2003), and lethal ovitraps that kill ovipositing. population Ae. aegypti attractants have been. Several. such in the laboratory by combining it with

Transcription

1 Americn Mosqui Control Assocition, 22(4): , 2006 Journl (C) 2006 by Americn Mosqui Control Assocition, Inc. Copyright AND FIELD ASSESSMENT OF SOME KAIROMONE LABORATORY FOR HOST-SEEKING AEDES AEG YPTI BLENDS R. WILLIAMS,-" RAMONA BERGBAUER, MARTIN GEIER, DANIEL L. KLINE, CRAIG R. BERNIER, RICHARD C. RUSSELL AND SCOTT A. RITCHIE ULRICH Using lborry Y-tube olfcmeters, ttrctiveness lctic cid nd 2 kiromone ABSTRACT. from United Sttes Deprtment Agriculture () nd BioGents GmbH () ws ssessed ttrctiveness Aedes egypti. Four geogrphiclly disprte popultions ssessed: North Austrli (NQA), Florid USA, Mins Geris Brzil (MGB), nd Singpore. In descending Queenslnd popultions ttrcted USE)A,, nd lctic cid. MGB ws poorly ttrcted lctic order, lone. less ttrctive thn humn odor. Proprietry modified, nd ir cid ws ssessed find optimum ttrctive mixture NQA. Adding cene, nd ttrctiveness nd cproic cid, improved ttrctiveness in lborry. Field ttrctiveness ws mmoni by coupling newly developed -Sentinel egypti trp. Trils crried out ssessed, plus cene,, plus mmoni nd cproic cid, nd using control trp no kiromones. trps highly effective, men 24-h collections up egypti per trp, nd this species mde up 91.7% collections. However, effectiveness control trp indicted tht -Sentinel hs visul ttrctive properties egypti nd tht unbited kiromone lures dded little trp permnce in NQA. egypti (L.) is prominent vecr Aedes viruses throughout tropicl regions, nd dengue resurgence dengue worldwide is necessitting novel pwoches improve surveillnce nd this species (Gubler 1998). Humnbiting control ctch nd spirtion smples pose risk infection nd re lbor-intensive rbovirus 2003). Hence, re is need develop (Focks more efficient smpling methods tht cn be new relted dengue epidemiology. Trps redily kiromone lures host-seeking egypti provide more efficient nd epidemiologi- would relevnt lterntives surveillnce. "Lure clly kill" strtegies host-seeking egypti nd ultimtely ugment or even replce current my reduction methods. se strtegies popultion been implemented in north Queenslnd, hve regulr dengue epidemics occur. Sticky where commercil product does not constitute Mention endorsement by Jmes Cook University, Queens- Helth, or University Sydney in Austrli, or by lnd in USA. Austrli. 4870, fiir Zoologie, University Regensburg, 3Institut 31, Regensburg, Germny. Universitfitstrsse 1600 SW 23 Drive, Gines- -ARS-CMAVE, FL ville, Medicl Enmology, University Deprtment from humn skin. Lctic cid is one identified compound whose ttrctncy cn be en- such in lborry by combining it hnced cids (Acree et l. 1968, Eirs nd Jepson ftty et l. 2003), crbon dioxide (Eirs nd (Bernier 1991, Geier et l. 1996), or cene Jepson 2003). Mny se re compo- proprietry kiromone nents BioGents () (Geier nd egypti. 2003) is composed lctic cid, cproic Eirs nd mmoni, wheres United Sttes cid, Agriculture () is Deprtment mixture cene, lctic cid, nd dimethyl ny proprietry should be ssessed egypti strins disprte origins ginst conserved or divergent responses kiromones. ssess Although methods ssessing ttrc- egypti in lborry re well tion (e.g., Y-tube olfcmeters; Geier nd estblished 1999), field methods re less developed. Boeckh dioxide-bited mosqui trps re not Crbon effective in egypti collection, nd very bit nd spirtion remin most humn field smpling methods (Cnyon nd effective 1997, Jones et l. 2003, Schoeler et l. 2004). Hii KEY WORDS Aedes egypti, -Sentinel trps, dengue, kiromones, host seeking, Y-tube olfcmeter INTRODUCTION nd lethl ovitrps tht kill ovipositing 2003), (Zeichner nd Perich 1999) re used femles reduction (Queenslnd Helth 2005). popultion egypti ttrctnts hve been Severl Geier nd Boeckh 1999, Bosch et l. 2000), 1991, (Geier et l. 1999), dimethyl disulfide mmoni (Bernier et l. ovitrps re used in surveillnce (Ritchie et l. (Bernier et l. 2001). disulfide studies kiromones hve trdi- Lborry been conducted using long-estblished tionlly egypti colonies. However, ttrctiveness Public Helth nd Tropicl Medicine, 2School Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cirns, QLD Jmes ICPMR, Westmed Hospitl, Westmed, Sydney, 2145, Austrli. NSW Popultion Helth Unit, Queenslnd Tropicl PO Box 1103, Cirns, QLD, 4870, Austrli. Helth, -Sentinel trp (Kr6ckel et l. 2006) 641

