DUCK EGGS POSITION AND TURNING IN THE INCUBATOR AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE HATCHING TRAITS AND DUCKLING GROWTH

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1 Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol (33) (II): ( ) (1433) Egyptian Poultry Science Journal ISSN: (Print) (On line) DUCK EGGS POSITION AND TURNING IN THE INCUBATOR AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE HATCHING TRAITS AND DUCKLING GROWTH A. M. El-Hanoun * ; R. E. Rizk * ; Wesam A. Fares * and A. E. El-Komey ** * Anim. Prod. Rese. Institute, Agric. Rese. Center, Egypt ** City for Sci. Rese. and Biotec. Appli., Borg EL-Arab, Egypt Received: 15/04/2013 Accepted: 14/05/2013 ABSTRACT: The current study was conducted to determine the effects of different egg positions and multiple-plane-turning around long and short axis during artificial incubation on some hatching traits and post-hatch growth of Pekin ducklings. Pekin ducks aged 40 week-old at the beginning of this study. Total number of 9000 hatching eggs was used in this study involved three replicates. Eggs for each hatch (replicate) were randomly distributed into five equal groups (600 eggs per each), according to their position and turning during incubation as follows: (1) vertical position with turning around the long axis (VP-LX),(2) horizontal position with turning around the long axis (HP-LX),(3) horizontal position with turning around the short axis (HP-SX),(4) horizontal position and large end with an angel of approximate 20 degrees up with turning around the long axis (HPU- LX),(5) horizontal position and large end with an angel of approximate 20 degrees up with turning around the short axis (HPU-SX).Hatch trays were used for setting the incubated egg groups in the setter except those for first group which incubated in setter trays. Eggs of the last two groups were set in special form which guarantees that the eggs set in position with large end approximate 20 degree up bottom. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1- Eggs incubated in HPU-LX group represented the lowest (P<0.05) egg weight loss and embryonic mortality compared with other groups through different incubation intervals. 2- Eggs incubated in HPU-LX group recorded the highest (P<0.05) mean for hatchability percentages compared with those for other positions and turnings. 3- All studied parameters values for ducklings during brooding period (0-21 days of age) such as body weight at hatch, body weight at 21 days, body weight gain, feed consumption and conversion and viability rate were the best (P<0.05) in HPU-LX group compared with those for other positions and turnings. Keywords: Duck, egg position, egg turning, hatchability, blood parameters. Corresponding author: alielhanoun@yahoo.com

2 A.M.El-Hanoun et al 4- Thyroid hormones level (T 3 and T 4 ), besides some studied blood plasma traits (total protein, albumin and globulin) were increased (P<0.05) for eggs of HPU-LX group compared with those for other experimented groups 5- Pekin ducklings which produced from eggs incubated in HPU-LX recorded the highest (P<0.05) values of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, white blood cell and lymphocytes compared with those for other experimented groups. Could be concluded that incubating Pekin duck eggs in horizontal position and large end with an angel of approximate 20 degrees up with turning around the long axis (HPU- LX) could be recommended for realizing the best results of hatchability and post-hatch growth. INTRODUCTION Incubation procedures are important for maintenance and improvement of duck egg production. Many factors can interfere with the success of incubation or the quality of hatched chicks such as egg position and turning during artificial incubation. Most avian eggs need to be turned during incubation for normal embryonic development to take place (Yoshizaki and Saito, 2002). The static incubation of eggs has been reported to be detrimental for embryo development, while egg turning during artificial incubation has some benefits such as prevention of abnormal adhesion of the embryo or embryonic membranes to the shell membranes (New, 1957), reduction in malpositioning of the embryo (Robertson, 1961), and the complete and timely closure of chorioallantois at the small end of the egg (Deeming, 1989). Egg position changes the exposed surface area, changing the loss of water from the egg and affecting hatchability (Tiwari and Maeda, 2005). Turning is most important in the first two-thirds of incubation. It prevents adhesion of the embryo to the inner shell membranes which causes embryonic death and also prevents adhesion to the yolk which causes ruture of the vitelline membrane (Wilson, 1991). Turning around the long axis apparently facilitates movement of the embryo into the normal hatching position. The embryo head must occupy a position in the large end of the egg for proper hatching. Thus the egg must be incubated with large end slightly up (Pingle and Dratt, 1999) Kaltofen (1961) mentioned that chicken eggs incubated with turning around the long axis were superior in hatchability compared with turning around the short axis by 3.3%. Also, Pingel and Dratt (1999) reported that incubated geese eggs in horizontal position like in the natural nest (large end with air cell slightly higher) and turned around the longitudinal axis had positive effects on hatchability (increased hatchability of 3-5%). Moreover, Van de Ven, et al. (2011) found that hatching occurred 1 to 2 hours earlier in horizontal position than vertical position eggs Information about the effects of egg position and turning during incubation for Pekin duck eggs is lacking. Thus the objective of the present research was to verify the effects of different positions and turnings during artificial incubation of Pekin duck eggs on egg weight loss, embryonic mortality, hatchability, duckling performance and blood parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was carried on the Pekin ducks stock aged 40-week old at governmental farm, Public Authority for Agrarian Reform, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Pekin ducks were reared in separate floor pens under standard husbandry conditions and fed a recommended amount 394

3 Duck, egg position, egg turning, hatchability, blood parameters. of feed containing16% CP and 2800 kcal of ME/kg feed. Total number of 9000 hatching eggs was used in the present experiment as three thousand eggs in each hatch and replicated three times. Eggs for each hatch were randomly distributed into five equal groups (600 eggs per each) according to their positions and turnings during incubation as follows: (1) vertical position with turning around the long axis (VP-LX), (2) horizontal position with turning around the long axis (HP-LX),(3) horizontal position with turning around the short axis (HP-SX), (4) horizontal position and large end with an angel of approximate 20 degrees up with turning around the long axis (HPU-LX), (5) horizontal position and large end with an angel of approximate 20 degrees up with turning around the short axis (HPU-SX). Hatch trays were used for setting the incubated egg groups in the setter except that for first group which incubated in setter trays. Eggs of the last two groups were set in special form which permits the large end of the egg to be in slop position approximately 20 degrees up. Incubation process was done by five automatic incubators (German-made) which electronically controlled for temperature and relative humidity. History of hatchability results for these incubators had no differences between them. The temperatures and relative humidity were the same for all incubators as 37.8 o C and 60% RH during the incubation period (0-24 days) and 37.3 o C and 80% RH during the hatching period (24-28 days). All eggs were moved out of the incubator for cooling at o C twice per day for 15 minutes and then placed back again from 14 to 24 days of incubation period. Eggs of each experimental group were set in separate incubators at the same time. Eggs were numbered and weighed consecutively before setting in the incubators and distributed randomly at different places within the same trolley of incubator. All eggs were reweighed individually again on the 14 th and 24 th days of incubation for calculation egg weight loss percentage. Eggs were turned automatically every two hours. On day 24 of incubation, the eggs were candled, and those with evidence of living embryos were transferred singly into pedigree hatching baskets and then placed into the hatchers for the remainder period of the incubation. On the 28 th day of incubation (hatching day), ducklings that had fully emerged from eggs were removed and weighed to the nearest gram. Eggs with embryos that failed to hatch were broken and classified as dead in shell according to the embryonic mortality among three incubation periods (0-8, 9-16 and days) and pipped eggs. Hatchability percentages of fertile and total eggs set were recorded. Hatched ducklings were brooded in separate floor pens under standard husbandry conditions. Body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and viability rate were recorded for post-hatch ducklings through the first 21 days of age. At hatch, blood samples were taken from 6 ducklings for each group. The blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes immediately for counting red and white blood cells (RBCs & WBCs), respectively. Hemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (PCV%) and leukocytes differentiation % (lymphocyte, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil) were determined according to Hawkey and Dennett (1989). Also plasma levels of total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glob), glucose (Glu.) and thyroid hormones (T 3 and T 4 ) were measured at hatch according to Darras et al. (1992). Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA using General Linear Models (GLM) of SAS (2004). The significant differences among treatment means were tested according to Duncan (1955). 395

