Don Halse/l, Clay Products A ssociation oi the Southwest, Keene, Texas

Transcription

1 Do Hals/l, Clay Products A ssociatio oi th Southwst, K, Txas This chaptr rports various ways a youg ruao ca lar th bricklayig trad i th Uitd Stats. Uio apprticships, vocatioal bricklayig, buildig trads ducatio, idustrial coopra tiv traiig, islilutioal vocatioal traiig i th priso systms, ad th chac mthod of larig th trad ar lh ways m lar bricklayig. Prtit past ad currot vts to stimulal th cocm af lh masory idustry for adquat bricklayr traiig ar rviwd. Th local uios caot put apprtics to work if thr ar ot jobs for thm. If cotractors caot provid o-th-job mploymt to traio apprtics, uioos caoat b xpctd to add to thir apprtic rolls. Cotractig brick work is xtrmly comptitiv. Cotractors complai that th cost af traiig a apprtic is too grat. Clarly, thr ar ways ad mas availabl for rducig this cost, which ar discussd hri. Obviously, th uios caot xpad if thr is o plac for thir mmbrs to work. Most idicalors show, howvr, that thr is mor work tha thr ar availabl bricklayrs at th prst tim, ad this coditio has prvaild for th last 100 yars xcpt i tims af atioal cooric dprssio. Wh traiig is ot xpadd, jobs for bricklayrs dcras. I aras whr thr is ao xtrm shortag af craftsm, th dsig profssios substitut othr buildig matrials. For xampl, i 1883 th first sklto fram stl buildig was built i Chicago, ad load-barig brick walls did for 83 yars. What motivald lh ivtor af th sll fram? Thr is raso to bliv that it may wll hav b a bricklayrs' strik 1 Th bricklayrs' uio, brick maufacturrs, cotractors, ad idividual hombuildrs hav a stak i sig that craft traiig is providd. Thr has b a growig trd of togthrss amog th major orgaizatios cocrd, which will udoubtdly xpad futur traiig opportuitis? Numbr of Craflsm. Shortag of Bricklayrs Th umbrs of bricklayrs i th Uitd Stats is a cocr to th tir buildig idustry. Although it is difficult to dtrmi th umbr of bricklayrs i th U.S.A., a 1964 stimat of uio ad o-uio craftsm totald 160,000 3 A stimat dvlopd by th Maso Cotractors Associatioo of Amrica idicats this umbr to b arr 200,000. Th author blivs thr ar dfiitly mor o-uio bricklayrs layig brick tha uio. It is itrstig to ot that i 1910, statistics compild from th U.S. Csus Burau showd lh umbr of masos i th coutry to b about 169,000 4 Durig this priod lh aual physical volum of costructio icrasd about 3-1/2 tims. 5 Th atioal figurs comparig umbrs of jouryma compltig apprticships to mortuary claims paid also idicat a currt loss to th trad. From lu 1,1964 to Ju I 1965 thr wr 1,729 apprtics who bcam jouroy ~. Th Bricklayrs Masos ad Plastrrs I tratioal Uio paid mortuary claims o 2,0 16 m. This is a atioal loss of 287 m 6 Uio mmbrship figurs ar availabl, but withi lh Bricklayrs, Masos ad Plastrrs ltratioal Uio Ihr ar th sttrs, trrazo workrs, cmt fiishrs, plastrrs, as wll as brickjayrs, marbl sttrs ad sto masos. I additio to ths, thr ar poitrs, caulkrs ad clars, rfraclory bricklayrs, swr bricklayrs, ad cocrt block layrs. As of Fbruary, 1967, Mr. Thomas F. Murphy. Prsidt of th Uio statd th uio mmbrship was 151,0007 Although bricklayrs mak up th largr umbr of this mmbrship, thy do ot mak up th total. AIso, O oo kows how may uio bricklayrs ar acliv at th tfad. May card-carryig mmbrs ar gagd i othr mploymo~ but hav kpt thir mmbrship activ. Th author kowso o local uios which kp rcords of activ workiog mmbrs. Th payig of dus dtrmis mmbrship. Projctd Futur Nd for Bricklayrs Th Uild Stats is short of arly all skilld lra.~~ craftsm. Th U.S. Dpartmt of Labor stimats that t~ additioal brick ad til masos will b dd to d '. ao xt dcad. To mt this d, pr-apprtlc cours apprtic traiig must b gratly xpadd."8 h I la Th Prsidt of lh Uitd Stats said i 1965 t a 'g maitai ad improv th stadards of livig for a gr ow1 446

