JCR Editorial Style Manual

Transcription

1 JCR Editorial Style Manual CHAPTER 9 Table of Contents References 9.1 General Rules Citations in Text Single Reference The References List Footnotes JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 1

2 CHAPTER 9 References 9.1 General Rules References are listed at the ends of chapters or articles under the heading References. In figures and tables, any internal references are contained within the figure or table (that is, reference numbering is not continuous with text). A reference is the full bibliographic information for a source cited in the text References are listed in the order in which they are cited in the text. Ibid is not used in reference lists. Instead, a reference is numbered just once, and the reference number is used again in subsequent citations. Only sources referred to in the article should be included in the references list. 9.2 Citations in Text All entries in the references list must be cited in the text. References should be numbered consecutively according to their first citation A reference number appears as a superscript at the end of a sentence. However, if a sentence includes more than one reference, the superscript number should be placed at the end of each idea, unless the multiple references refer to the same idea, in which case they appear together, separated by commas (no space). When consecutive ideas have the same reference number, then place the number at the end of the series of ideas. According to Smith 4 and Jones, 5 hospital length of stay is... However, White says that the earth is round, 6 and Black says it is flat. 7 Experts agree on the efficacy of this method. 8,9 There are three main ideas: a flat earth, a round earth, and a square earth. 24 (instead of a flat earth, 24 a round earth, 24 and a square earth. 24 ) When two or more references are cited at one time, separate the numbers with commas (no space). Connect three or more consecutive numbers with an en dash. Example: The procedure is described in several studies. 1,2, Superscripted reference numbers are preceded by all punctuation marks except dashes, semicolons, colons, and parentheses. If the reference number is relevant only to the material enclosed in parentheses, then the reference number is enclosed in the parentheses. JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 2

3 This method is described elsewhere 1,2 ; further... Patients may base their opinions on faulty test results. 23 Physicians who are inexperienced and thus at a higher risk of making mistakes 3 7,15 need to receive more thorough training. Licensed independent practitioners often make many mistakes 33 :... When a root cause is identified (incomplete reassessment is frequently cited 7,8 ), the hospital must take action (even when it has no money) 5 as soon as possible Number references consecutively in each chapter Put a page number in a citation only when the material is a direct quote. Enclose the page number or page range in parentheses, with no space between the reference number and the opening parenthesis. 9.3 Single Reference 23(p. 67) Example: Patients may base their opinions on faulty test results. When only one reference appears in an article or chapter, a references list is still used. In this case, the heading should be Reference instead of References. 9.4 The References List General Rules List authors by last name first. Use a space (no punctuation) before each author s initials, which should be run together without periods. Follow the initials with titles such as Jr (no period), III, and so forth (but not professional or academic degrees, such as MD and RN). Follow the last author s name with a period. Separate authors names with commas; do not use and before the last author s name. Example: Buckingham WB, Brown M, King ER Jr For one, two, and three authors, use the system described in For four or more authors, list only the first author followed by a comma and et al. (in roman typeface). Example: Bates ER, et al Do not use a dash to indicate the same author as in previous references. Repeat the author s name. JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 3

4 Within each item, when the author and publisher are the same organization, follow the author s complete name with its acronym, if any, in parentheses and repeat the acronym or author s name for the publisher. Note: The only time it is acceptable to use an acronym in a reference list is when re-referencing something that has already been called out in that same entry. Example: American Medical Association (AMA). Bioterrorism and You. Chicago: AMA, JCR / JCI / TJC Products When citing a Joint Commission product published before 2000, the author should be listed as Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations unless there is an author or expert editor (not JCR or TJC staff) associated with it. The publisher is Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ; the city is Oakbrook Terrace (if the product was published before 1990, the city is Chicago). Also, before 1996 the manuals were editions, not serials. When citing a JCR product published in 2000 through 2006, the author should be listed as Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations unless there is an author or expert editor (not JCR or TJC staff) associated with it. Joint Commission Resources is always the publisher; the city is Oakbrook Terrace. When citing a JCR product published in 2007 or later, the author should be listed as The Joint Commission unless there is an author or expert editor (not JCR or TJC staff) associated with it. Joint Commission Resources is always the publisher; the city is Oak Brook. When citing a JCI manual, the author should be listed as Joint Commission International. Joint Commission Resources is always the publisher; the city is Oak Brook. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals: The Official Handbook, 1990 ed. Chicago: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals: The Official Handbook. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission Resources, JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 4

