World War I. dex.html#world

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1 World War I dex.html#world

2 World War I Why do you think that this conflict is known as a World War? Events during the War What is it an Industrial War? How was World War I an Industrial War? Causes World War I Effects What reasons for going to war might justify the death and destruction that it causes? (why have countries traditionally gone to war?)

3 An Industrial War More than 70 million military personnel mobilized (60 million Europeans Over 9 million combatants killed, over 21 million wounded About 6.8 million civilian deaths Unlike most wars before this the majority of military deaths were caused by combat (improved weapons)

4 Otto Dix, Storm Troopers During a Gas Attack, 1924

5 The Great War A World War Allied Powers in Green Central Powers in Yellow Neutral Countries in Gray

6 Causes of World War I Long-Term Causes Nationalism Militarism & alliances Industrialism & technology Imperialism France wanted land back & revenge for Franco-Prussian War Serbs wanted independence from A-H A-H and Ottomans felt threatened by smaller nations declaring independence Germany built up military to unify England & Germany competed for best navy Competing alliances: Triple Alliances (Germany, Italy, A-H) vs. Triple Entente (England, France and Russia) Telegraphs, machine guns, railroads, etc. made war bigger, easier, more deadly Population growth from IR made for larger militaries German economy grew fastest, England felt threatened Scramble for Africa France & Germany fought over Morocco Colonies provided more resources & manpower for conflicts

7 Causes of World War I Immediate Causes Nationalism Militarism & alliances Industrialism & technology Imperialism Serbian nationalists assassinated Franz Ferdinand & demanded independence Russia backed the Serbians since they were both Slavic peoples Alliance system kicks in and creates a Domino Effect 1 st A-H mobilized, 2 nd Russia mobilized, 3 rd German mobilized Germany attacked Belgium & France = WAR Europe Rushes into war: Germany used its railroads to build up forces on Russian border Crossed telegraphs and broken negotiations Competition over colonies & internal borders: A-H gave an ultimatum to Serbians to stop loss of territory Ottomans wanted to fight to regain control of Balkan Peninsula

8 Going to War: How did Germany feel about going to War? Bernd Huppauf, Historian 1. Why did the German people feel as if the war was inevitable? 2. Why did the German people feel as if they had been forced into the war? How did they view their involvement in the war? 3. What long term or immediate causes of World War 1 can you identify in these paragraphs?

9 The Alliance System

10 The Alliance System

11 Between August 1 and August 6 Germany, Russia, France, A-H and Britain had all declared war on one another. Historians still debate who (nation/leader) or what force caused WWI. Each country pointed their finger at someone else. 1. Is it important to lay the blame for the war on one group or nation? Why or why not? 2. Consider the causes of war we have discussed. Which do you think is the most significant and why? (Explain your answer) 3. Examine the cartoon what does this drawing suggest about the outbreak of WWI? The Outbreak of War

12 Alliances Form Tensions Rise The War Begins -Triple Alliance, (Germany, Austria, Italy) -Triple Entente, 1904 (Russia, France Britain) -Germany signs treaty with Ottoman Turkey -Britain develops relations with Japan -Powers want to protect status -Compete overseas for colonies -Militarism -Britain feels threatened by Germany; Germany fears Russia -Sensational Journalism stirs public feelings -Balkan Wars Timeline of Events 1 Archduke of A-H assassinated by Serbian nationalist 2. Austria gives Serbia ultimatum (has a blank check from Germany) 3. Serbia will not meet all terms (backed by Russia) -Willy-Nicky Telegrams (Germany Russia) try to relive tension but fails 4. With German support, Austria declares war on Serbia 5. Russia mobilizes; Germany declares war on Russia (Aug 1 st ) 6. France supports Russia, Germany declares war on France (Aug 3 rd ) 7. Germany invades Belgium = Britain declares war on Germany (Aug 4 th )

