LEARNING OUTCOMES INTRODUCTION. 80 Points. 80 Points (30 Trip; 50 Questions)

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1 59 80 Points LEARNING OUTCOMES 80 Points (30 Trip; 50 Questions) By the end of this exercise you should be able to: Identify the glacial landforms found in Portage County, WI in the field and on topographic maps, including end moraines, outwash plains, ice-walled lake deposits, tunnel channels, and outwash fans; Describe the characteristics of these glacial landforms using information from topographic maps and field observations; Compare and contrast the characteristics and formation processes of these landforms; Explain where we would expect to find these landforms in relation to one another and how the relative geographic position of landforms may be indicative of their age; and Describe specific differences and similarities between the end moraines of the last glacial advance (Hancock and Almond Phases) and the end moraines of the much earlier Arnott Phase in Portage County. INTRODUCTION The last, large scale advance of glaciers during the Wisconsin Glaciation, called the late Wisconsin, began approximately 25,000 YBP (Years Before Present). During the late Wisconsin, the Green Bay Lobe advanced into Portage County and created a variety of landforms as the terminus of the glacier advanced or retreated, remained stationary or stagnated. Phases refer to geologic events not to a particular time period (WGNHS 2011). A number of phases (events) occurred while the ice was in Portage County. In the field we will view landforms associated with the Arnott, Hancock, and Almond Phases. In stratigraphy, a formation refers to a stratigraphic unit that covers a large spatial area, that has similar lithology, texture, color, and other physical characteristics throughout the entire extent of the unit, and that occupies a specific stratigraphic position (NACSN 2005). The glacial deposits in Portage County from the Green Bay Lobe are part of the Holy Hill Formation. The Holy Hill Formation includes the Horicon Member, the Keene Member, and undifferentiated sand and gravel (Figure 9.1). The very southwestern portion of Portage County contains deposits of the Big Flats Formation, deposits primarily associated with Glacial Lake Wisconsin (not marked on Figure 9.1; see Appendix 3: WGNHS 2011). The northwestern corner of Portage County contains hillslope deposits (Figure 9.1). These are primarily mass movement deposits derived from materials formed as local rock weathered in place (Clayton 1986). Although parts of northwestern Portage County may have been glaciated at some time in the distant past, there is little evidence of this glaciation remaining within Portage County today. FIGURE 9.1. STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF PORTAGE COUNTY (Clayton 1986, p. 2, Figure 2) Hillslope Sediment Cambrian & Precambrian Rock Undifferentiated Sediment Horicon Member Keene Member

2 60 Portage County Glacial Landforms THE HOLY HILL FORMATION The Holy Hill Formation includes ice and meltwater deposits associated with the Green Bay Lobes (Syverson et al. 2011). The Holy Hill Formation can be distinguished from other formations in the field by its color (typically yellowishbrown to brown), abundant pebbles, sandy texture, and abundant carbonate content FIGURE 9.2. SOURCE OF TILL IN PORTAGE COUNTY (Syverson et al. 2011). The source of the till (Clayton 1986, p. 5, Figure 5) (Figure 9.2) determines the till characteristics. The thickness of the Holy Hill Formation ranges from less than one meter along the Niagara Escarpment (east of Portage County) to over 100 meters in buried valleys (Syverson et al. 2011). Within the Holy Hill Formation there are smaller units that are differentiated from one another based on their stratigraphic position, their specific characteristics, or their age. These smaller units are called members. Within any formation there may be deposits that do not belong to a named member and these are referred to as undifferentiated deposits. The Horicon Member of the Holy Hill Formation covers the eastern third of Portage County (Figure 9.1) and consists of till and meltwater deposits associated with the Green Bay Lobe during the last glacial advance. At its oldest, the age of the Horicon Member may range from 20,000 to 26,000 calendar years before present (Syverson et al. 2011). At its youngest, the best estimate is that the Horicon Member is older than approximately 11,200 to 16,600 calendar years before present (Syverson et al. 2011). Undifferentiated sand and gravel deposits from meltwater and lake processes cover the middle third of Portage County (Figure 9.1) and their age is probably similar to that of the Horicon Member. Till deposits of the Keene Member occur near the eastern margin of these undifferentiated sand and gravel deposits. The Keene Member has not been dated, but based on weathering and erosion indices, the Keene Member is assumed to be older than 35,000 calendar years (i.e. it was deposited prior to the Late Wisconsin), and most likely is older than 70,000 calendar years before present, implying it may be Illinoian in age (Syverson et al. 2011). Clayton et al assume the age of the Keene Member to be 130,000 years or more before present (i.e. Illinoian or pre-illinoian). The deposits of the Horicon Member, the Keene Member, and the undifferentiated deposits have similar lithologies and all derive from the Green Bay Lobe, which is why they are all included in the Holy Hill Formation. They are distinguishable, however, by differences in age, in landform characteristics, and in degree of weathering (Clayton et al. 2006). The Horicon (formerly Mapleview) Member The grain size distribution of the Horicon Member in Portage County is 5 to 20% gravel, 80 to 90% sand, 5 to10% silt and 5 to10% clay (Clayton 1986). Although the sand content is slightly lower elsewhere (60 to 80%), medium sand is the dominant grain size (Clayton 1986, Syverson et al.2011). The Horicon Member is brown and unstratified (Syverson et al. 2011). In Portage County, pink granitic rock derived from the Wolf River Batholith (Figure 9.2) is a major component of the coarser clasts and some surface boulders attain sizes up to two meters in diameter (Clayton 1986). Carbonate material (dolomite) occurs primarily in the sand and gravel fractions of the till (Clayton 1986). On average, carbonates have been leached to a depth of 2 m (Clayton 1986). The Kewaunee Formation overlies the Horicon Member in the Green Bay area (see WGNHS 2011). These two units are distinguishable by the much redder color and finer texture of the Kewaunee Formation (Syverson et al. 2011). The Horicon Member is distinguishable from the Keene Member based on differences in texture, degree of

