Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Planning & Management

Transcription

1 Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Planning & Management Ole Vestergaard Marine & Coastal Ecosystem Branch Division for Environmental Policy Implementation UNEP UNEP-DOALOS-FAO-WIOMSA Regional Training Course on Ecosystem-Based Marine Management, Oct. 2008, Mombasa

2 Outline The concept of ecosystem-based spatial management Taking into account essenial habitats and ecosystem variability Marine spatial planning frameworks Marine Protected Areas as one tool in wider integrated marine management

3 - everything is connected

4 5 features to consider in Ecosystem-Based Management Focus on the ability of the ecosystem to support human well-being Natural boundaries are most relevant to the conservation of ecosystem services Various sectors of human activity interact so management should be integrated Impacts of human activities on an ecosystem are often cumulative across both time and space Trade-offs in services among sectors must be made and should be explicit

5 Ecosystem approach is place-based Some important ecological marine areas include: Areas of high diversity Areas of high endemism Areas of high productivity, e.g., up-welling areas Spawning areas Nursery areas or grounds Migration stopover points

6 Connectivity between essential habitats Determine spatial and temporal dynamics to develop effective ecosystem management Sparrevohn, Støttrup & Nielsen (2005)

7 Mapping essential habitats Understanding ecosystem variability in space and time and impacts of drivers on delivery of ecosystem services

8 Habitat mapping as basis for ecosystem-based managemnet 3D Multibeam bathymetry of the MPA at Læsø Trindel in northern Kattegat, GEUS

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10 East African Bioregion Species and habitat priority areas Mangroves Wetlands, sandy shores Dugongs, turtles, sharks Fish and squids

11 East African Bioregion Priority management areas

12 But, problem! - other offshore interests, e.g. oil and gas - evaluating management trade-off s.

13 cross-sectorial planning required between line ministries Technical University of Denmark Danish Institute for Fisheries Research Essential fish habitats Good windmill site

14 Denmark North Sea Germany

15 Zoning the ocean is not a new but often not integrated Vessel Traffic Routes and Separation Zones Safety Zones Around Vessels and Terminals Anchoring & No-Anchoring Areas Security Zones in Ports and Waterways Oil & Gas Lease or Concession Areas Wind Farm and Wave Park Lease or Concession Areas Safety Zones Around Oil & Gas Installations, Wind Farms, Wave Parks Military Operations or Exercise Zones Dredging Sites or Areas Designated Dredged Material Disposal Areas or Zones Oil & Gas Pipeline Rights of Way Submarine Communications Cable Rights of Way Sand & Gravel (Aggregate) Extraction Areas Fishery Closure Areas, including seasonal closures No Trawl Areas Critical Habitat Designations Offshore Aquaculture Areas Marine Protected Areas Protected Archeological Areas, e.g., Ship Wrecks Cultural or Religious Areas Scientific Reference Sites

16 Marine spatial management Multiple use MPA MPA no-take zone Wind-farm zone Oil and gas licensed area Fishery closure Shipping lane Port management zone (Gubbay, 2004)

17 Chinese legislation on marine zoning, 2001

18 Zoning of marine activities, Fujian Province, China 福建省莆田市局部地区海洋功能区划图

19 International area-based legal instruments Fishing Allocation of space for protection of fish by use of spatial and temporal measures and territorial access rights as described by FAO Code of Conduct Conservation Allocation of space for conservation objectives, including PSSAs, SAs, World Heritage sites, RAMSAR sites, the framework for MPAs of CBD Transport Allocation of space for shipping lanes and shipping separation schemes oordinated by International Maritime Organization Marine Mineral Mining Allocation of space for marine mineral mining by the International Seabed Authority

20 Some ecosystem-related international processes & targets FAO Code of Conduct - new FAO Technical Guidelines on Deep-sea Fisheries and MPAs (in prep.) EU Common Fisheries Policy Long term sustainability, precautionary EU Habitat Directive Natura 2000 sites EU Maritime Policy : A European Vision for the oceans and the sea Ecosystem approach to marine management - Marine spatial planning and zoning Large Marine Ecosystem approach

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29 MPAs a tool for integrated area-based ecosystem management - and reconsiliation MPAs are increasingly regarded a tool in both fisheries management and ecosystem conservation To protect habitats and species against physical damage from fishing Closed seasons and/or areas to protect essential fish habitats (e.g. spawning sites) and effort regulation NB! Important to understand ecosystem dynamics and distribution of fish life-stages and fish habitats to define MPA location, size and timing.. Iceland

30 Tools for integrated area-based ecosystem management - and reconsiliation Enhanced tools for design and management of MPAs / closed areas needed for: Site selection and design Adaptive design (climate change) Success criteria Monitoring strategies Evaluating MPA effectiveness Coupling to management and policymaking - linking ecological, economic and socio-economic information! Iceland

31 Way forward: Need to integrate MPAs in wider intergrated spatial planning and management! Need to consider both socio-economic and biophysical dimensions in MPA and wider spatial planning Adaptive MPA designs Transboundary MPA networks (RSP-RFMO?)

32 Some ecosystem-related international processes & targets Convention of Biological Diversity MPA networks, 10% of EEZ by 2010 MPA networks, 10% of global oceans by 2010 World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002 Networks of Marine Protected Areas by 2012, e.g. time/area closures for the protection of nursery grounds EU Habitat Directive Natura 2000 sites - but, formally speaking, what is an MPA..?