13 Events leading to War Blank Check Ultimatum Serbia s Response 6 th of July in Berlin Letter from Germany A-H -Serbia is responsible for conflict -- Germany will support A-H no matter what -On the 31 st of March A-H to Serbia -- participation in investigation of FF death -- censor the press, get rid of military, and juridical system August 3 rd Serbia A-H - Accept everything except but wont give over power of gov t to A-H Willy - Nicky August, 1 st 1914 Tries to establish peace/ solve problems of Europe fails Task: 1. Identify when your event occurred 2. Read the primary source associated with your event and answer the questions at the bottom 3. Summarize your event for class discussion

14 Timeline Tasks: Record the Events of WWI on your group timeline (starting with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and ending with the entry of Italy into the war) Read your assigned Event and Answer the questions on a separate piece of paper Summarize your event on your group Timeline and create a visual representation of the event that explains how it led to WWI Explain your assigned event to your group Post your timeline and compare your answers

15 Timeline of Events June Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. July Blank Check: Germany gave Austria-Hungary a blank check 3. Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary made demands to Serbia. 4. Serbia accepted most of the ultimatum, but rejected some parts. 5. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. 6. Willy- Nicky telegraphs: telegraphs between Russia and Germany. 7. Mobilization: Russia and Germany get ready for war August August 1 st Germany declared war on Russia. 9. Russia called on France, its ally. France gave Russia a blank check. 10. Germany demanded that France back down. 11. August 3 rd France refused to back down, so Germany declared war on France. 12. August 4 th Germany s Schlieffen Plan = Germany attacks France through Belgium. 13. England declared war on Germany 14. August 6 th Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia October Ottomans joined the Central Powers May Both alliances bargained with Italy, but Allies offer the sweeter deal

16 Vision of war vs. the Reality of war Questions: In Quote 1 1. How do Europeans in this quote respond to the outbreak of war? 2. what reasons does the author give for why Europeans responded this way? 3. In Quote 2 - how does the author portray war and how does he try to explain his experience fighting? There were parades in the street, flags, ribbons, and music burst forth everywhere, young recruits were marching triumphantly, their faces lighting up at the cheering as never before, thousands and hundreds of thousands felt what they should have felt in peace time, that they belonged together. The Rushing Feeling of Fraternity Stefan Zweig "Bombardment, barrage, curtainfire, mines, gas, tanks, machineguns, hand-grenades--words, words, words, but they hold the horror of the world." - Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front,

17 Mobilization for War How does Germany prepare for war? How do the Europeans (German and French) feel about the coming of war? Why do you think Europeans (especially Germans) thought that this would be a quick war? ( over in 40 days ) Doc-

18 Marne (1914) Western Front Tannenberg (1914) Eastern Front Gallipoli (1915-6) Somme & Verdun (1916) Western Front (Stalemate) The Grand Offensive (1918) Battle of the Argonne Forest -Fought outside of Paris -French and British troops vs. Germany -Allied powers dig trenches (this is the beginning of the stalemate) -Germany vs. Russia -Fought just inside of Germany (Russia advanced early in war) - Germany repulsed Russians and inflicted heavy casualties -Russia begins a retreat that would last most of the war. -Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers -Allies landed in the Dardanelles (connect with ally Russia), and can t get off the beached for 10 months! Very heavy casualties - Ottomans cause Allies to retreat (more stress on Russia) -Germany/ Allies wanted to break the stalemate -Verdun: Massive German assault that lasted 11 months, 700,000 casualties -Somme: massive English and French assault, 1 million casualties -(both battles indecisive nothing changes) -Final Allied push, an attack on all parts of the Western Front (US has joined) -Allies were able to push back the Germans, who had low morale -Led to Germany accepting an armistice a cease fire -

19 Opening Clashes Marne 1914 Western Front (France) - Fought outside of Paris - French and British troops vs. Germany - Allied powers dig trenches (this is the beginning of the stalemate) Tannenberg 1914 Eastern Front (Russia) - Germany vs. Russia - Fought just inside of Germany (Russia advanced early in war) - Germany repulsed Russians and inflicted heavy casualties - Russia begins a retreat that would last most of the war.