2 visul ttrctnts nd includes incorportes. Although field efficcy - cpturing egypti hs been Sentinel (Kr6ckel et l. 2006), contribu- demonstrted trp efficcy remins tion untested. present 3 phses reserch. First, using We Y-tube olfcmeters, we ssess lborry 2 proprietry kiromone ttrctiveness disprte collections egypti ssess kiromones. Second, in Y-tube responses we optimize kiromone olfcmeters, ttrction north Queenslnd egypti Finlly, field trils conducted in (NQA). Queenslnd, by using optiml north lborry studies, in -Sentinel from ssys Lborry genertions rered from field-collected F1 field egypti, se lborry colonies geogrphic diversity strins. Lrve provide in plstic continers (50 40 mintined cm) t C, 60-70% reltive humidity, 25 phoperiod 12:12 (L:D) h, nd ccess 10% glucose solution. continuous Olfcmeters identicl Plexigls(R) Four used mesure ttrctiveness voltile s described previously (Geier nd compounds 1999). Mosquies relesed from Boeckh chmber t end stem, nd through nemotxis y exposed odors upwind t 2 prllel stimulus chmbers relesed or chmber mintined s blnk control. milliliters compound or ws Twenty in 200-ml Erlenmeyer flsk. Chrcolfiltered plced ir ws n pssed through flsk, by Teflon tubing hedspce voltiles crrying immeditely proximl tretment rms ports Y-tube. dosge kiromone ws by irflow rte through flsk determined in previous work sme pprtus s nd Boeckh 1999, Steib et l. 2001). (Geier odor ws introduced in stimulus Humn by inserting right index finger chmbers odors (Geier nd Boeckh 1999, Geier et humn 1999b). l. l. 2000, Willims et l. 2006). Groups et nulliprous femles (10-20 dys nonblood-fed lured from ir holding postemergence) by humn odor (Willims et l. 2006). This cges identified host-seeking mosquies s process by Posey nd Schreck (1981). described cge contining mosquies ws fitted relese stem Y-tube, cge ws flushed clen ir, min. When odor stimuli introduced, 20 relesed from chmber nd mosquies 30 sec respond, fter which llowed screens closed, trpping mosquies rotting tretment rm, control rm, nd in in cge. order in which ech strin ws relese 12) ech strin-stimulus combintion. (n experiment involved use ll 4 Ech strins ssigned rndomly ech 4 egypti Attrcted mosquies those tht Y-tubes. relese cge, flew upwind, nd left in tretment rm olfcm- cptured number cptured in control rm lso eter. recorded. number mosquies in ws rm s percentge those in relese stwre relese (SPSS Inc. sttisticl IL). Chicgo, 1: lborry comprison proprietry ttrctiveness nd ssessed, long distilled wter ( ws 2: lborry testing modified NQA proprietry n ssessed in Y-tube se (Tble 1). Acene (AR grde) lso olfcmeters tested determine its role in ws nd verify previous ttrctncy findings 642 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 22, No. 4 nd sttisticl nlyses Biossy procedures published previously Biossy (Geier nd Boeckh 1999, Geier et l. 1999, Bosch nd mosquies cclimtized egypti trp. MATERIALS AND METHODS ech voltile stimulus ws ssigned exposed equl numbers replicte tests rndomly, from NQA nd Mins Geris, Brzil eggs Eggs lso htched from long- (MGB). stnding lborry colonies mintined in Sin- nd Florid, USA (-ARS- gpore Although probbly unrepresenttive CMAVE). fed Tetrmin(R) fish food. Adults test permed using SPSS ws rcsine-trnsmed bee nlysis chmber vrince (ANOVA). Lest significnt differ- ence post hoc tests Y-tube olfcmeters control) nd humn odor (positive negtive (Tble 1). Lctic cid (nlyticl regent control) grde) lso ws included determine [AR] or compounds ttrc- contribution tiveness proprietry. enhncements proprietry Attempted mde by ddition compounds known provide enhnced ttrction lctic cid. snug-fitting hole (C.R.W.). A blnced, through block design ws used so tht rndomized (Bernier et l. 2003). egypti strins would be unimly exposed