4 A.M.El-Hanoun et al RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Egg Weight Loss: Weight loss for Pekin duck eggs through different intervals of incubation as affected by egg position and turning is presented in Table 1. Data presented in this table revealed that highest (P<0.05) percentages of egg weight loss were observed for egg position and turning (VP- LX) through the studied intervals of 0-14, and in the accumulated period 0-24 day compared to other experimented positions and turnings. Moreover, eggs of HPU-LX represented lowest (P<0.05) weight loss compared with other egg positions and turnings throughout the same studied intervals. This means that egg position and turning had a significant (P<0.05) influence on the rate of egg weight loss for Pekin ducks among the incubation intervals. Supporting to results in this study regarding to the significant decrease of incubated egg weight loss for all groups of horizontal position compared with the vertical one, Moraes et al. (2008) found that the Japanese quail eggs incubated in horizontal position had lower weight loss (6.8%) compared with eggs placed in vertical orientation (8.6%). Egg weight loss is an important parameter for incubation and used to estimate vital gas exchange as reported by Rahn et al. (1979). Moreover, Burton and Tullet (1983) stated that egg weight loss is correlated with the rate of embryonic metabolism and development. The amount of moisture lost from the eggs during incubation can affect hatchability and chick weight (Burton and Tullet, 1985). During incubation, a certain amount of water must be around the embryos to protect them from drying out at early stage of development (Romao et al., 2009). Conversely, at late stage of development, the drying of embryos is necessary to initiate air breathing (Bainter and Feher, 1974). However, too low or too high water loss influence embryo development and consequently egg hatchability (Meir et al., 1984). Also, Changkang et al. (1999) reported that the relative weight loss of the hatched Muscovy duck eggs were 4.57 and 10.50% during the 10 and 24 days of incubation. El-Hanoun, et al. (2012) found that egg weight loss for Pekin ducks during the periods 0-14, and 0-24 days were 3.89, 8.03 and 11.63%, respectively. Embryonic Mortality: It can be seen from Table 2, eggs of HPU-LX group recorded the lowest (P<0.05) percentages of embryonic mortality through all studied incubation intervals (0-8, 9-16 and days) and pipped eggs compared with those for other positions and turnings. Whereas, the highest (P<0.05) percentages of embryonic mortality were recorded for egg group of VP-LX. It can be observed from data of Table 2 that either the increase or the decreases of embryonic mortality are related to egg weight loss which shown in Table 1. It is apparent that HPU-LX recorded the lowest egg weight loss and in turn lowest embryonic mortality. These results are in accordance with those reported by Lundy (1969) who indicated that the amount of water lost from an egg does influence the mortality rate of embryo. Likewise, Christensen and McCorkle (1982) suggested that embryonic mortality may increase due to a failure of the embryo to lose water at an appropriate rate. The increase in early death was thought to be due to reduced gas exchange and consequently the survival of the embryo, because CO 2 concentration affects embryonic mortality during the early stage of incubation (Gildersleeve and Boeschen, 1983). Moreover, the relationship between egg water loss and survival of the embryo may be related to the difference in the ability of embryos to regulate their water contents and eggshell conductance (Ackerman, 1987). Also, Moraes et al. 396

5 Duck, egg position, egg turning, hatchability, blood parameters. (2008) mentioned that the late embryonic death was higher in the eggs incubated in the vertical position (24%) when compared to the horizontal one (8%). Hatchability: Data in Table 3 indicate that highest significant results of hatchability for fertile and total egg percentages were detected in the eggs incubated in HPU-LX group (84.97 and 73.62%), respectively compared with those for other egg positions and turnings. Besides, the lowest significant percentages of hatchability were observed in the eggs incubated in VP-LX group (73.48 and 61.64%), respectively. It appears from the results of this table and previous Tables 1 and 2 that egg group of HPU-LX which realized the best result of hatchability had the lowest significant (P<0.05) values of egg weight loss and embryonic mortality during incubation. Results of hatchability for fertile and total eggs in Table 3 revealed that there is strong need to switch the egg position and turning for realizing the best results of hatchability. Furthermore, results herein regarding the decrease of embryonic mortality during the accumulated period (0-24 days) of incubation reveal its contribution role in hatchability increase. These results are keeping with those reported by different research workers. Yoshizaki and Saito (2002) mentioned that most avian eggs need to be turned correctly during incubation for normal embryonic development. Also, eggs turning during incubation improve hatchability (Elibol et al., 2002). Moraes et al. (2008) mentioned that there are variations of the normal egg position that are considered not to be detrimental to successful hatching of Japanese quail. However, there are many positions which are associated with difficulty in hatching, and they found that quail eggs incubated in horizontal position had a higher percentage of hatchability compared to the eggs incubated in vertical position. El-Hanoun et al. (2012) found that higher values of hatchability percentage were happened when eggs had lower embryonic mortality and egg weight loss. From another pint of view, Elibol