2 Brick/ayr Traiig i lh U. S )3 O 'h rs ld i :h /2 la Iso m 'ya! al :h!r as I :rs, à Iy, ias of, l. mt of lg populatio this coutry must doubl lh umbr of buildigs by th yar This mas Ihal lh U.S. musl i 35 yars costruct as may buildigs as wrc costructd i it5 prvious 350 yar history.9 I 1906 th rtirig prsidl of th Nalioal Brick Maufacturrs' Associatio said, '''Th most srious mac to lh cosumptio of brick i lh fulur will b th lack of sk.illd workm lo pul your outpul ilo brickwork." 10 This ralistic prdiclio, mad som 60 yars ago, is probably th first rcordd cocr af th maufacturrs, rlatig to brick1ayr shortag. Apprticship Systm of Traiig Apprlicship is lh oldsl mlhod of producig craftsm; v i Bibl tims th guilds prpluatd Ihmslvs by apprticig youg mo to ski11d artisas. Howvr. th trm ad lh procss of larig by doig ar probably lh oly rmaiig similaritis today. I 1640 th workr srvs his maslr for a ighl yars priod,or som tims lagr, ad was compsatd with "mat, Associatd Gral Cotractors af Amrica, Ic. ad - Masoo Cotractors Associatio af Arrica drik ad clolhig bfittig a apprlic." H workd 60 or mor hours a wk ad livd i th hous of rus mastr; th apprlicship agrmt dall almost xclusivly wilh his moral bhavior. ll Li us lak a look ai th modm apprlicship syslm. (Nol Figur 54-) Joi! Appr!icship Committ Natioal Joit Labor-Maagmt Apprticship Committ Aftr World War I, th buildig boom ad curtailml of immigratio cratd a d for comprhsiv apprtic Iraiig i Ihis coutry. Durig lh 1920's lh fforl lo dvlop a atioal systm of apprticship grw. By 1937 lh Fdral Burau of Apprticship ad Traiig was stablishd udr lh Dparlml of Labor. Sic 1937 th Burau of Apprticship ad Traiig has coopratd closly with mployr. labor, vocatioal schools ad othrs oocrd i suig up ad coductig apprticship programs throughout Amrica idustry. I this udrtakig idustry has th assistac of fild rprstativs of th burau ad stat apprticship agcis which hav bc stabtishd i 30 stats, th District of Columbia, Virgi Islads, ad Purto Rico. Bricklayrs, Masos. ad Plastrrs Itratioal Uioo af Amrica Local Cotractors Associatios r r Local Uios "1 Burau of Apprticship Stat ad Traiig Apprticship U. S. Dpartmt of Labor Coucils Local Joit Labor Maagmt Apprticship Committ ls 'ao :h d lo ig Figur Apprticship syslm 01 lh brick/ayig trad. l2 Coopralig Agcis: Local Schools Stal ad Local Employmt Srvics

3 448 Dsigig. Egirig. ad Costructig with Masory Products Programs, wh stablishd, as wll as apprticcs ar rgistcrcd with both th Burau af Apprticship ad Traiig ad stat apprticship agcis,13 I stats whr thr is o apprtic coucil, th Burau of Apprticshlp ad Traiig usually dos th coordiatio. Widsprad dissmiatio ad itrchag af iformatio 00 improvd traiig is carrid out through idustrial priodicals, aua1 covtios, ad cofrcs. Sic 1945 multistat apprticship cofrcs hav b hld i th East, Wst ad lh South 14 Joit apprticship committs i local commuitis cosists Df ao qual umbr af mmbrs from labor ad maagmt. This committ dtrmis th umbrs, stadards, ad cotrols of th local program, ad submits thir dcisios to th Burau af Apprticship ad Traiig for approva Slctio Procdurs Th slclio procdurs for th apprtic ar supposd to b st up o th basis of qualificatios alo, without rgard for rac, crd, ar colo r, i a compltly o-discrimiatory mar. This is ot a1ways fouowd as a fair practic. Thr ar som stats i which th Bricklayrs, Masos, ad Plastrrs.Itratioa1 Uioo has o, ar fw, Ngro mmbrs. May bricklayrs do ot wat othr m to lam th trad. Thy cotiu to fl that othrs larig th trad will mak thir jobs lss scur. Th foliowig ar th miumum qualificatios for ali apprtic applicats: Ag - Th ag rquirmts for thos who hav ot had prvious xpric i th craft is 18 to 25 yars. Th uppr ag limit is dtrmid by local coditios ad idividual circumstacs. Allowac is usuauy mad for military srvic. 