3 1. Composition nd flow rte tretments nd controls used in lborry experiments Y- Tble olfcmeters. tube (negtive control) Distilled wter 10 ml/min Wter odor (positive control) Finger Humn cid Lctic cid (Merck, Drmstdt, Germny) 50 ml/min Lctic Lctic cid 50 ml/min (Bernier et l. Acene + lctic cid + dimethyl disulfide 50 ml/min - (mixture) 2001) + mmoni ml/min - cid Ammoni ml/min cproic As in experiment As in experiment + cene Acene (Fluk Chemik As in experiment 50 ml/min 3: field studies kiromone trps in NQA (BioGents GmbH, Regensburg, -Sentinels used s n egypti trp. Germny) plced inside se trps Kiromone ssess ir reltive ttrctiveness A e. cm in dimeter), white guze ps. In 20 center trp is blck 10-cm-dimeter p ctch bg. A 12-V DC fn drws ir opening blck opening nd exhusts it through trp re exhusted by fn. testing ws conducted in suburbn Field NQA, from Jnury Mrch Cirns, deployed in botm level 2- Trps "Queenslnder"-style houses. Such houses sry mostly timber, well-ventilted lower re in this study fully enclosed by wlls nd used on lower level, becuse y would doors fly-screened windows nd doors re rre, becuse re re mple refugi nd humn hosts nd in lower level. mosquies evluted in -Sentinel Lures, plus cene, nd plus mmoni nd, cid. quntities kiromones in cproic chosen on bsis -Sentinels vilbility nd fesibility field commercil tking voltility nd flmmbil- deployment, cene in ccount. nd its ity components dispensed in respective s supplied by mnufcturer. mounts dispenser consisted 2 m coiled 3/ internl dimeter (i.d.) silicon tubing 16-in. 15 ml lctic cid), 50 cm 0.4- (contining high-density polyethylene tubing (2 ml mm-i.d, cid), nd slow relese mmoni crylic cproic dispensed in 50-ml volumes in 300- (7-cm-dimeter) glss jr perted ml control. s evportive relese rtes ech components from lures in - kiromone mesured in outdoor trils con- Sentinels ner our lborry in Cirns. Ech lure ducted ws weighed bee deployment in component -Sentinel. trp ws n operted h, fter which time lures removed nd 24 Temperture nd humidity mesurements weighed. mde concurrently. It ws not gins weight s it binds tmospheric ree wter. comprison experiments con- In 1st experiment, Ltin squre ducted. (Cochrn nd Cox 1957) ws used design DECEMBER 2006 ATTRACTANTS FOR AEDES AEG YPTI 643 Tretment Composition Flow rte 5 ml/min Cproic cid (Fluk Chemik, Neu-ulm, Germny) (Merck) Ammoni ml/min 2 Composition Flow rte - Cproic cid 0.3 ml/min Germny) Neu-ulm, Acene 50 ml/min Acene Finger directly inserted in tretment rm Y-tube olfcmeter. in NQA. -Sentinels re collpsible, egypti cylindricl "buckets" (40 cm in height nd white, tblet (BioGents GmbH, Regensburg, fibrous ll bound ger plstic cble- Germny), ties. perimeter white guze t p through trp. Kiromones plced in botm re ws no stndrd dispensing mechnism cene or, so se steel lid. A trp out ny lure served stinless typiclly comprising lundry, secondry sry nd sometimes grging. No houses bedroom, egress mosquies. Such house impede is conducive egypti hrborge, design mesure relese rte lctic cid, possible this compound is hygroscopic nd becuse Two lure whereby, plus cene,