20 Gallipoli (1915-6) -Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers -Allies landed in the Dardanelles (connect with ally Russia), and can t get off the beached for 10 months! Very heavy casualties - Ottomans cause Allies to retreat (more stress on Russia) Devastating Battles Somme & Verdun (1916) Western Front (Stalemate) - Germany/ Allies wanted to break the stalemate - Verdun: Massive German assault that lasted 11 months, 700,000 casualties - Somme: massive English and French assault, 1 million casualties - (both battles indecisive nothing changes)

21 The Grand Offensive (1918) Battle of the Argonne Forest - Final Allied push, an attack on all parts of the Western Front (US has joined) - Allies were able to push back the Germans, who had low morale - Led to Germany accepting an armistice a cease fire Final Battle

22 Overcoming the stalemate with new ideas (Weapons) New(ish) technology and tactics Air: zeppelins, airplanesmainly used for reconnaissance & bombing supply lines Sea: steel battleships, cruisers, u-boats; convoys; naval mines Land: tanks, siege howitzers, machine guns, poison gas, mortars, grenades

23 Battle front: Poems & literature from the War Title of Poem: Author: Questions: Summarize your poem and paraphrase the main idea: (What is the poem about) How does your poem portray warfare? (use specific quotes or phrases to support your answer)

24 The War on the Home front 1. What is the message of this poster? 2. How is the US Food administration trying to persuade people to believe in this message? List specific details for the poster as evidence

25 Not Just Weapons Censorship A. many government made agreements w/ the press to cover in positive ways B. Mail was read and censored, especially if it was going to the troops Propaganda: spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause Total war: shift all of a nation s resources into war efforts Included changing civilian factories into military factories Brought mechanical, civil, etc. engineers into the military led to war tech Unrestricted sub warfare: even attack civilian ships if they help war effort (Lusitania) civilian ship sunk by the Germans

26 Not Just Weapons Conscription: drafting civilians into the military All nations involved had a military draft Raised spending and taxes to buy more war goods War (liberty) bonds: like an IOU 1. government sold bonds (slips of paper) to people & companies 2. the government was expected to repay this money, plus interest/fee, after a certain period

27 On The Home front Propaganda Propaganda = the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause *purpose is to quickly persuade and advocate an agenda Elements of Propaganda Imagery appealing imagery (pictorial or descriptive) Repetition a message must be continuously repeated so that it will take hold in the collective consciousness Simplicity message should be quickly understood (the simple lie always conquers the complex truth) Sentiment message must contain as little detail as possible but should appeal to a strong emotion (ex: sympathy, anger, pride, etc )

28 Quick Association what emotions or terms do you link to these images? 1. Imagery

29 What types of Imagery are used in these posters?

30 What is being repeated in each of these ads? 2. Repetition

31 Quick read: What is message of these ads? 3. Simplicity watch?v=mduqw8lums8

32 What are the emotions that each of these posters or ads are evoking? 4. Sentiment German Anti- Russian Propaganda Poster

33 Analyze one of the following posters

34 Critically Examine Propaganda Title / words of Poster: Analysis of Poster: Use the chart below to list people, objects, and activities found in the cartoon or picture: People/ Animals Objects Activities Write a brief description of the artwork: What is the message of this poster? Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause How does your poster fulfill this description? On a separate piece of paper create your own propaganda poster. Make sure that your poster includes a message (what do you what the viewer to think or feel) and a specific topic (recruitment, war bonds, etc ).

35 US Involvement America was hesitant Many German-Americans had sympathy for Germany Irish-Americans did not want to join and help the British But America joined the Allies for numerous reasons 1. English-American connection existed 2. Germany s unrestricted submarine warfare killed American civilians 3. Zimmerman Note (1917) Germany wrote to Mexico fight US and you can get Southwestern lands back. *England intercepted and gave to America, who joined the war

36 Ending the War 1. US involvement was a huge morale boost 2. Germany was running out of money and new recruits (it was using 15 and 16 year olds) Requested an armistice, or break in fighting, on November 11, Proposed peace agreements (Wilson s 14 points and The Treaty of Versailles)

37 Effects of the War on the landscape of Europe As you view the following pictures answer the questions at the top of your paper: Questions Why is it significant that major civic buildings such as the Courthouse, cathedral, and City Hall (Hotel de Ville) were destroyed? Imagine the same destruction happened to your community. Would (how could) the community ever really recover from such destruction? What happened to the land surrounding the villages where battles took place? What was this land used for prior to the war? Describe what you see in the images of battlefields. Include reflections on the land, plants, animals, etc. What might France s biggest goals be during the peace talks after World War I? a. What might France fear? b. What would France probably want with respect to Germany? Why? c. Would those desires be reasonable? Why or why not?

