Editor: Davorin Kereković, prof. Hrvatski Informatički Zbor - GIS Forum, Croatia

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2 Published by: Hrvatski Informatički Zbor - GIS Forum, Zagreb, Trg Mažuranića 8/III, Croatia University of Silesia, Katowice, Bankowa 12, Poland Copyright Hrvatski Informatički Zbor - GIS Forum, Croatia University of Silesia, Poland All rights reserved International Standard Book Numbers: ISBN Biblioteka Narodowa, Warsaw, Poland ISBN Nacionalna knjižnica, Zagreb, Croatia Editor: Davorin Kereković, prof. Hrvatski Informatički Zbor - GIS Forum, Croatia Map on the Cover: Courtesy of the Hidrographic Instritute of the Republic of Croatia Cover and Edition Graphical Design: Robert Smetko Reviewers Board: Prof. Bonawentura Maciej Pawlicki PhD. Dsc., Cracow University of Technology Institute of History of Architecture and Monument Preservation, Cracow, Poland Prof. Anka Mašek PhD. Dsc., University of J. J. Strosmayer, Faculty of Economics, Osijek, Croatia Prof. Vesna Dušak PhD. Dsc., University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organisation and Informatics, Varaždin, Croatia Prof. Wojciech Wilkowski PhD. Dsc., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Institute of Applied Geodesy Warsawa, Poland Prof. Zygmunt Wróbel PhD. Dsc., University of Silesia, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science Prof. Zbigniew Ustrnul PhD. Dsc., University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Sosnowiec, Poland Dsc. Renata Pernar, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Zagreb, Croatia Dsc. Vlado Dadić, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia

3 GIS APPROACH FOR THE AUTOMATIC TOPOCLIMATE ELEMENTS EVALUATION CASE STUDY OF JASTRZĘBIE ZDRÓJ AREA IN POLAND Zbigniew Caputa, Zbigniew Perski University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences Będzińska 60, Sosnowiec, POLAND tel.: , fax: Abstract In this paper the authors made an attempt to create the digital topoclimatic map as a result of spatial analysis of existing GIS environmental database. For this purpose the test area around Jastrzębie Zdrój town have been chosen where the set of analogue topoclimatic maps have been created in previous years. The existing maps have been then used for validation of new, fully digital product. For the project purpose the GIS database have been completed from existing digital data: e.g. Digital Terrain Model DTM (DTED level 2), Hydrological Map of Poland scale 1: and Environmental Map. The algorithm for topoclimate evaluation was created based on the non-instrumental method. The obtained results from this test show that for most areas the correct topoclimate information may be retrieved automatically and applied GIS tools allowed evaluating of 21 topoclimate types. Applying more up-to date input data e.g. from aerial or satellite imagery will allow in future also to determine topoclimate changes in time and space. The digital database and spatial analysis have been performed using public domain GIS software GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System). Key words: GIS, spatial analysis, topoclimate, heat balance, Jastrzębie Zdrój Introduction Climate is one of principal elements of geographical environment and therefore recognition of local climate is very important for various types of human activity like agriculture, urban planning, environment protection, recreation etc. The local climate evaluation is commonly performed trough construction of topoclimatic map. Such map is regularly produced during bioclimatic studies (Błażejczyk, 2002; Krawczyk, Błażejczyk, 1999). The area of interest considered for topoclimatic studies is the near surface layer of atmosphere. The thickness of this layer varies from several meter during a day to some meters during the night (Paszyński et al 1999). Within this layer the course and effects of climatogenic processes are studied with respect to their dependences on upper atmospheric layers and physical properties of terrain surface. If the main elements of geographic environment which causing impact to the local climate are known (e.g. terrain relief, landuse, vegetation) and based on generalized results of detailed topoclimatic surveys it is possible to designate the areas of uniformed features of local climate. However, the critical point of this approach is the proper determination of the boundaries between different local climate zones. The author's experience suggests that the most objective method to perform that task might be an digital algorithm which will classify topoclimate based on GIS database. Such map will be of course as up-to date as up-to date the information stored in GIS database is. The local climate is strictly dependent on other elements of environment so any change of them will case the local climate change (Oke, 1987; Bailey et al, 1999). The study area The area considered in the study is located within Rybnik Coal District. The district has undergone intensive development only since the 1960 s. Four coal mines, exploiting coal from four mining areas that were established within the administrative town limits or in adjacent areas. (Ligęza, 1970). The industrial development resulted in a structural transformation of land utilization, which is represented by an extension 258