5 The Joint Commission. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals: The Official Handbook. Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission Resources, Joint Commission International. Joint Commission International Standards for Hospitals, 3rd ed. Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission Resources, The Joint Commission. Environment of Care Essentials for Health Care, 9th ed. Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission Resources, Litvak E, editor. Managing Patient Flow in Hospitals: Strategies and Solutions, 2nd ed. Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission Resources, An entry should include the relevant inclusive pages if it is part of a larger volume, such as a collection of articles or essays. The page numbers should not be included if the entire book is pertinent to the topic Books In titles of books, capitalize all words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions of four or fewer letters; capitalize these exceptions if they are the first word or the last word in the title or if the exception involving parallel prepositions (see 2.4.1) occurs. Put titles in italics Book citations should include the following information (in the same order and with the same capitalization, italicization, and punctuation): Reference number. Author Name(s). Title of Book, edition (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher, date, pages (if appropriate) If there is more than one edition or volume, this information should follow the title. Precede the edition or volume number with a comma and follow it with a period. Use ordinal numerals to denote the number of the edition. Use abbreviations ed., vol., and Arabic numerals Include the state of publication only if the city is not well known. (See for a list of well-known cities.) If the state is included, use the postal abbreviation. (See ) Use an ampersand (&) when it is part of the actual spelling of a corporation s name (legal firms, for example, usually use the JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 5

6 ampersand); spell out the word and in all other cases. When in doubt, spell out the word and For a section or a chapter from a book, begin with the authors names and title of the section or chapter, capitalizing the first word, proper nouns, and the first word of a subtitle. The word In introduces the name of the book editor(s); use last name followed by initials and editor or editors Electronic books (e-books) should follow the same reference rules as print books. Because an e-book is available electronically, it is important to include the access month (abbreviated with the first three letters and no period), day, and year within parentheses (Accessed month day, year.), followed by a URL. Zimmerman LM, Veith I. Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, Churchill WS. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 2. New York: Dodd & Mead, Thompson RE. Audit/MCE: A Here s How Guidebook for the Hospital Committee. Oak Brook, IL: Illinois Hospital Association, National Center for Health Statistics. Surgical Operations in Short Stay Hospitals. Pub. no. HRA , Nov Ashley PP. Say It Safely: Legal Limits in Publishing, Radio, and Television, 3rd ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, Thomas P. The anticoagulant therapy of venous thromboembolism. In Moser K, Stein M, editors: Pulmonary Thromboembolism. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1973, The Joint Commission. Clinical Care Improvement Strategies: Preventing Surgical Site Infections. Joint Commission Resources, (Accessed Feb 15, 2011.) Periodicals Periodicals include newsletters, newspapers, journals, and magazines Citations to periodicals should include the information shown in the following example, in the same order and with the same punctuation, capitalization, and use of italics. This example shows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) uniform requirements, JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 6

7 also known as the Vancouver style, for periodicals. Vancouver should be used for periodical sources only. Please note that these examples show full page ranges and italicized periodical titles, which are deviations from the Vancouver style. (See also Author Name(s). Title of article. Journ abbrev. Year abbreviated month day if known;volume(issue number):inclusive page numbers. Example showing year month day: Halpern SD, et al. Solid-organ transplantation in HIVinfected patients. N Engl J Med Jul 25;347(4): Example with just the year: The Joint Commission. Supporting safe equipment. Environment of Care News. 2011;14(9): The periodical abbreviation from PubMed ( is a subset of PubMed) should be used in periodicals. If the journal name is not abbreviated in PubMed, use its full title. However, the journal or newsletter name should always be italicized. In PubMed: The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety (volume 31 to current) = Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Safety (volumes 29 and 30) = Jt Comm J Qual Saf The Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement (volumes 19 [July] 28) = Jt Comm J Qual Improv The Joint Commission Perspectives = Jt Comm Perspect Not in PubMed: Environment of Care News The Joint Commission Benchmark The Joint Commission Perspectives on Patient Safety The Joint Commission: The Source In a journal article title, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and any proper nouns. JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 7