4 N Qld Aust Florid USA MO Brzil Singpore wter cid lctic BO [] 1. Men ttrction (+ SE) Aedes egypti Fig. cid nd proprietry in lborry Y-tube lctic olfcmeters (n 12) (experiment 1)., nd blnk control mongst houses ccount positionl rotted groups houses, resulting in 20 different ech tretment. In 2nd exper- replictes plus mmoni nd iment, cid ws compred blnk control cproic 10 houses, tretment nd control t subsequently swpped control houses effects, giving 20 replictes ech positionl Trps deployed between 1100 nd tretment. h nd collected 24 h lter. A minimum 1300 dys ws llowed between trp deployments t 2 house prevent ny substntil locl ech reduction. Dt log (x + 1) popultion bee ANOVA (field tril 1) or t- trnsmed (field tril 2) by using SPSS sttisticl tests nlyzed using chi-squre contingency tbles test independence sex nd lure type. 1: lborry comprison proprietry flight in response voltiles in Y- upwind re significnt differences in tube. tretments compred ttrctiveness in ll strins: NQA: F P < controls P ws most in ll strins, followed by ttrctive nd lctic cid (Fig. 1). Singpore strin ws eqully nd humn ttrcted Humn odor ws significntly more ttrc- odor. thn eir kiromone in or tive strins. re ws slight response three control. ws significntly wter ttrctive thn ll more except NQA. ws popultions more ttrctive thn lctic cid lone significntly MGB nd Singpore g s0 40 N 30 2O 10 cene mmoni NQA modified proprietry in lborry from olfcmeters (n 12) (experiment 2). Y-tube 2: lborry ttrction NQA modified modifiction proprietry hd significnt effect on ttrctiveness NQA (F P < 0.001). ddition mmoni 32.44, cproic cid, nd nd cene, significntly ddition ttrctiveness both improved 2). re ws no discernible ttrction (Fig. In descending order ttrctiveness, cene. kiromone NQA best plus cproic cid nd mmoni, plus cene,, nd lst. 3: field studies kiromone trps in NQA kiromone relese rte from -Sentinels 24 h trp opertion ws determined t over men minimum-mximum temperture nd men minimum-mximum rel C, humidity %. se conditions tive typicl Cirns wet seson. Dispensing re components cproic rtes 0.04 _ g/24 h nd mmoni, 0.03 _+ cid, g/24 h. ws dispensed t g/24 h nd cene t 30.8 _+ 0.9 g/ 30.3 h. All postdeployment weights lctic cid 24 n increse fter field use. reveled first field experiment, 893 mosquies In cptured in -Sentinels. Of se 811 (90.8%) egypti, mosquies, 46 mle:54 femle rtio. re 10 or A single -Sentinel cptured mximum 62 egypti in 24 h ( 30 femles, 32 mles). verge tl ; egypti ctch rnged from 9.0 ( ) ( ). numbers mles, or tl egypti cught per trp per femles, h not significntly different mong 24 (Tble 2). re ws lso no kiromone difference in frequency sexes. significnt 644 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 22, No O 7O humn odor cene cid cproic 2. Men ttrction ( SE) Aedes egypti Fig. effects. This experiment ws repeted 5 times t stwre. frequencies mles nd femles RESULTS Mosquies from ll 4 popultions exhibited Florid USA: F 94.39, P < 0.001; 0.001; F P 0.001; nd MGB: F Singpore: species collected.

5 Field experiment + Blnk (control) cene Sttisticl result Tretment $ (_+ SE) 5.7 _+ 1.1 Men ' (_+ SE) Men tl Men (+_ SE) egypti Blnk (control) $ (_+ SE) Men (+_ SE) 2.1 +_ 0.6 Men tl Men (+_ SE) egypti second experiment, 341 mosquies In Of se mosquies, 222 (65.1%) cptured. in first field experiment, re ws no As difference in number egypti significnt re ws no significnt difference in nd sexes (Tble 2). frequency kiromone ttrctive 4 Both egypti strins when presented in Y-tube out ddition crbon olfcmeters Generlly, se not s dioxide. s humn odor, exception ttrctive, which ws eqully ttrctive Singpore popultion s humn odor. Although re differences in bsolute kiromone ttrctiveness strins, hierrchy ir ttrctive- different ws equl in ll strins. This suggests tht ness mking se ttrctive mechnisms cross regions. kiromone more ttrctive thn Kiromone cid lone. Furrmore, we ble lctic ttrctiveness both by improve (Geier et l. 1999, Bosch et l. 2000). cid mmoni nd cproic cid ddition _ _ _ mmoni + cid cproic 0.532, P F 0.145, P F _ , P t , P dioxide, not s n ttrctnt in crbon lctic cid, but s n "ctivr." mnner results (Fig. 2) lso show no ttrctiveness Our lone