2. Educatio - Th miimum lvi of ducatio is dcidd by th local programo Th rquirmt of a high school diploma ar quivalt is, i may istacs, a dvic to limit th umbr of applicats ad is ujustifiabl i th author's opiio. 3. Physical Fitss - Th cssity for physical fitss is obvious. If a mdicai xariatio is rquird, it is statd i th local programo 4. Citizship - Applicats must b citizs of th Uitd Stats of Amrica or i procss of atura1izatio. Som loca1 committs also giv a writt aptitud tst to applicats. Such a tst has b dvlopmt by th Burau of Employmt Scurity16 Apprticship Agrmot Th apprtic must b covrd by a wfitt agrmt, usually calld a idtur, outliig th trms of mploymt ad traiig. Th agrmt givs dirctio ad purpos to th program ad isurs a satisfactory traiig xpric if its trms ar mt. Stadard agrmt forms provi d spac for a brif statmt of wags, hours, probatioary priod, ad ao outli of work procsss ad rlatd study. All this is dcidd at th local lv Th apprticship trm is a miirum of thr yars, as statd i th local stadards. Provisio is mad for th appraisai of, ad crdit al10wac for, prvious xpric af valu. Each program may us its ow mthod for appraisig prvious xpric. Evry apprtic is supposd to b rquird to atlod classs i rlatd ad supplmtal istructio for a miimum of 144 hours pr yar. I smali, isolatd aras, this is ot always accomplishd. Hours spt o such istructio ad study ar ot cjassd as hours workd, ad wags ar ol paid. Most local stadards provid for a proba tioary priod Df thr to six moths; spcial aulltio is givll throughout this tim to dtrmi th suitability of lh apprtic for th job. Durig th probatioary priod, th agrmt may b trmiatd by ithr party to th agrmt upo rqus!. Aftr thls priod, th agrmt is caclld oly ar som formality, as providd by th stadards. Th purpos of th probatioary provisio is to courag al1 ffctiv vajuatio of th situatio bfor a apprticship is trmiatd ad to do what is rasoabl i carryillg out th provisios of th agrmllt. I sttig up a apprticship wag schdul, th admiis trators of th program cosidr crtaill fudamtais. Th startig wag is sufficit to auract applicats. Also, th wag scal provids for advacmt at rgular itrvals, ir satis factory progrss is big mad. Toward th last six moths Df th apprticship, th wag of th apprtic approachs that of th jouryma. Apprtic wags usually ar xprssd as a prctag of th jouryma's wag. Upo compltio of th apprticshlp, a crtificat is awardcd ad th graduat is rcogizd as ajouryma. Fdral Assistac Sic lh passag of th Vocatioal Act of 1963, a fw atioal MDTA- OJT (Mapowr Dvlopmt ad Traioig Act - O th Job Traiig) cotracts hav b sigd to trai workrs. Such was a atioal MDTA- OJT cotract with th Structural Clay Products Istitut, which rprsts som brick ad til maufacturrs i th Uitd Stats of Amrica Thls cotract, sigd i March Df 1966, was to trai brickjayrs ad til sltrs at a cost of $1,300,000. As of Jul1<. 1967, som 214 bricklayrs apprtics wr i traiig. I7 I brif, th MDTA- OJT programs providd a six-wk priod Df prapprticship traiig. Durig this tim th studllt rcivs a stipd. Th studt is idturd to 3 cotractor, as ay olhr apprtic. Th colltractor, howcvr. is paid approximatly $25.00 pr wk for th first 12 wl<> of th apprticshlp. Th purpos of th govrrt sposorship is to icrasc th umbr of apprtics throughout th atio. Th aulh or doubts that lh umbrs will b apprciably icrasd. Th. program has ot augmtd th apprticship rolis i Txas. s IS lhus far, bcaus th admissio af ths apprtlc cotrolld.