33 MPAs mean different things to different people! MPA, marine park, reserve, nature reserve, habitat reserve, protected area, national seashore, Pragmatic definition to move ahead: marine wildlife reserve, wilderness area, maritime park, An sanctuary, MPA represents life refuge, anyconservation marine areaarea, set aside no-take under zone, legislation fisheries closure, or other fisheffective box, closed means area, to Special protect Areas of marine Conservation values. (SAC s), multiple-use area, national park, speciesspecific harvest refugia, FULL RESERVE, refugium, gear NB! MPAs or behavioural with no management restrictions, plan seasonal and restrictions, etc enforcement is hardly an MPA - considerable confusion on terminologies an obstacle for decision making and legislation

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35 Kimbe Bay, PNG, representative MPA-network

38 seasonal and year-round closures are a major measure used to manage 20 NE USA groundfish stocks WGOM May June Closed in 1994, 96, 98 >22,000 km 2 closed yearround Oct- Nov. CL April March CA-I USA May Canada CA-II Transboundary MPAs? S. New England NLS Georges Bank NOAA

39 2003 VMS Vessel Hours = 1-8 = 9-25 = = = Compliance?

40 5 Haddock, Closed Area I, Fall Mean Weight per Tow (ln kg + 1) Outside Inside Year

41 High Seas in North Atlantic

42 MPAs in High Seas A major challenge..! Common scientific criteria (progress at COB9, May 2008) Enforcement/compliance? Commonwealth of Australia Tasmanian Seamounts Marine Reserve Management Plan

43 Vertical zonation pelagic fisheries allowed strictly no human activities Commonwealth of Australia Tasmanian Seamounts Marine Reserve Management Plan

44 58 0'0"N Areas of low fishing effort containing cold-water corals and the "Haddock" box. Northwest Rockall Rockall 1000m West Rockall Mounds 57 0'0"N Haddock Box 200m 56 0'0"N Rockall Bank Legend Proposed closed areas to protect cold-water corals Records of coldwater corals 500m Logachev Mounds Area in which VMS (Vessel Monitoring System) data on fishing boat locations were collected 55 0'0"N 1000m 2000m High Seas EU Fishing Zone European Fishing Zone Disclaimer: International boundaries are illustrative only 20 0'0"W 18 0'0"W 16 0'0"W 14 0'0"W 12 0'0"W

45 Natura 2000 European nature conservation Selected habitats & species German Natura 2000 sites in North Sea German EEZ EU Common Fisheries Policy (sharred fishing grounds) EU-level fisheries management versus national legislation on nature conservation - scope for reconsiliation??

46 Fishery Seabirds Fish predators Sandeel is an important prey item for many marine predators and a valuable commercial fishery. Marine mammals

47 North Sea sandeel habitats

48 Sandeel LArval drift and recruitment Model (SLAM) Eggs hatch at banks and larvae drift passively with currents. Larvae must drift to suitable habitat to settle.

49 Hypothetical MPA network.. (Christensen et al., 2007) Sandbanks serve different functions for sandeel population dynamics on a regional scale, with some more essential than others. Effective MPA site selection on the local level is extremely important for sandeel management on a North Sea scale. Implications in wider management of the maritime sector!

50 Adaptive area-based management in face of climate change??

51 Can adaptive EBM manage future sector conflicts?? North Sea sandeel habitats Sandeel MPA 20 years later Sandeel MPA today

52 Iterative MPA planning framework Initial MPA planning 1.1 Identifying conservation focus, goals and objectives 1.2 Reviewing the legal basis for the MPA 1.3 Formulating success criteria 1.4 Gathering information on human activities 1.5 Identifying knowledge required for site selection Site selection MPA design 2.1 Mapping of species and habitat distributions 2.2 Modelling expected performance 2.3 Selecting sites using criteria lists or site selection software 2.4 Setting boundaries and level of protection Creation of MPA 3.1 Formulating management plan 3.2 Implementatio nprocess 3.3 Regulations allowing for adaptive management Monitoring of MPA 4.1 Monitoring target species and ecosystem effects 4.2 Monitoring fishing fleet responses 4.3 Monitoring compliance Evaluation and adaptive management 5.1 Evaluating ecological effects 5.2 Evaluating bio- and socioeconomi c effects 5.3 Adapting management measures Pre-arranged MPA agreements? 6. Stakeholder involvement and information to public

53 Some recommendations 1. Marine spatial planning is an element of marine management that can influence the location of human activities 2. Cross-sectoral planning (national / regional) essential in initial objective-setting and planning 3. Zoning is only one tool of marine spatial management implementation will always use a mix of regulatory and nonregulatory measures 4. Need to integrate MPAs in wider intergrated spatial planning and management 5. Need to consider both socio-economic and biophysical dimensions in MPA design and wider spatial planning

54 Some recommendations 7. Integrating the human dimension requires the same diversity of disciplines and perspectives as does the ecosystem approach relative to biophysical environment 8. Early and continuing engagement of stakeholders in transparent process is critical to success 9. Monitoring and evaluation are critical components of the management process 10. Need mapping of variability and changes in ecosystem dynamics and service delivery, as well as human uses and socio-economic dimensions, as basis for adaptive management

55 More information: Ole Vestergaard Marine & Coastal Ecosystem Branch Division for Environmental Policy Implementation UNEP thank you!!