but synergistic ttrctiveness ( cene effects). A similr individul effect involving cene nd lctic cid synergistic reported in Bernier et l. (2003). However, ws cene lone in tht study ws ttrction greter thn in present trils (26.2% much 3.3%), nd ttrction is compred Florid nd NQA strins. In confirming this we found tht Florid strin hyposis, men ttrction cene 25%, very showed 26.2% reported by Bernier et l. similr demonstrting concordnce between (2003), studies in seprte lborries. olfcmeter field studies reported here showed no effects kiromone when detectble -Sentinel. This finding suggests tested visul properties -Sentinel re tht importnt, t lest in NQA, thn olfcry more from humn skin in bsence crbon cues dioxide. is inconsistent lborry results in This kiromone ttrctive. which kiromones in humn skin emntions However, ttrct egypti over short distnces only et l. 2005). In Y-tubes, egypti re (Dekker concentrted kiromone plumes in exposed spces, less thn 2 m from odor confined reby fcilitting short-rnge ttrction. source, properties -Sentinel my be Visul over lrger distnces. collection size effective field will primrily be function in from which mosquies re ttrcted nd distnce effectively y re collected when ner how DECEMBER 2006 ATTRACTANTS FOR AEDES AEGYPTI 645 Tble 2. hour cpture Aedes egypti by -Sentinel mosqui trps in Cirns, north Queenslnd, Twenty-four (experiment 3) different kiromone (n 20). Austrli _ F 0.295, P X 3.56, P Totl $: ' 114:78 92:88 118: :109 Field experiment 2 Tretment Sttisticl result , P :65 X 0.08, P Totl $: 47:41 egypti, sex rtio 48 mles:52 Four or species lso collected. femles. combintion effect greter thn sum per trd when using plus cught nd cproic cid or blnk control, mmoni DISCUSSION behviorl differences between probbly due re conserved mong popultions globlly egypti nd ugurs well pplicbility given compounds tht hve been previously dding ct synergisticlly lctic demonstrted nd cene ttrction. Bernier et l. (2003) sug- improved gested tht cene functions in similr wy

6 Provided tht ddition kiromone trp. -Sentinels did not effectively in- rnge ttrction in field, n crese collection rtes would not be expected. increse explntion is well supported by recent This tunnel study where behviorl responses wind femle egypti skin odors wned quickly dilution (Dekker et l. 2005). In this wy, effect kiromones on -Sentinel lck my be relted doses used here. In efficcy lborry cge study using 3 different mosqui trps (not coupled -Sentinel), higher kiromone including led greter cpture MGB egypti doses et l. 2005). highest dispensing rte (Silv in tht tril (7.7 g/24 h) ws in tht study ( m) my hve used short-rnge ttrction. permitted kiromone dispensing method is criticl in bove response threshold odornt mintining in plumes, insects my respond disperse filments even though overll concentrted odornts in plume my be concentrtion response threshold (Murlis et l. 1992). below this study, kiromone plced In botm -Sentinels. Fns in in trp displce -90 ft3/m such tht -Sentinel re pushed vigorously out trp kiromones my be quickly diluted below threshold nd egypti. Thus, dispensing detection tht llows filmenus plume method disperse from trp my kiromones field collections. enhnce kiromone doses, Different dispensing meth- or both re n obvious next step ods, Crbon dioxide, n gent tht experimenttion. egypti humn odors (Dekker presensitizes l. 2005), lso my enhnce field collections. et this work highlights lrge gp Regrdless, observed behviorl responses between olfcry signls in rtificil mosquies biossys nd function se lborry Long (Queenslnd Helth) provided Shrron field ssistnce in Cirns. Ull Kr6ckel, vluble University Regensburg lborries. t Bptist (Origin Exterminrs PTE Ltd., Crl provided Singpore mosqui Singpore) We thnk people Cirns ccess colony. personl properties. This work ws funded by Ntionl Helth nd Medicl Re- Austrlin