4 Brick/ayr Traiig i lh U. S. 449 ti ls Ir g d,t d f Is o,. /".t N g 5 k a r, 5 is " ls Th largr cotractars, who ormally idtur apprtics, ar ot particularly itrstd i th govrmt subsidy, whras th $25.00 pr wk pr apprti would prhaps b ao ictiv to smallr cotractors. Th Public Shool Systm Vocatio.1 Traiig Voatioal briklayig i th publi shool systm is a vhicl for otatig m.sss of youg popl. As arly as 1908 th prsidt of th Brik Maufaturrs Assoi.tio xprssd th hop that bfor may y.rs suh courss would b a rgular part of th public shool systm. "It is vry importat that this should b, for with th prst oppositio af th labor uios to th apprticship systm, it is almost impossibl for a youg ma to lar a trad."18 Whil oppositio to traiig programs cotius to b a problm i som arcas, this is dimiishlg. Th ltratioal Uio givs this dorsmt: Aothr importat program that dmostrats Qu Govrmct's activity ad cocr i th traiig fijd is th VocatioaJ Act of This Act providcs millios of dollars for vocatioal traiig ad a grat part of this moy will b usd for th stabiishmt of arca vocatioal schools. A attmpt will b mad to provid pr-mploymt traiig i most trads to high school studts who dsir such traiig. It is th B.M. & P.LV's policy to cooprat with ths programs, pjovidig our local joit apprcticship committcs act as ao advisory committ to th school officals rsposibl for th opratio of vocatioal high school masory courss, ad providig a B.M. & P.LU. mmbr is istructig th cours, ad that th high school studts, upo graduatio, b giv th opportuity of triog joto approticship whcvr possibl. 19 Coopratio btw labor ad masory cotractors was vidcd i th stablishmt of a briklayig class at Idiaapolis Thial High School about J 920. Th prsidt of th local bricklayrs' uio was i charg of istructio. This is spcially itrstig i viw of th fact that, i rct yars, uio m who accptd such tachig positios hav oft bc criticizd by thir locais. At tims, th local uios hav attmptd to rvok uio mmbiship of such tachrs. Aftr a coupl of yais traiig i th vocatioal brick Iayig shop, th studt ca tr apprticship whvr possibl. If apprticship is ot availabl, this studt is citaily mor mployabl as a rsult of th traiig rcivd. Voatioal bricklayig i lh schools is a good way to cut traiig cost for th cotractor, a importat cosidratio if h is to provid o-th-job traiig. This typ of duatioal xpric ops th door to mor studts who may wal to lam th trad. lt also cuts th drop-out rat i apprtiship. Studts usuaily kow,.flr thir xpric i vocatioal ducatio, if thy wat to pursu apprticship. A yar or two of bricklayig i high shool has much to offr th studt who has othr carr plas. Thos who pla to b tachrs fac summrs of umploymt at thir profssio. Durig th author's tachig yais, summrs ad vacatio foud him workig at th Irad. May tachrs ar forcd by ircumstacs to sk ay availabl mploymt durig summr moths, oft uskilld ad poorly paid. Summr is th pak mploymt priod for th coslructio craftsm, so fulltim bricklayrs would ot b displad. Ay youg ma who plas to attd collg ca b mployd at bricklayig durig summrs, ad oft half days durig th school yar if h is mployabl. As vocatioal fild traiig rprstativ for th Structural Clay Products Istitut for , it was th author's privilg to work with th si al dirctors of vocatioal ducalio i stals ast of th Rocky Moutais. As of Ju 1966, thr wr 28 stats thal taught vocatioal bricklayig i lh public school systm 20 lt is is diffiult to dtrmi vocatioal traiig f TOm govrmt statistics. Th