurcs spt i makig th wis ar rally tak it csidrati by this grup. 2 Du t th umbr f bsrvatis th data st icluds bth rd ad whit wis.

13 (2) S = α + β X + γ U + δ V + ε Th grap sugar ctt, S (Ocsl) is f spcial itrst bcaus f th cl climat grwig cditis. Furthrmr highr ctt f atural sugar is a idicatr f suprir grwig cditis ad thrfr th Ocsl masur is icludd as a sparat factr i quati (1). Thrfr th sugar ctt itslf is f particular itrst ad i quati (2) th Oscl masur is xplaid by grap varitis (X), fild charactristics (U) ad th lgth f th grwig sas (V). 4. Empirical rsults Th data usd i th aalysis cms frm th aual harvst rprt f Daish wi grwrs 2007, which has b mrgd with th rsults frm th Aual Daish wi Ctst (2008). Tabl 1 givs mas statistics fr slctd variabls. Tabl 1. Ma statistics fr slctd variabls. Pits at th Daish wi ctst (max=20) Obsrvatis Sampl ma Std. rrr, (Sampl ma) Std. rrr, (Ovrall) Yild (kg/sqm) Sugar ctt (csl)* Expric (yar) Fild Stpss (Dgrs) *Diffrc i wight btw 1 litr grap juic ad 1 litr f pur watr (gram). Th avrag scr was 11 amg th 53 wis i th sampl. This scr crrspds t accptd with prais which is th catgry just blw brz. Th vrall stadard rrr suggsts that thr is sigificat variati i th pits i rdr t tst th award mdl. Th sam is th cas fr th sugar ctt, which is masurd by th stadard Ocsl figur ad fr xpric ad stpss f th fild, all f thm sampl mas sigificatly diffrt frm zr ad with a tabl stadard rrr.

14 4.1 Empirical rsults sugar Prir t stimatig quati (1) fcus is put th sugar ctt i th graps bcaus a quit imprtat factr bhid prducig wis f suprir quality is th sugar ctt f th graps at harvst, i.. th Ocsl figur. Highr sugar ctt i th graps mas bttr pprtuitis fr ptimal macurati ad it will giv strgr wis, which is th basic challg fr prducrs i Dmark t prduc. Naturally, cmpard t th traditial wi cutris it is rlativly difficult t prduc full maturd graps with high atural sugar ctt i Dmark. Furthrmr, util w Daish prducd wis ar t rally suitabl fr strig ad thrfr th acidity f th wis is rlativly lss imprtat tha i th classical wi cutris whr high sugar ctt ad a crrct balac btw sugar ad acid i th graps is th prrquisit fr prducig full bdid ad at th sam tim lglastig wis. Tabl 2 givs a imprssi f th imprtat factrs fr th sugar ctt. Th mdl, which icluds th sigificat factrs aftr usig a limiati tchiqu, givs a quit satisfactry dgr f xplaati, i.. mr tha 50%. Furthrmr, i accrdac with prir kwldg it is asir t btai a highr sugar ctt i th graps by usig Rd (rd wi), which is th prfrrd grap i Dmark ad it sms that Slaris (gr), which partly cms frm th Grma grap Mrzlig. Slaris is kw fr arly maturig, which f curs is cssary fr a high ctt f sugar. Oppsitly, Phix is a tricky ad dmadig gr grap i th muskat traditi which fr th mmt hardly sms t b suitabl fr th grwig cditis i Dmark ulss th lcal grwig cditis allw a lat harvst.

15 Tabl 2. Rgrssi mdls f th sugar ctt f graps (Ocsl) i award wiig vis, Mdl 1 Mdl 2 Cstat (1.330) (1.409) Grap: Rd Grap: Slaris Grap: Phix Sil: sad 0.054* (0.024) 0.165* (0.042) 0.302* (0.077) 0.143* (0.055) 0.044** (0.025) 0.157* (0.044) 0.311* (0.082) Yild pr m * (0.022) 0.046** (0.024) Grwig sas (lgth) 0.675* (0.311) 0.754* (0.329) 2 R Obsrvatis * idicats sigificac at th 5 pr ct lvl, ** at th 10 pr ct lvl. Naturally, th lgth f th grwig sas is f imprtac (t that this variabl is rprtd fr ach fild at th prducr s lvl i th harvst rprt). Ad furthrmr lw yild givs highr sugar, which is f curs t surprisig ad i accrdac with xpric i th ld wi cutris. Fially, th mdl shws that sady sil i itslf rsults i highr sugar ctts. Hwvr, sil cditis ar crrlatd with th grwig sas ad thrfr th mdl is prstd withut sad icludd i clum 2. As xpctd th paramtr fr lgth f grwig sas icrass as cmpard t clum 1, whr sil typ is icludd.