Council grnt S.A.R. nd serch R.C.R. F Jr, Turner RB, Gouck HK, Beroz M, Smith Acree L-lctic cid: mosqui ttrctnt isolted N. humns. Science 161: from UR, Brnrd DR, Booth MM, Kline DL, Posey Bernier U.S. Ptent nd Trdemrk Office: Wshingn, DC. UR, Kline DL, Posey KH, Booth MM, Yost Bernier Brnrd DR Synergistic ttrction RA, egypti (L.) binry L-lctic cid Aedes cene, dichloromethne, or dimethyl disulfide. nd Med Enmol 40: J OJ, Geier M, Boeckh J Contribution Bosch cids olfcry host finding femle Aedes ftty Chem Senses 25: egypti. s compred mn-lnding ctch Aedes trps J Am Mosq Control Assoc 13: egypti. W, Cox G l designs, 2nd Cochrn New York: Wiley. Ed. T, Geier M, Crd6 RT Crbon Dekker instntly sensitizes femle yellow fever dioxide humn skin odours. J Exp Biol 208: mosquies AE, Jepson PC Host loction by Aedes Eirs (Dipter: Culicide): wind tunnel study egypti cues. Bull Enmol Res 81: chemicl DA A review enmologicl smpling Focks World Orgniztion. Switzerlnd: Helth Boeckh J A Y-tube new olfcmeter M, Geier mosquies mesure ttrctiveness host Enmol Exp Appl 92:9-19. odours Ammoni s n mosqui, Aedes egypti. Chem Senses fever 24: M, Bosch OJ, Boeckh J. 1999b. Influence Geier plume structure on upwind flight mosqui- odour wrds hosts. J Exp Biol 202: es M, Eirs AE Composition ttrcting Geier in humn body odour tht ttrct components Aedes egypti. In: Bock GR, Crdew G, femles Olfction in mosqui-host interctions. Chichester, eds. United Kingdom: Wiley. p D Dengue nd dengue hemorrhgic fever. Gubler Microbiol Rev 11: Clin Evlution selected trps s ols surveillnce dult Aedes egypti in conducting J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19: Thilnd. U, Rose A, Eirs A, Geier M New ols Kr6ckel surveillnce dult Aedes egypti: comprison ctches humn lnding collections in n trp environment. J Am Mosq Control Assoc urbn 22: J, Elkinn JS, Crd6 RT Odor plumes Murlis how insects use m. Annu Rev Enmol nd 646 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION VOL. 22, No. 4 REFERENCES CITED Yost RA invenrs, Chemicl composition KH, tht ttrcts rthropods. U.S. ptent 6,267,953 cge DV, Hii JLK Efficcy crbon dioxide, Cnyon nd lctic cid in modified Fy-Prince 1-octen-3-ol, much less thn tht here (30.3 g/24 h). concentrtion in odor plumes. As odornts methods nd indicrs dengue vecrs. Genev, Geier M, Bosch OJ, Boeckh J. ttrctive component host odour yellow sucking rthropods. Worldwide ptent blood WO 03/ A1. Applicnt: Uni- no. Regensburg. versity M, Sss H, Boeckh J A serch Geier signls in complex field environment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jones JW, Sithiprssn R, Schleich S, Colemn RE. Thoms H6rbrnd, nd Mrgit Lindner (ll BioGents GmbH) provided technicl ssistnce 37:

7 KH, Schreck CE An irflow pprtus Posey femle mosquies use in repellent nd selecting studies. Mosq News 41: ttrction Helth [Queenslnd Government] Queenslnd Unit Network, Queenslnd Helth. Helth SA, Long S, Hrt A, Webb CE, Russell RC. Ritchie An dulticidl sticky ovitrp smpling mosquies. J Am Mosq Control continer-breeding 19: Assoc GB, Schleich SS, Mnweiler SA, Sifuentes VL. Schoeler Evlution surveillnce devices moniring Aedes egypti in n urbn re norstern IM, Eirs AE, Kline DL, Bernier UR Silv evlution mosqui trps bited Lborry syntic humn odor cpture Aedes J Am Mosq Control Assoc 21: egypti. BM, Geier M, Boeckh J effect lctic Steib on odour-relted host preference yellow fever cid Chem Senses 26: mosquies. CR, Ritchie SA, Russell RC, Eirs AE, Kline Willims Geier M Geogrphic vrition in ttrction DL, humn odor compounds by Aedes egypti Culicide) mosquies: lborry study. (Dipter: Chem Ecol 32: J lethl ovitrp Aedes egypti. Med Vet Enmol 13: DECEMBER 2006 ATTRACTANTS FOR AEDES AEGYPTI 647 Fever Mngement Pln North Queenslnd, Dengue Cirns, Austrli: Tropicl Public Zeichner BC, Perich MJ Lborry testing Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20:6-11.