author foud vocatioal schools tahig briklayig ad rcivig fdral moy for opratig, but ths wr ot rportd i govrrt publicatios. Th thr ladig stats i bricklayr traiig ar North Carolia, South Carolia ad Virgiia. Th total umbr for ths thr stats i Ju of 1966 was 6,712 sludts. Natio ally, thr wr 150 voatioal bricklayig programs o which thr is o studt cout, icludig th stat ad fdral priso programs. Th Priso Systm Bricklayr traiig i th fdral ad stat pittiaris has b i xistc for ray yars. Not ali istitutios ar ivolvd i this typ of traiig, but may maufatur thir ow brick. Thr was a total of 59 stat ad fdral prisos tahig vocatioal bricklayig i Ths programs vary from a full 8 hours pr day of costructio to 3 hours pr day of c1assroom istructio. May of th prisos do thir ow costructio withi th walls. Th author blivs that priso bricklayig istructio approachs th apprticship systm i makig m mploy abl. For xampl, th Txas Priso systm has o of th fist briklayr traiig programs i th atio. This pasl yar, th priso brick plat producd 5,152,000 brick. I additio, othi rasory matriais wr purchasd fram ommrcial maufacturrs. This matrial was put i plac by priso bricklayrs. Som 70 to 80 m ar activ th yar roud i layig brick. Briklayig is spcially attractiv for m with priso rcords, bcaus bricklayr craftsm ar hird to produ ad o qustios ar askd aboul th past. Buildig Trads Classs A buildig trads program i publi high schools usually icorporats th fiv basic buildig trads which ar carptry, lctrical wirig, plumbig, paitig, ad masory. Th buildig trads class is a 3-hour work priod ach day. Usually, th class will build a hous or som buildig projct. Som classs work xclusivly i a shop larig th various trads; this is ol th bst pross for dvlopig skill, but is th xt bst mthod to a projct. Th fiishd product of lh traiig

5 450 Dsigig, Egirig, ad Costrctig with Masory Products procss is a boy who has som lmtary kowldg ad ability i svral buildig trads. Howvr, coslructio jobs of today ar mor spcializd Ih a jack-of-all-trads ca m A giv buildig trads class will, i ralily, mphasiz th ara i w!tich th tachr is most compt!. Mississippi has som 2,000 studts i th buildig trads program who spd o-fourth to o-half of Ihir lim larig lh brick trad. For lh first lim, this yar, i Txas, th promotio of brickjayr lraiig has tak plac i th buildig trads classs. Out of 59 buildig trads classs, bricklayig was taught, to som xtt, i 22 classs, ad t!tis umbr will icras durig th currt school yat. Idustrial Arts Allhough iduslrial arts ducalio has impor lac i lh total ducatioal program of a studt, this cocpt usually dos ol attmpl lo mak studts mployabl. Th phhosophy is that of providig a gral ovrviw for umrous craft or skill aras rathr tha dvlopig skill i a sigl fild. Th iduslrial arts programs hav vry littl to cotribut to bricldayr traiig. Vry fw idustrial arts istructors hav had lh opportuity to laro a Irad or work as a craftsma o a comptitiv basis. Th ducatioal rquirmt for th iduslrial arts lachr is usually a dgr, Bachlor of Scic i Educalio, with lh major cours of study big idustrial arts ducatio. Th rquirmts for a vocatioal T. ad (trad ad iduslrial) istruclor is a!tigh school ducatio, ad from fiv to svc yars as a fulltim craftsmao. It is vidt from this ducatioal diffrc that th mor mployabl studt would com from th voatioal school ralhr lha th idustrial arls shop. Idustrial Cooprativ Traiig Most au slals parlicipat i C.T. (Iduslrial Coopraliv Traiig). I most stats this