16 4.2 Empirical rsults awards Accrdig t th discussi arlir th chacs f wiig a award at th wi ctst dpds svral grups f xplaatry factrs. First f all grap varitis must b icludd, xt prducr xpric, thirdly wi filds charactristics ad fially th atural ctt f sugar assumabl is a apprpriat idicatr f th basic quality f th graps. Tabl 3 givs th rsults f varius spcificatis f quati (1). 3 Clum 1 prsts th simpl mdl just icludig th ctt f grap sugar at harvst, which clarly has a sigificat ad psitiv ifluc th umbr f pits. Thus a 1 pit icras i th Ocsl masur assumabl rsults i a 0.5% icras i th pits gratd. Clum 2 brigs i prducrs ad grap charactristics. Big a cmmrcial grwr ad havig mr xpric has a psitiv ifluc pits thugh this ifluc is t sigificat. As xpctd Rd graps givs a additial chac bsids th highr sugar ctt f wiig awards at th ctst, whil this xtra ffct is xistt fr Slaris. O th thr had usig Phix graps hacs th chacs fr mr pits, which is a idicatr f th pttial (tast) f this grap. Fially, it shuld b ticd that th islatd ifluc f th Ocsl icrass wh icludig grap charactristics it th mdl, which f curs is a idicatr f clliarity btw ths variabl. Still, istrumtig th sugar variabl ds t sm t hav a twrthy ifluc th rsults. Fcussig fild charactristics i clums 3 ad 4 thr sms t b xtra ffct th umbr frm th typ f sil pits bsids th idirct ifluc via sugar ctt. Of curs tast diffrcs basd trrir ar xpctd t affct th umbr f pits, but i rdr t islat this ifluc mr dtaild ifrmati th sil is dd. 3 I th xprimtal phas f th cmputatis th sugar ctt was istrumtd by us f quati (2), hwvr with mixd rsults.

17 Tabl 3. Rgrssi mdls f awards at th Daish wi ctst 2008 (Lg f pits, 53 wis). Mdl 1 Mdl 2 Mdl 3 Mdl 4 Cstat (1.102) 0.527* Sugar (i grap at harvst) (0.255) Expric (yar f stablishig th ldst fild f th viyard) Cmmrcial prducr (1.282) 0.846* (0.295) (0.041) (0.053) Grap: Rd (rd) 0.121* (0.057) Grap: Slaris (gr) (0.110) Grap: Phix (gr) 0.470* (0.221) (1.394) 0.885* (0.321) (0.053) (0.053) 0.133* (0.063) (0.118) 0.510* (0.240) Sil: Sad (0.166) Sil: Mixd (0.127) Sil: Clay (0.132) Fild slp (dgrs) (1.156) 0.948* 0.311) 0.110* (0.055) (0.059) 0.198* (0,068) (0.120) 0.602* (0.235) (0.200) (0.129) (0.137) 0.016* (0.008) 2 R Obsrvatis * idicats sigificac at th 5 pr ct lvl. Accrdig t th xprimts fild dircti ad th stpss f fild did t hav ay sigificat ifluc th Ocsl figur du t th fact that ths charactristics ar partly icludd i th yild ad lgth f th grwig sas. Hwvr, fild slp ds affct th umbr f pits gratd at th aual ctst itslf. Thus stpr wi filds rsult i wis f bttr quality, which f curs is a priri xpctd. Fially it shuld b td that prducr siz ds t affct quality (t shw),

18 which idicats that.g. larig ffcts causd by larg scal prducti fr th mmt sm t t b prst. But th xpric f th grwr is crrctly sigd (psitiv) ad sigificat i th full mdl (clum 4) idicatig that lgr xpric tds t icras th wi quality. Thus, at this stag f wi prducti i Dmark ubsrvabl charactristics f filds ad prducrs ar imprtat. This is partly rflctd i th vrall dgr f xplaati. Icludig mr xplaatry variabls adds t th R 2 dig up with 0.20 fr th full mdl. 5. Cclusi Dmark is a mrgig ati f wi prducti. Climat chags ad ivati has alrady mad it pssibl t prduc wis i cl climat aras with rlativly shrt grwig sass. Mrvr th futur glbal hatig ad th dvlpmt f w varitis is xpctd t b v mr favurabl t Daish wi prducti. By w th umbr f cmmrcial wi grwrs i Dmark is arud 80 ad th Assciati f Daish Wi Grwrs w cuts mr tha 1400 mmbrs. Furthrmr Dmark has b accptd as a cmmrcial wi prducig ati withi th Eurpa Ui. Csqutly, this papr first givs a dscripti f wi prducti i Dmark. Basd a rich micr data fr Daish wi grwrs w furthrmr addrss th qusti whthr viyard charactristics ar imprtat fr th quality f th wi ad/r whthr idividual charactristics f th grwrs ar imprtat. Wi quality is apprximatd by th awards btaid at th aual Daish wi ctst. Thus, stimati f a hdic mdl fr pits at th ctst suggst that sugar ctt, stpr filds, chic f grap varity ad xpric f th grwrs affct th umbr f pits gratd t th wi at th aual Daish Wi Ctst psitivly. Still ubsrvabls cut fr 80 prct f th variati i th gratd awards, which f curs is surprisig i a w br wi idustry lik th Daish.