4 of urbanized areas, the creation of anthropogenic convex (dumps,) and concave (trenches, sinkholes) forms, and consequently led to a transformation of the natural, very diverse terrain morphology. An undulating or hilly plateau dominates the morphology of the quasi-natural terrain. The plateau consists of Quaternary fluvial or fluvial-glacial formations sitting on Miocene sea bedding. The upland is cut by numerous erosion forms, within which Dwucet (1981) includes valleys with permanent water flow, dry syncline valleys, and recent erosion cuts. The method of topoclimatic map construction The designation of topoclimatic units in Jastrzębie Zdrój was based on a non-instrumental classification method of active surfaces, which considers each of them to be a uniform surface with a specific heat balance expressed by the equation (Paszyński, 1980, Paszyński et al., 1999): Q + H + LE + G = 0 [W/m 2 ] Where: Q radiation balance, H sensible heat flux, LE latent heat flux, G ground heat flux. In practice, we used the terrain morphology, humidity conditions, and the type of landuse as criteria to designate topoclimatic units of the described section of the area. The morphometric analysis and the analysis of types of land utilization completed on the basis of cartographic materials resulted in the designation of six primary topoclimate types (Kamiński, Radosz, 1991). We designated eight secondary types based on a more detailed analysis of the terrain morphology, and six tertiary types based on an analysis of humidity conditions. The designation criteria used in current project have been developed in previous detailed studied performed in study area (Radosz et al., 2004). Sources of GIS data As it was mentioned above, the aim of this work was to create topoclimatic map based only or almost only on existing GIS data. Such approach allows to significantly minimize costs and reduce processing time up to a couple of days. What is more, applied source datasets cover or will cover whole Poland and thus developed method might be in future applied on State scale. Based on the described above Paszynski's (1980) approach the input GIS datasets have been identified as the sources of topoclimatic information. The input data have then been pre-processed and in the final step the topoclimatic map have been obtained trough digital classification algorithm. All GIS operations have been performed using GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) version 6.0 an Open Source GIS (Neteler, Mitasova 2004). As the source data 3 digital datasets have been chosen: 1. Digital Terrain Model (DTM): The Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) Level 2 have been applied. This dataset of military origin (MIL-PRF-89020A 1993) contains raster data of 1 x 2 arc seconds resolution (approximately 30 x 30m). The terrain elevation information is expressed here in meters (integers). 2. Environmental Map (in Poland called Sozological Map) scale 1: The digital version is issued in MapInfo format and consists of 50 vector layers containing environmental information and 6 layers containing basic topographic data (roads, railways, administrative distincts etc.). The map is in the Pulkovo 1942 State Coordinate System and the new edition use the 1992 State Coordinate System 3. Hydrological Map scale 1: Similarly like Environmental Map the digital version is in MapInfo format and in the same coordinate system. The map consists of 41 layers of hydrological information and includes also additional layers with basic topographic data. Environmental and Hydrological Maps are distributed by the Provincial Center of the Geodesic and Cartographic Documentation in Katowice. This data are publicly available at low cost. The DTM was made available thanks to courtesy of Military Center of Geodesy and Remote Sensing. DTED data are available for operational use for governmental institutions and for research purposes. 259