3 Portage County Glacial Landforms 61 weathering, appearance, and stratigraphic position (Syverson et al. 2011). The Horicon Member presumably overlies the Keene Member in eastern Portage County (Syverson et al. 2011). Key end moraines of the Horicon Member include the Hancock Moraine, a relatively continuous terminal moraine formed during the Hancock Phase (about 16,500 YBP), and the Almond Moraine, a relatively continuous recessional moraine formed during the Almond Phase (about 15, 750 YBP) (Clayton et al. 2006). There are other smaller and less continuous recessional moraines that formed during the Elderon Phase (about 15, 000 YBP) (Clayton et al. 2006). The average width of the Hancock moraine is one kilometer and the height varies from 6 to 21 meters. The average width of the Almond moraine is 0.5 kilometers and the height varies from 5 to 18 meters (Clayton 1986). Both of these moraines can be traced almost continuously to the north into Langlade County and to the south where they correlate to the Johnstown and Milton moraines in Dane County (Clayton 1986). The thickness of the till in both end moraines is unknown but is sufficiently thick to mask underlying, preexisting landforms; it is most likely as thick as the moraines are high (Clayton 1986). Ground moraine occurs sporadically behind theses end moraines. This till is thinner than the till of the end moraines and does not mask the preexisting underlying topography (Clayton 1986). In places, the till has been eroded away or covered by meltwater sediment. The ground moraine till may be difficult to distinguish from meltwater sediment because of the high sand content of both types of deposits (Clayton 1986). The Keene Member Deposits of the Keene Member form a north-south terminal moraine from the Arnott Phase. The orientation and shape of the Arnott Moraine, as well as the presence of granitic rocks derived from the Wolf River Batholith (Figure 7.2), imply this ridge is an end moraine formed from the Green Bay Lobe (Clayton 1986). The moraine averages one kilometer wide, 10 to 25 meters high, and approximately 25 kilometers in length (Clayton 1986; Syverson et al. 2011). The grain size distribution is 2 to 20% gravel, 65 to 85% sand, 5 to 25% silt, and 8 to 17% clay (Clayton 1986). Medium sand is the dominant grain size. The Keene Member is brown to reddish-brown and unstratified (Syverson et al. 2011). Deposits range from 10 to 30 meters thick (Clayton 1986). Pink granitic rock derived from the Wolf River Batholith is a major component of the coarser clasts (Clayton 1986). Surface boulders up to two meters in diameter are common; the surface boulders on the southern part derive primarily from the Wolf River batholith while those on the northern portion consist of black igneous rock (Clayton 1986). Carbonate material, either calcite or dolomite, is absent from much of the sampled sections (Clayton 1986). Several characteristics distinguish the Keene Member from the Horicon Member of the Holy Hill Formation. First, the Keene Member is finergrained than the Horicon Member (Figure 9.3) (Clayton 1986; Syverson et al. 2011). Second, near-surface carbonates are absent and the carbonate content at depth is lower than in the Horicon Member (Syverson et al. 2011). Third, weathered-looking feldspar is more abundant in the Keene Member than in the Horicon Member (Clayton 1986). Fourth, the Keene Member has a greater relative magnetic susceptibility, a measure of the amount of magnetite present, at depth than the Horicon Member (Clayton 1986). These last three differences all indicate that the Keene Member is not only more highly weathered than the Horicon Member, it is also older. The appearance of the Keene Member supports the hypothesis that the Keene Member has undergone a greater degree of weathering and erosion and is thus older than the FIGURE 9.3. TILL TEXTURE COMPARISON FOR THE FINER- THAN-GRAVEL FRACTION (Clayton 1986, p. 3,