and Brake (2006) documented that the ability to utilize a reduced turning angle during incubation could provide the opportunity to increase incubator capacity, alter airflow, improve the ability to deal with very large eggs in commercial machines and reduce incubation costs per chick. French (1997) reported that increasing the distance between trays by reducing the turning angle could result in an exponential decline in the required air speed in commercial incubators. Ducklings Growth during Brooding Period: Different parameters during brooding period (0-21 days of age) such as body weight at hatch and at 21 days of age, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and viability as influenced by egg position and turning are shown in Table 4. It could be observed that all body weight at hatch, at 21 days of age and body weight gain during this period were increased (P<0.05) for ducklings produced from eggs incubated in HPU-LX group compared with ducklings produced from eggs incubated in other experimented groups. The significant increase of body weight at hatch and at 21 days of age and body weight gain could be related to the decrease of egg weight loss and this observation is supported by Tullet and Burton (1982) who mentioned that weight of chicks at hatch can be affected by weight loss during incubation. Moreover, Knizetova et al (1982) determined that Pekin duck hatch weight is positively correlated with early post-hatch growth. Also, Tona et al. (2003) indicated that the effects of egg turning on chick juvenile growth may be linked to embryo growth up to hatch. Furthermore, supporting to our results in this research, Morase, et al. 397

6 A.M.El-Hanoun et al (2008) reported that quail eggs incubated in horizontal position recorded better hatchability, lower egg weight loss and better hatch weight. Ducklings produced from eggs incubated in VP-LX group consumed (P<0.05) largest amount of feed ( g) compared to ducklings produced from other groups during the first 21 days of age. Moreover, the lowest significant (P<0.05) amount of feed ( g) was consumed by ducklings produced from eggs incubated in HPU-LX group. Also, feed conversion was significantly (P<0.05) affected by egg position and turning. The best significant (P<0.05) feed conversion (1.52) was recorded for ducklings produced from eggs incubated in HPU-LX group. Whereas, the worst significant feed conversion (1.92) was reported for ducklings produced from eggs incubated in VP-LX group compared with those for all studied groups. The best significant (P<0.05) viability rates (91.8, 87.9 and 92.3%) were recorded for ducklings produced from eggs incubated in HP-LX, HP-SX and HPU-LX groups, respectively compared with those in VP-LX and HPU-LX groups. Blood Biochemical and Hematological Parameters: Table 5 shows the effect of egg position and turning on the plasma T 3, T 4, total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose for Pekin ducklings at hatch. Thyroid hormone levels (T 3 and T 4 ), besides some studied blood plasma traits (total protein, albumin and globulin) were increased (P<0.05) for group of HPU-LX compared with those for other experimented groups. Moreover, group of HP-LX realized the same significant increase with respect to T 3 and albumin. Whereas, egg position and turning had no significant influence on plasma glucose, while VP-LX group recorded the lowest significant values of T 3, T 4, total protein, albumin and globulin compared with those for other studied groups. Also, Blood hematology parameters of Pekin ducklings at hatch as influenced by egg position and turning are presented in Table 6. Pekin ducklings produced from egg set in HPU-LX recorded the highest (P<0.05) values of Hb, PCV%, RBCs,WBCs count and lymphocytes, while this group recorded the lowest significant values of neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil compared with those for other experimented groups. Generally, reverse response for hematological parameters was recorded for VP-LX group which had the lowest significant values of Hb, PCV%, RBCs,WBCs count and lymphocyte besides highest ones were recorded for leukocytes differentiation (%) compared with those for other experimented groups. Published data on the direct effect of egg position and turning on some blood hematology and plasma parameters are lacking. The egg position in rack as in HPU-LX could be a factor of subjecting great area of egg to temperature, O 2 consumption and gas exchange through more numbers of pores. The exchange of incubation gases is facilitated by the chorioallantoic membrane, which is a highly vascular structure in conjunction, with the porosity of the egg shell (Onagbesan et al., 2007). These structures however permit the diffusion of O 2 and CO 2 between the environment and the blood of the embryo (Tullett and Deeming, 1982). The increase of thyroid hormone as shown in Table 5 for baby ducklings at hatch produced from eggs set in the group of HPU-LX could be the reason of increasing hatchability percentage in this study. Also the increase of PCO 2 in the air cell due to putting the eggs in this position during incubation might be the reason of increasing T 3 and T 4 which might be a sign of increased metabolic activity and hatchability improvement as reported by Tona et al. (2003). Another explanation have been reported by the same authors that egg position during incubation may lead to 398