5 Input data pre-processing To make available the topoclimatic map construction the digital datasets have been pre-processed. The preprocessing includes following operations: Coordinate system unification. For the project purposes the Pulkovo 1942 State coordinate system have been chosen. For the raster layers the grid spacing of 30 x 30 m was constructed. DTED DTM have been transformed from WGS84 latitude/longitude system. Area of study definition. As the study area the whole sheet of 1: map have been selected (M3474A Jastrzębie Zdrój) Raster input layers generation. Vector layers have been converted to raster format of the same grid as DTM. The set of new raster layers have been created based on source data to simplify further calculations. This operation includes DTM processing, aggregation and reclassification of topographic information originally stored in vector format. DTM data have been re-interpolated first to smooth the elevation data. In Source DTM the integer format of elevation information caused significant errors on low-angle slope areas. Re-interpolation was performed using regularized spline with tension algorithm (Mitas, Mitasova, 1993, Cebaucer et al., 2002). Smoothed DTM have then been used to obtain slope map, aspect map and terrain feature map. The terrain (morphometric) feature map includes six categories: planar, pits, channels, saddles, ridges and peaks. The map was calculated using r.param.scale GRASS module (Wood 1996). Based on the vector data from Environmental map the new landuse layer have been created. In the source dataset the landuse information was spread out in 4 vector layers: forests, lakes, urbanized areas and socalled managed green areas (e.g. park, cemetery etc.). For topoclimatic information extraction the urban areas should be divided into dense and sparse urbanized. In the Environmetal map there is no such distinction however, there are two ways how this divisions might be extracted: the first approach applies anthropogenic soils layer. The anthropogenic soils layer of Environmental Map contains two categories classified according to the thickness: up to 2 m and more than 2 m. Other studies performed on Upper Silesia within Chorzow area shows that the anthropogenic soils of more than 2 m thick appears on dense urbanized areas. In a case of Jastrzębie this approach fails because no anthropogenic soils of more than 2 meters have been identified in the database. Anthropogenic soils have been drawn also along main road and railways and at waste dumping areas. Another approach was to use the layer of urban areas which includes cities and big villages without recognition of type of urbanization. The comparison with standard topographic map of the same scale shows that this information about urban areas is much more precise than included in anthropogenic soils map. Finally, based on visual comparison with classical topographic map the urbanized areas have been manually reclassified into dense and sparse urbanization. This operation was the only one manual interference into existing digital data. Hydrological map was used to create two raster layers of depth to groundwater level and soil permeability. The depth to groundwater level layer includes isolines. To rasterize it the regularized spline with tension algorithm (Mitasova, Mitas, 1993) have been applied. The soil permeability map was simply reclassified and directly rasterized. Topoclimatic map calculation The final calculation of topoclimatic map based on prepared raster layers was performed in r.mapcalc module. r.mapcalc is a program that allows users to manipulate, analyse and create map by performing mathematical calculations on raster layer (Larsen et al., 1991). For the project purpose the special formula have been constructed using r.mapcalc syntax (Shapiro, Westervelt, 1992). For calculation purposes each of 260

6 topoclimate type was calculated using combination of logical 'if' and 'and' statements on raster layers prepared in previous steps. E.g.: if(m3474a_pokrycie_terenu==6 && if m3474a_forma_terenu==1 && if(m3474a_nachylenie_terenu==2 m3474a_nachylenie _TERENU==1) m3474a_forma_terenu==2) && m3474a_ PRZEPUSZ==1,6) What means: if landuse = open area and morphometric feature = uplands and if slope angle is 1-2o or slope angle is 0-1o or morfometric feature = flat and soil permeability = non-penetrable then classify area as topoclimate 2.3 Final algorithm (Tab. 1.) was constructed based on Paszyński et al., 1999 and Radosz et al., Tab. 1. The general design of r.mapcalc algorithm for topoclimatic map construction Landuse Morphometric Slope Aspec Soil Depth to terrain Feature angle t permeability groundw ater Open areas non forest Forested areas Urbaniz ed areas Uplands >5 o Top ocli mat e S E, W 1.2 partially penetrable nonpenetrable Valeys N Flat Uplands and Flat 1.3 penetrable < 1m to 2 m 3.2 > 2 m 3.3 >5 o S <5 o -- >5 o E, W >5 o N Valeys dense Uplands a sparse b dense Flat a sparse b dense Valeys a sparse b Lakes D Managed Green Z Areas 261

7 Results and conclusions As the result of described above calculations the raster topoclimatic map of 30 x 30 m resolution have been obtained. The map includes all 21 topoclimate classes. The total processing time including data preprocessing and r.mapcalc formula development was approximately 4 working days. In a case of operational use if the previously developed formula will be applied and if new scripts simplifying pre-processing stage will be developed the total processing time of 1 working day per sheet 1: scale might be expected. If multi-stations environment will be applied for such work the topoclimatic map for whole Poland with 30x30 m spacing might be obtained within a couple of weeks. What is more, if Open Source GIS approach will be applied the total costs of this work will be minimized to working hours and costs of the digital data. Fig. 1 Topoclimatic map of Jastrzębie area calculated by r.mapcalc Due to strong needs from spatial planning, administration and business there is urgent need to develop detailed topoclimatic map on state level. Similar project have been already completed e.g. in Czech Republic (Quitt, 1992) and Germany (Jendritzky et al., 1990). In Poland the only topoclimatic map for Northeastern poland have been completed for methodical purposes by Blazejczyk (2001). This map scale 1: confirmed the importance of GIS tools in such application. However, the applied 3 x 3 km grid spacing have been found as too general for practical application. The detailed topoclimatic maps scales from 1: to 1: are commonly done in Poland for local purposes using manual or semi-digital methods (e.g. Paszyński et al., 1999, Kamiński, Radosz, 2001, Radosz et al., 2004). The proposed, full digital method based on the same idea significantly reduces total processing time and might be used as a base for further method development for operational applications. The proposed algorithm is of course the author's suggestion for an specific post-industrial area. For more general purposes the algorithm might be easy extended or modified according to specific areas or more actual topoclimate models. Digital databases as Environmental Map and Hydrological Map with their very detailed informations have been found as very suitable for easy tuning of presented algorithm. Actually developed project of the State Topographic Database (Piotrowski 1999) which will contain not generalized principal topographic information creates an extraordinary chance to develop more detailed and more accurate state topoclimatic database in near future. 262