4 62 Portage County Glacial Landforms Horicon Member (Attig et al. 1988). Comparison of younger end moraines with the Arnott Moraine, either on topographic maps or in the field, reveals the Arnott Moraine has a much smoother surface; no hummocks or undrained depressions exist on the Arnott Moraine while both of these features occur abundantly on the younger moraines. This implies more erosion has occurred on the Arnott Moraine, smoothing its surface (Clayton 1986), which in turn implies a longer degree of exposure to the elements and thus an older age. Undifferentiated Sediment The undifferentiated sediment of the Holy Hill Formation includes stream sediment, offshore sediment, and wind-blown sediment. Based on available information, the meltwater stream sediment from the Arnott, Hancock and Almond phases is not distinguishable lithologically (Clayton 1986). In some instances these deposits may be distinguished based on their relative positions on the landscape, but not by their characteristics. Much of the stream sediment consists of slightly gravely sand with grain size decreasing in a downstream direction away from the former glacier margin (Clayton 1986). Streams flowed primarily westward or southwestward from the Hancock and Almond Moraines, while streams from the Elderon Phase flowed more southward between the ice and the Almond Moraine (Clayton 1986). According to Clayton (1986), many of these meltwater streams were shallow, braided streams with abundant bedload. The streams flowing out from the glacier may have been supraglacial, englacial or subglacial streams, all of which deposit material classified as outwash however, some of the streams may have deposited sediment derived from subglacially eroded till (Clayton 1986). The stream sediment takes on a different surface appearance depending on the depositional environment: nearly flat topography resulted when sediment was deposited on solid ground as evidenced by the flat outwash plains west of the Hancock Moraine, whereas hilly topography resulted where sediment was deposited on stagnant glacial ice as evidenced by the hilly outwash found east of the Hancock Moraine (Clayton 1986). Stagnant ice melts at an uneven rate depending on the amount of sediment cover. If the sediment cover is thick, the sediment provides insulation that prevents the ice from melting readily. If the sediment cover is thin, this can accelerate melting by decreasing the albedo of the glacier surface and warming the ice. The result of this uneven melting is a hilly landscape of outwash sediment. Streams that flowed beneath the glacial ice in tunnel channels either eroded the underlying bed material or deposited their load. Depositional subglacial streams fill tunnel channels with sediment and form eskers. There are numerous examples of tunnel channels in Portage County (Figure 9.4), but no eskers thus the subglacial streams in Portage County eroded underlying bed material (Clayton 1986). Tunnel channels formed at the ice margin during the Hancock and Almond phases. Rows of collapse depressions, breaks through the end moraines, and large outwash fans beyond the moraine indicate the location of tunnel channels (Clayton 1986). Clayton et al. (1985) suggest that a 10 km wide swath along the glacier margin was frozen to its bed, and behind the frozen bed zone a narrow thawed bed zone existed. Sudden discharge of accumulated meltwater from the thawed bed zone through the frozen bed zone may have been responsible for the formation of the tunnel channels (Clayton 1986). FIGURE 9.4. TUNNEL CHANNELS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HANCOCK AND ALMOND MORAINES IN PORTAGE COUNTY (Clayton 1986, p. 10, Figure 9)