7 Duck, egg position, egg turning, hatchability, blood parameters. better utilization of yolk and in turn higher blood T 3 and hatchability percentage. The high levels of thyroid hormones as appear in ducklings produced from eggs group HPU-LX in the current study and its relation with the increase of hatchability and post hatch growth are supported by statement of Mc Nabb et al. (1981) who showed that high thyroid hormones are associated with the beginning of pulmonary respiration and the high metabolic demands of the hatching process. Moreover, Decuypere et al. (1991) mentioned that T 3 stimulate hepatic 5-D activity and significantly increased phospholipid in the lung and stimulus the production of ornithokallikrien enzyme and increased blood flow. The increase of blood parameters in the current study such as Hb, PCV % and RBCs count could be related with the increase of O 2 requirement and thus metabolic rate of embryo due to the egg position and turning of HPU-LX group. Also the significant increase of WBCs count accompanied with the increase of hematology of Pekin ducklings could be explained as result of subjecting the egg to gas exchange for HPU-LX group. Therefore, this point of research regarding the relationship between egg position and turning with hematological parameters in ducks needs further researches to reveal the scientific point of view in order to obtain the best results of hatchability and later duckling performance. Could be concluded that different egg position and turning can highly interfere with the artificial incubation of Pekin ducks. Therefore, eggs incubated in horizontal position and large end with an angel of approximate 20 degrees up with turning around the long axis (HPU-LX) could be recommended for hatching Pekin duck eggs for realizing lower embryonic mortality, best hatch and post-hatch growth. Table (1): Effect of egg position and turning on egg weight loss of Pekin ducks during incubation periods Egg position Initial egg Egg weight loss (%) and turning weight (g) 0-14 d d 0-24 d VP-LX 71.16± a ± a ± a ±0.032 HP-LX 73.02± c ± c ± c ±0.041 HP-SX 70.95± b ± b ± b ±0.032 HPU-LX 72.61± d ± d ± d ±0.027 HPU-SX 73.12± b ± b ± b ±0.030 Overall mean 72.17± ± ± ±0.034 a-,d Means ± SE within each column with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05).; VP-LX= Vertical position with turning around long axis, HP-LX=Horizontal position with turning around long axis, HP-SX=Horizontal position with turning around short axis, HPU-LX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis, HPU-SX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis. 399

8 A.M.El-Hanoun et al Table (2): Effect of egg position and turning on embryonic mortality for Pekin duck eggs during incubation periods Egg position Embryonic mortality (%) Pipped eggs and turning Early (0-8 d) Middle (9-16d) Late (17-24d) (%) VP-LX 4.21 a ± a ± a ± a ±0.36 HP-LX 3.66 c ± c ± c ± c ±0.24 HP-SX 4.02 b ± b ± b ± b ±0.18 HPU-LX 3.19 d ± d ± d ± d ±0.32 HPU-SX 3.99 b ± b ± b ± b ±0.27 Overall mean 3.81± ± ± ±0.31 a-,d Means ± SE within each column with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05).; VP-LX= Vertical position with turning around long axis, HP- LX=Horizontal position with turning around long axis, HP-SX=Horizontal position with turning around short axis, HPU-LX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis, HPU-SX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis. Table (3): Effect of egg position and turning on hatchability of Pekin duck eggs. a-,d Egg position Hatchability (%) and turning Fertile eggs Total eggs set VP-LX d ± d ±0.44 HP-LX b ± b ±0.46 HP-SX c ± c ±0.69 HPU-LX a ± a ±0.72 HPU-SX c ± c ±0.58 Overall mean 78.72± ±0.53 Means ± SE within each column with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05).; VP-LX= Vertical position with turning around long axis, HP- LX=Horizontal position with turning around long axis, HP-SX=Horizontal position with turning around short axis, HPU-LX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis, HPU-SX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis. 400

9 Duck, egg position, egg turning, hatchability, blood parameters. 401 Table (4): Effect of egg position and turning on body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, and viability for Pekin ducklings during brooding period (0 21 day of age) Egg position and turning Initial egg weight (g) Body weight (g) At hatch At 21 day Gain Feed consumption Feed conversion (g:g) Viability (%) (g/bird/period) VP-LX 71.16± d ± e ± e ± a ± a ± c ±0.3 HP-LX 73.02± b ± b ± b ± c ± d ± a ±0.8 HP-SX 70.95± c ± d ± d ± b ± b ± a ±0.7 HPU-LX 72.61± a ± a ± a ± d ± e ± a ±0.6 HPU-SX 73.12± c ± c ± c ± b ± c ± b ±0.5 Overall mean 72.17± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 a-,e Means ± SE within each column with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05); VP-LX= Vertical position with turning around long axis, HP-LX=Horizontal position with turning around long axis, HP- SX=Horizontal position with turning around short axis, HPU-LX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis, HPU-SX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis.