38 The Effects of World War 1 Trench Warfare

39 The Effects of World War 1 Town Hall of Arras, France (15 th century)

40 The Effects of World War 1 Cathedral of Arras, France

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42 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi) of land in northeastern France that was physically and environmentally destroyed during the First World War. Because of hundreds of thousands of human and animal corpses and millions of unexploded ordnance that contaminated the land, some activities in the area such as housing, farming or forestry, were temporarily or permanently forbidden after the war by French law. Some towns were never permitted to be rebuilt. The Zone Rouge (the Red Zone) Restrictions in the zone rouge still exist today although the controlled areas have been greatly reduced.

43 The Effects of World War 1 Before and After picture Dinant, Belgium

44 The Effects of World War 1 Before and After picture Ypres

45 1915 the city of Ypres from above

46 The Effects of World War 1 Before and After picture Verdun

47 The Effects of World War 1 Before and After picture Ypres

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49 World War 1 Trenches today Over 90 years later, trench outlines can still be seen in northern France. Shell fragments, grenades, etc. are plowed up every year.

50 Civilians as Casualties of War World War 1 saw an unprecedented number of civilian casualties Examples: Armenian Genocide The Ottoman Empire deported 2 million Armenians million were killed or starved in Concentration camps. One of the first modern large scale, systematic, and plan killing of a ethnic group of people Of this photo, the United States ambassador wrote, Scenes like this were common all over the Armenian provinces, in the spring and summer months of Death in its several forms massacre, starvation, exhaustion destroyed the larger part of the refugees. The Turkish policy was that of extermination under the guise of deportation."

51 Civilians as Casualties of War Deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war-related famine.

52 Indirect Effects from the War Influenza Epidemic: Spring of 1918 a new flu strain mutates and kills between million people worldwide Killed mostly young adults (2-20% of these infected died), 27% (500 million people) of world infected World War I did not cause the flu, but the close troop quarters and massive troop movements hastened the pandemic. probably both increased transmission, augmented mutation b/c of increased travel Soldiers and sailors among the first hit with the virus.

53 Casualties Questions: Effects of World War 1 Which countries had less than 10% casualties? Which countries had above 70% casualties? How many total deaths did the Central Powers incur? The Allies? Which Allied Power had the highest casualty percentage? The most soldiers killed? Using your prior knowledge from this unit, what helps to explain the high casualty figures for France and Russia, in particular? How do you come to terms with losing millions of your citizens to war? World War 1 Memorials

54 Gravestones at the Tyne Cot World War 1 Memorial (Belgium)

55 Write a Paragraph answering the following question: How did World War 1 Change Warfare? Give Specific Examples for each Battle Front Tactic of the war? Use specific battles as examples Home Front How did civilians become engaged in the war effort? Use specific examples in your answer Effect of these tactics?

56 Finding Peace Team up with two other students. One student will pretend to be France, one will be America, and one will be Germany. Based on your knowledge from this unit and the nationalism unit, each of you should write out a list of 2-5 of what you believe would be the most important postwar goals for your country. Once all three members have drawn up the list of their goals, they should come together as a group. Discuss the different goals that each of you has and attempt to negotiate an agreement. Write up the list of 2-5 terms for the treaty that your group ultimately agrees upon. Share your results. Were there any common goals in your group? Were there any directly conflicting goals? Were compromises made? Which country was most pleased with how the negotiations turned out? Most displeased? On balance, did each country feel it had achieved its most important goal? Were there any particular impasses or impediments to agreements?

57 Immediate Effects 1. A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded 2. Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Russia 3. New Countries are Created 4. The League of Nations is established to help promote peace Long-Term Effects 1. Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace settlements 2. Problems that helped cause the war nationalism, competition - remain

58 Finding Peace Postwar Goals Based on your prior knowledge what do you think the postwar goals of the following countries will be? The United States France Germany If all of these countries have different goals how can a lasting peace be reached?