5 Portage County Glacial Landforms 63 Offshore sediment, or sediment deposited in lakes, comprise the remainder of the undiffer-entiated fluvial sediment. The primary grain size transported by the glacial ice was sand, and thus the offshore sediment is primarily sand; silt and clay are not common (Clayton 1986). Lakes occurred along the margin of the glacier as the ice dammed water flow, but some also occurred as ice-walled lakes. These ice-walled lakes formed flat-topped mounds known as ice walled lake plains. Much of Portage County is covered by a thin layer of wind-blown sediment (loess) but the majority of loess occurs in the southwestern portion of the county where it overlies offshore or stream sediment (Clayton 1986). Dunes have formed where the loess is thick enough and their shape and orientation indicate winds came from the south-southeast (Clayton 1986). The age of the loess is unknown but Clayton (1986) estimates it was deposited either 12,000 to 14,000 YBP or during a dry period that occurred 6,000 to 7,000 YBP. THE BIG FLATS FORMATION The Big Flats Formation is composed of stream sediment and sediment associated with Glacial Lake Wisconsin (Syverson et al. 2011). The deposit is composed almost entirely of medium and fine sand that is well-sorted and stratified with a dark grayish-brown to dark yellowish-brown color (Syverson et al. 2011). Sand in the Big Flats Formation can be distinguished from sand in the Holy Hill Formation by its color, the fact that it is more wellsorted, and the lack of coarse sand and gravel (Syverson et al. 2011). Variations in grain size distribution within the Big Flats Formation is a function of the depositional environment stream, beach, nearshore and offshore. The offshore deposits include layers of silt and clay (Syverson et al. 2011). The thickness ranges from one to over forty meters (Syverson et al. 2011). The surface layers to the formation were deposited between 16,000 to 24,000 calendar years before present (Syverson et al. 2011). Wind-blown sand was deposited on top of the Big Flats Formation during the Holocene and a widespread paleosol separates the fluvial sand from the overlying aeolian sand (Syverson et al. 2011). REFERENCES Attig, J.W., L. Clayton, and D.M. Mickelson, eds Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular 62. Madison: WGNHS. Clayton, L Pleistocene Geology of Portage County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular 56. Madison: WGNHS. Clayton, L., J.W. Attig, D.M. Mickelson, M.D. Johnson, and K.M. Syverson Glaciation of Wisconsin, 3 rd ed. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Educational Series 36. Madison: WGNHS. NACSN (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature) North American stratigraphic code. American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Bulletin 89(11): , doi: / Syverson, K.M., L. Clayton, J.W. Attig, and D.M. Mickelson (eds) Lexicon of Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Technical Report 1. Madison: WGNHS. WGNHS (Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey) Thickness of Unconsolidated Material in Wisconsin. Madison: WGNHS. WGNHS (Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey) Landscapes of Wisconsin. Madison: WGNHS. WGNHS (Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey) Glaciation of Wisconsin (4 th ed). Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Educational Series 36. Madison: WGNHS.

6 64 Portage County Glacial Landforms APPENDIX 1. Thickness of Unconsolidated Material in Wisconsin. WGNHS 1983.

7 Portage County Glacial Landforms 65 APPENDIX 2: Landscapes of Wisconsin. WGNHS 2004.

8 66 Portage County Glacial Landforms

9 Portage County Glacial Landforms 67 APPENDIX 3: Glaciation of Wisconsin. WGNHS 2011.

10 68 Portage County Glacial Landforms

11 Portage County Glacial Landforms 69

12 70 Portage County Glacial Landforms

13 Portage County Glacial Landforms 71 NAME: 50 POINTS Dimensions of the Hancock Moraine 1. The Hancock Moraine appears on the Rosholt NW, Polonia, and Arnott topographic maps. Outline of the base (bottom) of the Hancock Moraine on all sides (north, south, east and west) on all three topographic maps. On the southern portion of the Polonia map, the Hancock and Almond moraines merge into a single moraine. Outline this combined moraine, but only apply elevations from the western side of the moraine to the questions below. [3] 2. Based on your outlines, what is the approximate elevation of the base of the moraine on each map? [1] West side East side Rosholt NW map? ft ft Polonia map? ft Arnott map? ft ft Average of these observations ft 3. For each topographic map, locate the highest spots on the Hancock Moraine and record the elevations below. Rosholt NW: find the two highest spots north of and the two highest spots south of the break in the moraine; Polonia: find the two highest spots north of and the two highest spots south of the break in the moraine; Arnott: find the three highest spots.. [1.5] Rosholt NW elevations Polonia elevations Arnott elevations Average of these observations = ft 4. Based on your elevations in questions 2 and 3, calculate the approximate local relief of the Hancock Moraine in feet. Then, convert this measurement from feet to meters. [0.5] ft 1 ft = m m 5. Measure the width of the Hancock Moraine in centimeters on each topographic map. Draw lines on the maps showing the locations of your measurements and record the widths below. [3] Rosholt NW: measure the width at two places north of and two places south of the break in the moraine; Polonia: measure the width at two places north of and two places south of the break in the moraine; Arnott: measure the width at three locations. Rosholt NW widths Polonia widths Arnott widths Average of these observations cm