traiig is calld 0.0. (Divrsifid Occupatios). I lh program, a studt must spd 3 hours pr day workig i som iduslry, w!tich dos ot ivolv th dislributio of goods or C.T. colribul littl lo th coslruclio Irads. Th aulhor has b mployd as a coordiator of this typ program i a public school. Isurac rgulatios for Ihos udr 18 yars of ag mak it almosl impossibl for a cotraclor to hir hlgh school sludts. No Orgaizd Program I mosl aras of th atio, th op-shop brickjayr has ot had th advatag of classroom islructio. This probably is oot too surprisig. Howvr, o would assum that uio brickjayrs hav joyd lh mor slructurd larig of apprclicship. Th ackowldgmt by th Natioal Buildig Trads Coucil ad lh Burau of Apprlics!tip ad Traiig that about 50 prct of lh card-carryig buildig trads craftsm srv a apprticship or attd a vocatioal school idicats th lack of traiig for th othr half. At th Southr Stals Apprticship Cofrc i Biloxi, Mississippi i July, 1967, il was rporld Ihal th prctag is 35 prct. I B.M. & P.l.U. Local # 5 of Dallas, Txas, thr apprlics turd out this past yar. Th local look i 28 mco f TOm th op-shop fild. Ths prctags ar cosidrably lss th v th 50 prcl spok of by th Burau. Th majorily of bricklayrs lard thir trad bcaus lhy just happd lo gl a job workig for a brickjayr. ad h gav Ihm lh opporluity to lar lh lrad. Th fact lha I som m hav bcom fop-otch craftsm with o Orgaizd programs of istructio dos ot ld support to cotiuig this haphazard larig mthod. BrickJayr Productivity May tchiqus,tools, ad quipmt mak it possibl for brickjayig produclio to b icrasd. A fum of idustrial girs, th A.B. Sgur ad Compay of Oak Park, Illiois, i August 1950, mad a molio-tim aalysis i xplorig th possibilily of rducig th brickjayr's cosi for placig brick i th wall. Mtr th compltio of l!tis study lh A. B. Sgur Compay mad this statml: "11 is higllly probabl that th bricklayig cost o ordiary cight-ich or four-ich wal1s ca b rducd by 67%." 21 Th SCR (Slruclural Clay Rsarch) Masory Guid systcm is quipml usd to build masory corrs. Ths guidcs 1imiat th costat straightig. plumbig, ad lvlig ad thcrby substatially icras productio. A productio lim study was mad o Jauary 16,1967 by th author usig a Norma brick (2-2/3 x 4 x 12). Th rporl slats:.. A compariso study was mad today o bricklayig productio at th doubl-wau-brick costructio sitc i DalJas. This compariso was mad by usig SR Masory Guidcs o o wall vrsus th covtioai mthod of Iayig brick (with lvi) o a comparablc wau. With th SR Masory Guids thcr wr 1,849 brick laid i 12 ma hours. for a avrag of 154 brick laid pr ma hour. With th covtioai mthod thr wr 1,828 brick Iaid i 22 m31\ hours, for a avrag of 83 brick laid pr ma hour. This productio icrcas was cratd by th limiatio of lost motio ad th comptitio cratcd by usig trig guidcs. For cost compariso, w figurd th bricklaycrs at $4.50 pr hour ad labor at $2.40 pr hour, th addd o suprvisory prsoj at $4.75 plus 15% ovrhad. With th us of masory guids th cost was $56.30 pr thousad; with th covtioal mthod, th cost was $93.00 pr thousad.,,22 Th o~io brick1ayr dos!tiost of th rsidtial buildig i Txas. H will probably b xpcld to lay mor brick pr day tha th uio brickjayr, costructig 3 commrcia1 buildig. Th author stimats th o-uolo brickjayr workig o rsidcs will avrag 900 lo 1200 brick pr 8-hour day, whil th uio brickjayr's productlo o commrcial buildigs would rag from 600 lo 800 bck. assumig a stadard modular fac brick is usd. Th aulho r blivs that th workmashjp rquird o commrcial bud d - ig is graijy suprior to rsidtial masory. From th aulhor's xpric, may rcsidtiaj bricklaycrs ar ot itrstd i buildig masory structuraj syst J1l S