59 Wilson s 14 Points (proposed peace) Treaty of Versailles (actual peace) Overall goal - Overall goal

60 Wilson s 14 Points (proposed peace) Blame for the war nobody is blamed How to rebuild- independent states, but unclear, Allow countries and colonies self-determination Germany the german army removed from russia treated as an equal, (Rebuild Europe together) Land Changes Germany was removed from Russia, Italy s border was nationally recognized, independent nations developed How to preserve the peace opened seas, end secret treaties & established the League of Nations Overall goal - Peace Treaty of Versailles (actual peace) Blame Germany Rebuild Germany has to pay for the rebuilding of Europe (reparations - $30 billion) Germany punished for their involvement in the war (Germany gave up land & colonies) Land Changes 5 independent nations, A-H dissolved, nations based on ethnic groups formed, winner keep colonies Peace demilitarized Germany & established the World Court, League of Nations Overall goal Revenge

61 Write a paragraph with at least two clearly stated supporting arguments Did the Treaty of Versailles help end tensions or make tensions worse in a post-wwi Europe and Asia?

62 Germany After the War The following quote is from a German newspaper the day the Treaty of Versailles was signed. 1. How did Germans view the Treaty of Versailles? What excerpt from the quote can you use to support your answer? 2. If the treaty was such an disgrace why didn t Germany go back to war? Consider the effects of WWI that we examined yesterday. 3. What did the Allies (France and England in particular) want when writing the Treaty of Versailles? Does this quote suggest they achieved their goal? Vengeance! German people! Today the shameful peace has been signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Forget it not! There where, in the glorious year 1871, the glorious German Reich was reborn in its ancient splendour, there German honour is today interred (buried). Forget it not! By labour without relaxation and without flagging the German people will reconquer the place which is their due among the nations! Therefore, revenge for the ignominy (disgrace) of 1919! - The Deutsche Zeitung, June 28, 1919 Germany 1918 Statistics from the War -523,000 civilians dead (250,000 more after the armistice from starvation) -1.7 million dead, 4.2 million wounded soldiers - Owed 132 billion German marks [$400 billion today] in reparations

63 1922 Lenin established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under the control of the Communist Party 1929 Stalin became the sole ruler of the USSR and created a totalitarian state 1900 Tsar Nicholas II ruled over the Russian Empire with absolute power 1904 Russia suffered humiliating defeats in a war against Japan which led to protests and calls for reform Bolsheviks (Reds) fought and won a civil war against the White armies 1905 After Bloody Sunday, Nicholas II agreed to allow a Duma, or legislature for the people Nov 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks took control in Petrograd and ended the republic March 1917 Revolts in Petrograd forced the Tsar to abdicate and a provisional republic was established 1914 Russia entered WWI and quickly suffered heavy losses in major defeats to Germany along the Eastern Front.

64 Street demonstration, Petrograd, 18 June The banner in the foreground reads "Down With The 10 Capitalist Ministers/ All Power To The Soviets Of Workers', Soldiers', And Peasants' Deputies/ And To The Socialist Ministers/ [We Demand That Nicholas II Be Transferred To The Peter-Paul Fortress."

65 Petrograd, 4 July Street demonstration on Nevsky Prospekt just after troops of the Provisional Government have opened fire with machine guns.

66 Much-publicized photo purporting to show the storming of the Winter Palace, October 1917 by Bolshevik troops

67 What are the causes of the Russian Revolution? Why was Russia such a hard country to rule in 1900? Why did a series of Revolutions begin in Russia? Russia

68 6.5 million sq mi. 1.8 times the size of the US Russia: An overview 11 different time zones. Beyond the Ural Mountains, Russia was a wild place with frontier settlements. 150 million people but 50% were not ethnic Russians, (Ukrainians, Poles, Armenians, etc..) Petrograd and Moscow undergo industrialization but majority of country Rural farmland. The factory workers lived in filthy, crowded, disease-ridden dormitories near the cities. Peasants lived in wood and straw houses, slept on beds of straw and wore coarse woollen shirts. The poorest had sandals made of tree bark.