14 72 Portage County Glacial Landforms Use the representative fraction to convert this width from centimeters on the map to kilometers on the earth. Show your work. 1 m = 100 cm; 1 km = 1000 m km 6. Compare your height and width measurements to the averages of Clayton, 1986 (refer to Introduction)? [1] Your height (local relief) m Clayton s height m Your width km Clayton s width km If your measurements are not in the range of Clayton s, list some reasons why this might be the case. Dimensions of the Almond Moraine 7. The Almond Moraine appears as a distinct moraine on the Rosholt NW map only. Outline the base (bottom) of the Almond Moraine on all sides on the topographic map. The northern-most portions of the moraine are difficult to define, particularly on the eastern side. Draw unclear boundaries as dashed lines. [1] 8. Based on your outlines, what is the approximate elevation of the base of the moraine on the: [0.5] west side? ft east side? ft Average ft 9. Locate the four highest spots on the southern portion of the Almond Moraine where the moraine is clearly defined. Locate two other high spots from the northern, less-well defined portions of the Almond moraine. Record these six elevations below. [0.5] Average of these observations ft 10. Based on your elevations in questions 8 and 9, calculate the approximate local relief of the Almond Moraine in feet. Then, convert this measurement from feet to meters. [0.5] ft 1 ft = m m 11. On the Rosholt NW map, measure the width in centimeters of the Almond Moraine at four locations on the southern portion of the Almond Moraine where the moraine is clearly defined) and at two locations from the northern, less-well defined portions of the moraine. Draw lines on the maps showing the locations of your measurements and record these six widths below. [2] Average of these observations cm

15 Portage County Glacial Landforms 73 Use the representative fraction to convert this width from centimeters on the map to kilometers on the earth. Show your work. 1 m = 100 cm; 1 km = 1000 m km 12. Compare your height and width measurements to the averages of Clayton, 1986 (refer to Introduction)? [1] Your height (local relief) m Clayton s height m Your width km Clayton s width km If your measurements are not in the range of Clayton s, list some reasons why this might be the case. Dimensions of the Arnott Moraine 13. On the Arnott topographic map draw the outline of the base (bottom) of the Arnott Moraine on all sides. [1] 14. Based on your outlines, what is the approximate elevation of the base of the moraine on the: [0.5] west side? ft east side? ft 15. Locate the four highest spots on the top of the Arnott Moraine and record these elevations below. [0.5] Elevations (ft): Average of these observations ft 16. Based on your elevations in questions 14 and 15, what is the approximate local relief of the Arnott Moraine, in feet, on its east and west sides? Convert these measurements from feet to meters. [1] Weat side: ft 1 ft = m m East side: ft 1 ft = m m 17. Measure the width in centimeters of the Arnott Moraine in four places. One measurement should be at the widest part of the moraine and one should be the narrowest part of the moraine. The other two are at your discretion. Mark these four locations on the map and record these widths below. [2] Widths (cm): Based on these observations, what is the average width in centimeters? cm Use the representative fraction to convert this width from centimeters on the map to kilometers on the earth. Show your work. 1 m = 100 cm; 1 km = 1000 m km

16 74 Portage County Glacial Landforms 18. Compare your height and width measurements to the averages of Clayton, 1986 (refer to Introduction)? [1] Your height (local relief) m Clayton s height m Your width km Clayton s width km If your measurements are not in the range of Clayton s, list some reasons why this might be the case. Comparison of the End Moraines 19. Compare and contrast the average base elevation, top elevation, local relief, and width of the three moraines. List similarities and differences between the three moraines. Identify any trends from west to east. [3] Arnott Hancock Almond Base elevation (ft) Top Local West Side East Side Elevation (ft) Relief (m) Width (km) 20. a. Highlight (or color) any depressions (closed contour lines with hatch marks) located on the Hancock, Almond, and Arnott moraines on all three topographic maps. [1] b. Compare and contrast the frequency of depressions on these three moraines. [1]