10 A.M.El-Hanoun et al 402 Table (5): Effect of egg position and turning on thyroid hormones and some blood plasma parameters of Pekin ducklings at hatch Egg position and turning T3 (ng/ml) T4 (ng/ml) Total Protein (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Globulin (g/dl) Glucose (mg/dl) VP-LX 3.86 c ± e ± d ± c ± d ± ±6.72 HP-LX 4.55 a ± b ± b ± a ± b ± ±7.49 HP-SX 4.18 b ± d ± c ± b ± bc ± ±5.58 HPU-LX 4.62 a ± a ± a ± a ± a ± ±8.62 HPU-SX 4.07 b ± c ± c ± b ± c ± ±4.47 Overall mean 4.25± ± ± ± ± ±6.67 a-,e Means ± SE within each column with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05); VP-LX= Vertical position with turning around long axis, HP-LX=Horizontal position with turning around long axis, HP-SX=Horizontal position with turning around short axis, HPU-LX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis, HPU-SX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis; T 3 =Triiodothyronine; T 4 = Thyroxine

11 Duck, egg position, egg turning, hatchability, blood parameters. Basophil Eosinophils Monocyte Neutrophil Lymphocyte PCV (%) Hb (g/dl) WBCs (x10 3 /mm 3 ) RBCs (x10 6 /ml) Egg position and turning 403 Table (6): Effect of egg position and turning on hematological parametars for Pekin duckling at hatch day leukocytes differentiation (%) VP-LX 2.15 d ± d ± d ± e ± d ± a ± a ± a ± a ±0.036 HP-LX 2.87 b ± b ± b ± b ± b ± c ± c ± d ± c ±0.042 HP-SX 2.56 c ± c ± c ± d ± c ± b ± b ± b ± bc ±0.037 HPU-LX 3.02 a ± a ± a ± a ± a ± d ± d ± e ± d ±0.044 HPU-SX 2.49 c ± c ± c ± c ± c ± b ± b ± c ± b ±0.039 Overall mean 2.61± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.034 a-,e Means ± SE within each column with different superscripts are significantly different (P 0.05); VP-LX= Vertical position with turning around long axis, HP-LX=Horizontal position with turning around long axis, HP-SX=Horizontal position with turning around short axis, HPU-LX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis, HPU-SX= Horizontal position with large end an angle 20 degrees up and turning around long axis; RBCs= Red blood cells; WBCs= White blood cell; Hb= Hemoglobin; PCV=Packed cell volume.