69 Population -4 out of 5 Russians were peasants. They had a hard life and there was often starvation and disease. -Nobles made up 1% of the population but owned almost 25% of the land. -If peasants protested (for example during famines), the Tsar would use his feared Cossack soldiers against them.

70 Siberia Extremely cold (up to 60 degrees C). Very large. Huge natural resources but very small population. The rulers of Russia traditionally sent any person who opposed them to Siberia.

71 How does WWI make it even harder to Rule Russia? Russia suffered over 9 million total casualties during the war. During the attempted invasion of Germany early in the war Russia lost almost a quarter of a million men. During one part of the battle the Second Army was surrounded and only 10,000 of the 150,000 Russian soldiers managed to escape. The General of the 2 nd Army was so shocked by the outcome he committed suicide. Russia s less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership led to defeat after defeat causing the Russian army to retreat into Russia territory by Russia's poor roads and railways made the effective deployment of these soldiers difficult. Back to the Russia map

72 Attributes of a Great Tsar (Leader)

73 Was Nicholas II a good ruler of Russia? For Against Sources: Sources:

74 Was Nicholas II a good ruler of Russia? For Sources: -- Kind and religious-5 -Trained as a soldier-9 -Quick minded-6 -Fam man -7 -Loved his country and served it well-12 Sources: Against -No patience (1) -No opinion-4 -Unprepared-11 -Puts fam on top-8 -Does not get positive traits-2 -Used violence-8 -No knowledge of politics-11 -Can t make up his mind

75 Russian Revolution How did World War 1 help cause the Russian Revolution? - Russia entered the WWI with the largest army in the world, when fully mobilized the Russian army stood at over 5 million soldiers (though at the outset of war Russia could not arm all its soldiers, having only 4.6 million rifles). - Russia suffered over 9 million casualties during the war. Nearly 4 million Russian soldiers were held as POWs -Economically Russia was 8 Trillion Rubles in debt and inflation soared. - In 1916, food prices accelerated and many workers could no longer afford grain for bread.

76 Poster 1 1. What does this poster suggest is the key to a Russian victory in WWI? Poster 2 2. In this poster Russia cavalry charges the German Kaiser. From the facts on the right is this portrayal of the Russian Army accurate? - Use a statistic or quote from the facts to prove how either one of this posters is a pieces of propaganda and does not show a the reality of Russia at War. Explain your answer Poster 1 Propaganda vs. Poster 2 Reality How do these pieces of Propaganda portray The Russian war effort?

77 Joseph Stalin The man and the myth The Myth Reality ch?v=gsw2srkglwo

78 Russia under Communism 1918 onwards: The Communists change Russia. For example, some Russians get electricity for the 1 st time. 1926: Stalin comes to power. Huge statues of him are put up, leading his people to victory!

79 Summarizing Sentences 1. Russia under the Tsar (during WWI) - 2. Russia under Communist Rule -

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81 Russia Enters WWI Nicholas II goes to the front, Rasputin influences tsarina Rasputin killed in Dec The March Revolution causes tsar to abdicate Lenin s forces overthrow the gov t in the November Revolution March Russia withdraws from WWI (before general armistice) July Communists kill the tsar and his family Communists win civil war USSR established Communists set up forced labor camps

82 Poster requirements: 1. Write a thesis that makes an argument in response to the question: Was the Treaty of Versailles an effective peace agreement. (did it help end tensions or make tensions worse in a post-wwi Europe and Asia) You should use information from WWI readings and primary sources. This should be a paragraph with at least two clearly stated supporting arguments. Follow the rules for a good introduction paragraph. 2. Write a paragraph or create a visual with a strong caption that demonstrates the terms or sentiments of the treaty. Make sure you connect this segment of the poster back to your thesis statement. 3. Create a visual that demonstrates the short term effects of the treaty on (at least) the following countries: Germany, Austria-Hungary, England, France. Connect these effects back to the thesis statement with a strongly worded caption. 4. Create a visual that demonstrates the long term effects of the treaty on (at least) the following countries: Germany, Italy, Japan, America. Connect these effects back to the thesis statement with a strong caption.