19 Litratur Ashfltr, O. & K. Strchma (2001): Th quality f viyards sits i th Msl vally f Grmay. Upublishd Wrkig Papr, VDQS.t. Lccq, S. ad Vissr, M., (2006), "What dtrmis Wi Prics: Objctiv vs. Ssry Charactristics?", Jural f Wi Ecmics, Vlum 1. Sprig 2006, pp Lad, S. ad Smith, C.E., (1998), "Quality Expctatis, Rputati ad Pric", Suthr Ecmic Jural 64(3), pp Schaml, G., (2000), Idividual ad Cllctiv Rputati Idicatrs f Wi Quality, CIES Discussi Papr 0009, Ctr fr Itratial Ecmic Studis, Adlaid Uivrsity. Schaml, G. ad Adrs, K., (2003), "Wi Quality ad Varital, Rgial ad Wiry Rputatis: Hdic Prics fr Australia ad Nw Zalad", Th Ecmic Rcrd, Vl. 79, N Th Assciati f Daish Wi Grwrs, Viprss svral issus, Th magazi f Th Assciati f Daish Wi Grwrs Th Daish Agricultural Miistry (2008) Th Daish Climat Istitut

20 Dpartmt f Ecmics: Skriftsri/Wrkig Papr: 2008: WP 08-1 Sbastia Buhai, Migul Prtla, C Tuligs ad Aic va Vuur: Rturs t Tur r Sirity ISBN (prit); ISBN (li). WP 08-2 Flra Bll, Patrick Muss, Lil Nsta t Frédéric Warzyski: L fft pr-ccurrtil d l itégrati urpé : u aalys d l évluti ds taux d marg das ls idustris maufacturièrs fraçaiss ISBN (prit); ISBN (li). WP 08-3 Erdal Yalci: Th Prximity-Cctrati Trad-Off udr Gds Pric ad Exchag Rat Ucrtaity ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 08-4 Elk J. Jah ad Hrbrt Brückr: Migrati ad th Wag Curv: A Structural Apprach t Masur th Wag ad Emplymt Effcts f Migrati ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 08-5 Sør Harck: A Phillips curv itrprtati f rrr-crrcti mdls f th wag ad pric dyamics ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 08-6 Elk J. Jah ad Thmas Wagr: Jb Scurity as a Edgus Jb Charactristic ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 08-7 Jørg Drud Has, Virmatas Kvdaras ad Jørg Ulff- Møllr Nils: Mplistic Cmptiti, Itratial Trad ad Firm Htrgity - a Lif Cycl Prspctiv - ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 08-8 Dari Pzzli: Th Trasiti t Wrk fr Italia Uivrsity Graduats ISBN (prit); ISBN (li)

21 WP 08-9 Aalisa Cristii ad Dari Pzzli: Nw Wrkplac Practics ad Firm Prfrmac: a Cmparativ Study f Italy ad Britai ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Pal Bua ad Dari Pzzli: Early Labur Markt Rturs t Cllg Subjcts ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Ib Blvig: Lw wag aftr umplymt - th ffct f chags i th UI systm ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Nia Smith, Valdmar Smith ad Mtt Vrr: Wm i Tp Maagmt ad Firm Prfrmac ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Sbastia Buhai, Ela Cttii ad Nils Wstrgård-Nils: Th impact f wrkplac cditis firm prfrmac ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Michal Rshlm: Exprimtal Evidc th Natur f th Daish Emplymt Miracl ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Christia Bjørskv ad Ptr Kurrild-Klitgaard: Ecmic Grwth ad Istitutial Rfrm i Mdr Marchis ad Rpublics: A Histrical Crss-Cutry Prspctiv ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Nabaita Datta Gupta, Niclai Krists ad Dari Pzzli: Th Validity f Vigtts i Crss-Cutry Halth Studis ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Aa Piil Damm ad Mari Luis Schultz-Nils: Th Cstructi f Nighburhds ad its Rlvac fr th Masurmt f Scial ad Ethic Sgrgati: Evidc frm Dmark ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Jørg Drud Has ad Jørg Ulff-Møllr Nils: Pric as a Idicatr fr Quality i Itratial Trad? ISBN (prit); ISBN (li)