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14 A.M.El-Hanoun et al incubation on hatching parameters and chick quality. Poult. Sci., 90: Wilson, H.R Physiological requirement of the developing embryo: temperature and turning. In: Avian incubation, (Tullett, S.G., EDT.) Butterworth- Heinemann Ltd. Yoshizaki, N. and Saito, H Changes in shell membranes during the development of quail embryos. Poult. Sci., 81: * الولخص العربي وضع بيض البط والتقليب فى هاكي ة التفريخ وأثر رلك على صفات التفريخ و وى صغار البط ** * * * على هحوذ الح ىى رءوف ادوارد رزق وسام أديب فارس عالء السيذ الكىهى يع ذ تح ز اإل راض انحي ا ي- يشكض انثح ز انضساعيح- صاس انضساعح يصش ** يذي األتحاز انعه ي انرطثيماخ انرك ن ظي تشض انعشب- يصش أظشيد ذهك انذساسح ت ذف دساسح ذأشيش أ ضاع انثيض ان خرهفح كزا انرمهية ح ل كم ي ان ح س انط ن انعشض خالل فرشج انرحضي انص اع عه صفاخ انفمس ان تعذ انفمس نصغاسانثظ انثكي. كا ع ش انثظ انثكي 44 أسث ع ع ذ تذايح انرعشتح. ذى اظشاء انرعشتح عه اظ ان عذد 0444 تيضح ذفشيخ يمس ح عه شالز ذفشيخاخ. ذى ذمسيى انثيض ف كم ذفشيخح عش ائيا نخ سح يعاييع يرسا يح )644 تيض نه ع عح( رنك طثما ن ضع انثيضح يح س انرمهية ك ايه : )1( تيض ف ضع سأس انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح )2( تيض ف ضع أفم انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح )3( تيض ف ضع أفم انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انعشض نهثيضح )4( تيض ف ضع سأس يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا ي يمذاس ا 24 دسظ انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح )5( تيض ف ضع سأس يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا يح يمذاس ا 24 دسظح انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انعشض نهثيضح. ذى اسرخذاو ص ا انفمس ف سص تيض يعاييع انرعشت ان خرهف ف ان حض ياعذا تيض ان ع عح األ ن انز ذى ضع ف ص ا انرفشيخ. ذى ضع انثيض انخاص تان ع عري األخيشذي ف ص ا انرفشيخ تطشيمح خاص تحيس يك انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح يائال ألعه تذسظح يمذاس ا 24. ويوكي تلخيص أهن ال تائج الوتحصل عليها فيوايلى: 1- حممد يع عح انثيض ان حض ف ضع أفم يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا ي يمذاس ا 24 دسظح انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح ألم فالذ ف ص انثيضح ألم سث ف ق ظ ي يماس ح تثال ان عاييع خالل فرش انرحضي. 2- سعهد يع عح انثيض ان حض ح ف ضع أفم يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا ي يمذاس ا 24 دسظح انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح أعه سث ذفشيخ يماس ح تثال ان عاييع. 3- كا د ظ يع انصفاخ ان ذس سح عه انثظ انصغيشخالل فرش انرحضي )صفش- 21 ي و( يصم ص انعسى ع ذ انفمس ص انعسى ع ذ 21 ي و انضيادج ف ص انعسى انغزاء ان سر هك انكفاء انرح يهي نهغزاء يعذل انحي ي األفضم يع يا (0.05>P) ع ذيا ذى انرفشيخ نه ع عح انر في ا انثيض ف ضع أفم يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا يح يمذاس ا 24 دسظ انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح تان ماس ح تثال ان عاييع األخش. 4- صادخ يع يا (0.05>P) ليى شي اخ انغذ انذسلي T4 T3 تعا ة تعض صفاخ تالصيا انذو )انثش ذي اخ انكهي أنثي يي ظه تي ني ( رنك ن ع عح انثيض ان حض ف ضع أفم يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا يح يمذاس ا 24 دسظ انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح تان ماس تثال ان عاييع األخش. 5- صادخ يع يا (0.05>P) انميى انخاصح تكم ي ان ي ظه تي حعى خاليا انذو ان عثأ عذد كشاخ انذو انح شاء انثيضاء خاليا انهي ف سيد رنك نصغاس انثظ ان اذعح ي انثيض ان حض ف ضع أفم يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا يح يمذاس ا 24 دسظ انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح تان ماس ح تثال يعاييع انرعشت. عهي رنك ف صي نرحميك أفضم رائط فمس ان تعذ انفمس نهثظ انثكي يعة ذحضي انثيض ف ضع أفم يع سفع انطشف انعشيض نهثيضح تضا يح يمذاس ا 24 دسظ انرمهية ح ل ان ح س انط ن نهثيضح. 406