6 Brick/ayr Traiig i lh U. S. 451 'y b ai >r Io ~or ial lis,.h i ~r :h :a,h) uy g,.s by art al so th, lblc j i Vith a tio lh. w pr 15% pr pr ltia! lor g a lio 200 tio ick, lhol,ildy,rs ms Ocaus this typ af costructio is w to thm. Workig with two walls ivolvs bttr workmaship thao vrig a wood structur. Th commrcial bricklayr Iiks lo build masory slruclural syslms. H usually is ilrsld i doig good workmaship ad would Iik lo s ali masory slruclural syslms of brick ad c1ay lil. Th author blivs most uioo bricklayrs ar agaist usig tools ad tchics which wi1l icras productio. This is,vidt i th by~aws of may locais which outlaw usig comr pols 00 commrcial costructio. Of cours, th uioo masory cotractor cao ot us this quipmt jf th uioo dos ot prmit its us. Th author is covicd lhat brickjayrs i gral ar agaist chag. Usually I ths tchics ad tools usd to icras productio sm to b a Imat to job scurily. Th aulhor blivs Ihal produclio ca b icrasd 30 prcl to 50 prcl by usig SCR masory procss which ic1uds th us af th traditioal trowl ad lv comr pols, adjuslabl scaffoldig, ad a markd maso's Ii 23 Most uioos will ot prmit usig comr pols o commrcial jobs. Ali kow lchics, tools. ad quipml lo icras th produclio of bricklayrs is promold by lh aulhor i ltis ducatioal activitis. Bricklayr Immigrals Bcaus of th opportuilis for skilld bricklayrs. may craftsm car fram Europ lo th Uild Slals of Amrica prior to I rct yars, masory cotractors hav go to Europ o rcruitmt drivs for bricklayrs. For xampl, i bricklayrs from Eglad wr rcruild for Philip Evas, partr i a lum wilh 120 bricklayrs ai Spgfild, liliois. I 1965, Ihis sam firm rcruild 15 bricklayrs from orlhm Irlad. A Amrica Embassy spoksma said lha I dug th lasl ighl moths of 1966, Iwo groups of aboul 30 lo 40 ach hav ga lo Massachustts ad Michiga. Th Swiss hav rquirmts calld "SIA - Stadards 113 for lh Calculalio ad Coslruclio of Masory" pld i 1964, which hav crlai spcificalios for workmaship ai thr lvis of qualily. Wh Ihs ar compard wilh lh workmaship rquirmls by th U.S.A. sladard, "Rcommdd Buildig Cod Rquirmls for Egird Brick Masory, SCPI May 1966" comparisos ca b draw blw miimal accplabl sladards for workmaship i lh U.S.A..d Ihos i Switzrlad. Th followig labls mak such comparisos. I ali cass lh U.S. miimum accplabl rquirml for bricklayr craftsmaship i plumbig a wall is mor slrigl lha lh Swiss rquirmt for ormal qualily workmaship by faclors ragig from 17 lo 60 prc!. Th U.S. miimum rquirml is mor lax Iha lh "Spcial Qualily" Swiss rquirrct xcpt for high walls, i which cas th Amrica rquirmt is mor strigt. I au cass, lh morlar joit lhickss prmittd by U.S.A. stadards is lss Ih prmittd by Swiss stadards by faclors ragig fram 12 lo 33 prc!. Appartly, lh ormal bricklayrs ar btlr i lh U.S.A. Iha i Swilzrlad. 11 is ilrslig thal lh Swiss rcogiz high-<jualily workmaship ad U.S. stadards mak o provisios for xistc of such a phomo. Summary Bricklayr Iraiig programs musl b xpadd if brick ad til is lo oblai ils prsl shar of lh buildig dollar. Bcaus of th uwilligss of may labor uios ad cotractors to Irai m, lh apprlicship syslm of Iraiig is 1ikly lo rock alog ai about lh sam spd as il has i lh pas!. I 1907 lh B.M. &P.U. had arly 10,000apprlics, 24 ad i Ju 1967 Ihr wr 9,556 apprlics o lh B.M. & P.LU. ralls. 