22 WP Elk J. Jah ad Thmas Wagr: D Targtd Hirig Subsidis ad Prfilig Tchiqus Rduc Umplymt? ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Flra Bll, Patrick Muss, Lil Nsta ad Frdric Warzyski: Edgus Markups, Firm Prductivity ad Itratial Trad: Tstig Sm Micr-Lvl Implicatis f th Mlitz-Ottavia Mdl ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Lida Bll, Nia Smith, Valdmar Smith ad Mtt Vrr: Gdr diffrcs i prmti it tp-maagmt jbs ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Ja Btz ad Valdmar Smith: A mpirical aalysis f th rlatiship btw th csumpti f alchl ad livr cirrhsis mrtality ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Gabril J. Flbrmayr, Sa Hillr ad David Sala: Ds Immigrati Bst Pr Capita Icm? ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Christia Grms: Ati-Dumpig with Htrgus Firms: Nw Prtctiism fr th Nw-Nw Trad Thry ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Adrw E. Clark, Niclai Krists ad Nils Wstrgård- Nils: Ecmic Satisfacti ad Icm Rak i Small Nighburhds ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Erik Strøjr Mads ad Valdmar Smith: Cmmrcializati f Ivatis ad Firm Prfrmac ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Luis Lykk Brix ad Ja Btz: Wast Grati I Dmark A Evirmtal Ad Ecmic Aalysis ISBN (prit); ISBN (li)

23 WP Ig Gishckr, Jørg Ulff-Møllr Nils ad Krad Pawlik: Hw Imprtat is Exprt-Platfrm FDI? Evidc frm Multiatial Activitis i Plad ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Pdr J. Pdrs ad Marila Pytlikva: EU Elargmt: Migrati flws frm Ctral ad Eastr Eurp it th Nrdic cutris - xplitig a atural xprimt ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) 2009: WP 09-1 Tmi Kyyrä, Pirpal Parrtta ad Michal Rshlm: Th Effct f Rcivig Supplmtary UI Bfits Umplymt Durati ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 09-2 Dari Pzzli ad Marc Razai: Old Eurpa Cupls Rtirmt Dcisis: th Rl f Lv ad My ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 09-3 Michal Gibbs, Mikl Tapia ad Frdric Warzyski: Glbalizati, Suprstars, ad th Imprtac f Rputati: Thry & Evidc frm th Wi Idustry ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 09-4 Ja D Lckr ad Frdric Warzyski: Markups ad Firm- Lvl Exprt Status ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 09-5 Tr Erikss, Marila Pytlikvá ad Frédéric Warzyski: Icrasd Srtig ad Wag Iquality i th Czch Rpublic: Nw Evidc Usig Likd Emplyr-Emply Datast ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 09-6 Lghwa Ch ad Tr Erikss: Vacacy Durati, Wag Offrs, ad Jb Rquirmts Pr-Match Data Evidc ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 09-7 Tr Erikss, Valéri Smts ad Frédéric Warzyski: Small Op Ecmy Firms i Itratial Trad: Evidc frm Daish Trasactis-Lvl Data ISBN (prit); ISBN (li)

24 WP 09-8 Dari Pzzli ad Marc Razai: Participati ad Sctr Slcti i Nicaragua ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP 09-9 Rikk Ibs, Frdric Warzyski ad Nils Wstrgård-Nils: Emplymt Grwth ad Itratial Trad: A Small Op Ecmy Prspctiv ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Rgr Badick ad Hlgr Görg: Frig acquisiti, plat survival, ad mplymt grwth ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Pirpal Parrtta ad Dari Pzzli: Th Effct f Larig by Hirig Prductivity ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Taka Kat ad Pia Shu Pr Effcts, Scial Ntwrks, ad Itrgrup Cmptiti i th Wrkplac ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Sa Hillr ad Erdal Yalci: Switchig btw Dmstic Markt Activity, Exprt ad FDI ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Tr Erikss ad Marila Pytlikva: Frig Owrship Wag Prmia i Emrgig Ecmis: Evidc frm Czch Rpublic ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Astrid Würtz Rasmuss: Family Structur Chags ad Childr s Halth, Bhavir, ad Educatial Outcms ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Tr Erikss: Hw May Daish Jbs Ca (Pttially) B D Elswhr? ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Lrz Cappllari, Claudi Lucifra ad Dari Pzzli: Dtrmiats f Grads i Maths fr Studts i Ecmics ISBN (prit); ISBN (li)

25 WP Yigqiag Zhag ad Tr Erikss: Iquality f Opprtuity ad Icm Iquality i Ni Chis Prvics, ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Ricard Gil ad Frdric Warzyski: Vrtical Itgrati, Exclusivity ad Gam Sals Prfrmac i th U.S. Vid Gam Idustry ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Christia Grms: Itraspart Markts ad Itra-Idustry Trad ISBN (prit); ISBN (li) WP Ja Btz ad Valdmar Smith: Wi prducti i Dmark D th charactristics f th viyards affct th chacs fr awards? ISBN (prit); ISBN (li)