8 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank dr. Jolanta Radosz of the Faculty of Earth Sciences of University of Silesia for her important input in the topoclimate designation criteria and discussions. References 1. Bailey W.G., Oke T.R., Rouse W.R. (Eds.), 1999: The Surface Climates of Canada. McGill-Queen University Press, s Błażejczyk K., 2001: Koncepcja przeglądowej mapy topoklimatycznej Polski. [In:] M. Kuchcik (ed.) Współczesne badania topoklimatyczne, Dokumentacja Geograficzna 23, IGiPZ PAN, Warszawa: Błażejczyk K., 2002: Influence of air circulation and local factors on climate and bioclimate of Warsaw agglomeration (in Polish). Dokumentacja Geograficzna 26, Cebaucer T., Hofelka J., Suri M., 2002: Processing digital terrain models by regularized spline with tension: tuning interpolation parameters for different input datasets. Proceedings of the Open source GIS-GRASS users conference, Trento, Italy, September 5. Dwucet K., 1981: Geomorfologiczna charakterystyka południowej części Płaskowyżu Rybnickiego. Geographia. Studia et dissertationes, 5, UŚ, Katowice, Jendritzky, G., Menz G., Schirmer H., & Schmidt-Kessen W., 1990: Methodik zur raumbezogenen Bewertung der thermischen Komponente im Bioklima des Menschen (Fortgeschriebenes Klima-Michel-Modell). Beitr. Akad. Raumforschung und Landesplanung 114, Hannover. 7. Kamiński A., Radosz J., 1991: Zmiany zróżnicowania topoklimatów okolic Jastrzębia Zdroju w Rybnickim Okręgu Węglowym (In:) A.T. Jankowski, T. Szczypek (Eds.) Materiały sympozjum polsko-czeskiego, Uniwersytet Śląski, Sosnowiec, Kamiński A., Radosz J., 2001: A mosaic of topoclimates on the example of the city of Sosnowiec in the Upper Silesia industrial region. [In:] L. Buzek, M. Rzętała (Eds.) Man and landscape, University of Ostrava, University of Silesia, Ostrava Sosnowiec, Krawczyk B., Błażejczyk K., 1999: Klimatyczna i bioklimatyczna charakterystyka Polski północno-wschodniej. Zeszyty IGiPZ PAN Larson M., Shapiro M., Tweddale S., 1991: Performing Map Calculations on GRASS Data: r.mapcalc Program Tutorial, by U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Ligęza J., 1970: Ziemia rybnicko-wodzisławska, Wyd. Śląsk, Katowice, MIL-PRF-89020A 1993: Performance Specification Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED), National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Fairfax, Mitasova H., Mitas L., 1993: Interpolation by Regularized Spline with Tension: I. Theory and Implementation, Mathematical Geology,25, Neteler M., Mitasova H., 2004, Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. Second Edition. The Kluwer international series in Engineering and Computer Science (SECS): Volume Oke T. R., 1987: Boundary layer climates. London New York, Paszyński J., 1980: Metody sporządzania map topoklimatycznych. (In:) Metody opracowań topoklimatycznych, Dokum. Geogr. 3, Paszyński J., Miara K., Skoczek J., 1999: Wymiana energii między atmosferą a podłożem jako podstawa kartowania topoklimatycznego. Dokum. Geogr., 14, Piotrowki R. 1999: Ogólna koncepcja i założenia topograficznej bazy danych. Geodeta 10, Radosz J., Caputa Z., Kamiński A., 2004: Changes in topoclimate of Jastrzębie Zdrój town at applying of GIS tools in periods of economic transformation [In:] D. Kerkovic (Ed.) Geographical Information System in Research & Practice, Zagreb, Quitt E., 1992: Topoclimatic types in Central Europe, (In:) Atlas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Up-to-date ecological, demographic and economic maps, Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin Stuttgart, Shapiro M., Westervelt J., 1991: r.mapcalc: An Algebra for GIS and Image Processing, by M U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Wood, J., 1996: The Geomorphological characterisation of Digital Elevation Models. Diss., Department of Geography, University of Leicester, U.K. 263