17 Portage County Glacial Landforms Examine the shape of the contour lines (i.e. squiggles, irregularities, places where lines double back, the ease of following a specific line) within each of your moraine outlines. Compare and contrast the shape of the contour lines on the three moraines. How are the contour line shapes similar and how are the shapes different? [2] 22. Examine the spacing of the contour lines (i.e. the horizontal distance separating neighboring contour lines) on all three moraines. Compare and contrast the amount of space separating neighboring contour lines and the consistency of the spacing between neighboring contour lines on the three moraines. How is contour line spacing similar and how does it vary from one moraine to another? [2] 23. Because the base elevation on the west side of the Arnott Moraine is lower than on the east side, the local relief of the Arnott Moraine is larger on the west side than on the east side. What might have caused the higher base elevation, and thus the lower local relief, on the east side of this moraine? [1] 24. Based on the information in the introduction, on the topographic maps, and from our field trip, list other similarities and differences between the Hancock, Almond and Arnott moraines. [4]

18 76 Portage County Glacial Landforms 25. If you had no information on the age of the Arnott, Hancock and Almond moraines, how could you determine their relative ages based solely on their geographic position on the landscape? [1] 26. If you had no information on the age of these three moraines, and you didn t know their geographic position on the landscape, what other information collected in this exercise could you use to determine their relative ages? [1] Tunnel Channels Tunnel channels form where meltwater from the thawed-bed zone of the glacier erodes a tunnel through the frozenbed zone of the glacier and then flows out onto the outwash plain fronting the glacier. The tunnel may be carved out of the underlying sediment or the ice itself. According to Clayton (1986) three features signifying the location of a tunnel channel: (1) rows of collapse depressions, (2) breaks in end moraines, and (3) proglacial fans. 27. On the Polonia map there is a break between the northern and southern portion of the Hancock and Almond moraines and your outlines from questions 1 and 7 should show this break. There are a series of depressions (closed contour lines with hatch marks) in the break and to the east of the break. Mark these depressions on the map to help show the location of the tunnel channel that drained through this break in the moraine. [1] 28. In addition to depressions, the location of this tunnel channel is also signified by a trough (valley) and the contour lines help define this trough. Examine the contour lines to the east of the break and mark the approximate edges of the valley that defines the old tunnel channel. Draw an arrow along the bottom of this old channel, through the depression contours and out through the break in the moraine showing the direction of water flow when the glacier was present. [1.5] 29. Highlight several of the contour lines defining the proglacial fan that formed at the end of the tunnel channel where meltwater flowed out onto the outwash plain. [1] 30. Examine the elevation of the contour lines on the outwash fan, at the break in the moraine, and through the trough (valley) behind the moraine. a. Today, the highest elevation along this old tunnel channel marks a drainage divide. Where is the highest elevation today, in front of the moraine on the outwash fan, at the break in the moraine, or behind the moraine where the ice was? [0.5]

19 Portage County Glacial Landforms 77 b. Given your answer, in what direction(s) will water drain off the landscape today? [0.5] c. Is the direction of drainage today the same as the direction of drainage when the glacier was here? If the direction of flow today is different than when the ice was present, explain how this could be the case. [1.5] 31. How do we know that the tunnel channels are younger than the moraines they cut through? [0.5] Topography and Geology 32. On the Rosholt NW and Polonia topographic maps highlight two or three examples of each of the following features. Use topography in conjunction with the glacial deposits map of Portage County to help identify these features. Create a key here. [2] a. ground moraine c. hilly outwash (outwash deposited on stagnant ice) b. flat outwash d. ice-walled lakes The other major type of glacial landform in this area is end moraines, but these were all marked on the maps for earlier questions, so they don t need to be marked again. 33. How does the pattern (i.e. shape, spacing, number) of the contour lines differ between these five different types of landforms? In other words, if you didn t have the geologic map to help you identify these landforms, what would you look for with regards to the pattern of the contour lines to determine their location? [4]

20 78 Portage County Glacial Landforms