25 Dug Ihis lim lh aual physical volum ar buildig coslruclio mor Iha Ipld. Th MDTA- OIT grals ar providig a bttr prpard apprtic, but will ot apprciably icras th umbr. Th suggstios for icrasig brick1ayr traiig 1i i th ara of xpasio i lh pu blic school systm. Th public, lh iduslry, ad au cocmd musl lak slps lo prsuad lh public schools of lhis alio lo offr Irad ducalio as wll as acadmic ducatio. May popl loday ar gagd i mor Iha o typ of yarly mploym!. Why ol mak vocatioal bricklayig classs availabl ai ighl for adults who may wish lo xpad Ihir bas of mployabl skills? Brick1ayig has vr b a craft whr th dmad is coslal fram molh lo molh. If high school sludls wilh othr carr objclivs sludy bricklayig as pari-lim mployml, Ihis also will hlp lo ml th tluctualig markl dmads. Thy will b hom from collg i summr. ad may possibly b availabl for pari-tim work durig lh school yar. Slal orgaizatios should hav full-tim apprlic coordialors. Th B.M. & P.LU. of Amrica should hav a apprlicship coordialor lo hlp pramol apprlicship. Th Ngros should b giv a chac lo lam lh Ira d i ali sctios of our atio. Bfar th traiig problm is solvd iduslry will possibly hav lo si up Iraiig programs for m who wal to b bricklayrs. I wish to xprss my sicr apprciatio for th opportuity affordd m som] 2 yars aga to sclv a apprticship i lh bricklayig Irad. Th two orgaizalios Ihal mad il possibl for m lo bcom a bricklayr ar Local # 5, Dallas, Txas, of lh B.M. & P.LU., ad Mr. Gorg Coll of Coll Costruclio Compay i Dallas. I joy havig a part i makig il possibl for olhr youg m lo bcom bricklayrs, if that is thir choic. Rfrcs J. Buchard, Joh ad Bush, Albrt, Til Architclur af Amrica, Litll, Brow ad Co., 1966, pp Murphy, Joh J., "Spcial Circular N. 19," B.M. & P.LU. ar Amrica, Washigto, D.C., Nov. 30, 1965, pp. 24.

7 452 Dsigig, Egirig, ad Costructig with Masory Products 3. "Employmt Outlook for Bricklayrs," Ocupatioal Outlook Rport Sris (Rprits from Bullti # ), V.S. Dpartmt of Labor, p "A Chroological History of Trad Assoiatios i th Brik Idustry," Objctiv Uity, Structural Clay Produts Istitut, Washigto, D.C., Th Statistical History of th Uitd Stats f Tom Coloial Tims to th Prst, Fairfild Pubüshig Co. Ic., ad Statistical Abstracts of th Uitd Stats, V.S. Gov. Pritig Offi, 1965, p Murphy, /oco cito 7. "Bricklayrs' Murphy Blds th Old ad Nw," EgiTd Nws-Rcord, Fb. 23, 1967, p "High Schoo1 Carr Days Spch," Structural Clay Products Istitut, Washigto, D.C., Ibid. 10. Objctiv Uity, op. cit., p Prry, Rgiald, Apprticship Post ad Prst, Bur~au of Apprticship ad Traiig, Washigto, D.C., Rvisd 1964, pp Th Natioal Apprticship Program, Burau of Apprticship ad Traiig, V.s. Dpartmt of Labor, Prry, /oco cit. 14. Ibid. 15. Prry, "Rcommdd Slctd Stadards ad Procdurs Prpard by th Natioal Joit Apprticship ad Traiig Committ for th Bricklayig Idustry," Burau of Apprticship ad Traiig, Washigto, D.C., Ibid. 17. Prry, "Rport of Maso Rlatios Committ," Structural Clay Products Istitut, Washigto, D.C., Ju 7, 1965, pp Objctiv Uity, op. cit., p Murphy,loc. cit. 20. Halsll, Do, "Vocatioal Bricklayig Rport," Structural Clay Products Istitut, Washigto, D.C., Ju 1966, p "Motio Tim Aalysis," A.A. B. Sgur Co., Idustrial Egirs, Oak Park, lliiois. 22. Halsll, Do, Compariso Study of Bricklayig Codutd o Doubl-Brick-Wall Villag, DaUas, Txas. Ja. 16, "SCR Masory Procss," Strutural Clay Produts Istitut. Washigto, D.C. 24. Objctiv Uity, op. cit., p "Rport of Maso Rlatios Committ," /oco cito