8 If a volume has more than one part or is a supplement, indicate this with the abbreviation Pt or Suppl (in roman with no period) immediately after the volume number If an issue has more than one part or is a supplement, indicate this with the abbreviation Pt or Suppl (in roman with no period) immediately following the issue number If there is no volume number (or supplement number), precede page numbers with the issue number If the day of the issue is known, include this information. Be consistent within each reference list. (See also ) If the article is published electronically and/or in print, then reference only the format that was cited as a source. Sets MC. Approaches to the quality of hospital care. Arch Intern Med Apr 6;70: (Example of volume with supplement ) Spierings G, et al. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:S (Example of issue with supplement ) Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58(12 Suppl 7):S6 12. (Example of issue with no volume number) Banit DM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401): (Example of article published electronically and used as a resource) Yu WM, et al. Immortalization of yolk sac-derived precursor cells. Blood. Epub 2002 Jul Other Electronic Material See Chapter 10 for more information on technology-related issues Websites and Web-Based Content JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 8

9 Websites are files on the World Wide Web that are accessed via the Internet, extranet, or an intranet and viewed through browser software. Materials that can be found on the Web and cited as such include periodicals, newspapers, PDFs, blogs, specific Web pages that provide information, streaming video, streaming audio, and many others. Password-protected sites are treated the same as non-passwordprotected sites. When referencing Website content, use the following information in this order: Owner of the site. Title of the content or a description of the Web page. The last name, first initial of author of the content if known. Original month day, year of posting if known. (Updated: month day, year if known.) Accessed month day, year. Examples of various types of Web content: Web pages: Joint Commission Resources Hospital Update Conference. Accessed Apr 11, Hospital-Update/2265. Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Teddy s Diary. Roosevelt, T. (Updated: Feb 27, 2009.) Accessed Apr 18, roosevelt-diary.htm Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Hospital- Acquired Conditions: Present on Admission Indicator. Accessed Mar 11, /HospitalAcqCond/ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Press Release: Low Health Literacy Linked to Higher Risk of Death and More Emergency Room Visits and Hospitalizations. Mar 28, Accessed Apr 26, /lowhlitpr.htm Audiobook: Schlosser E. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Online audiobook. New York: Random House Audible, Blog examples: Joint Commission Resources. New Resource for Standards Information. The Source blog entry by Parker, J. (Updated: Mar 4, 2011.) Accessed Apr 18, JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 9

10 Resource-for-Standards-Information Provonost P. Radiation hazards indicates need for a industrywide response. Health Aff (Millwood) blog, Mar 10, Accessed Jun 21, /pronovost However, intranets are treated a little differently they do not include the Web address but instead a description of the intranet site. Example: The Joint Commission. Black History Month wrap-up. Commflash, Mar. 14, Joint Commission intranet. Accessed Apr 18, In print format, a URL should not be underlined. For more information about URLs, see Chapter CD-ROMs and DVDs Format these citations as you would for a book: Author Name(s). Title, edition (if applicable), medium. Place of publication: Publisher, year, pages or sections (if appropriate). Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI). Nuclear Energy Institute Facts, DVD. Washington, DC: NEI, 2000, Section 4. Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson s Electronic Atlas of Hematology, CD-ROM. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Other References Other types of nontraditional references include , voice mail, and online products (restricted-access subscription services often accessed via proprietary software). and voice mail are personal correspondence and should be cited according to Online material should be cited as noted in section JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 10

11 9.4.5 Unpublished Works When a work is unpublished, include a parenthetical note following the title. If the work is a PhD dissertation, indicate as such in the parentheses but do not include unpublished as dissertations are by their nature unpublished. Papers presented at conferences or workshops should also be identified (see ). Williams TF, et al. Evaluation Placement of the chronically ill and aged (unpublished project summary). Rochester, NY, Feb Waters BW. The Effects of Nitrates on the Fetus (PhD diss.). Columbia University, For personal communications (such as letters, s, and so on), add as much information as is known to identify the source of the referenced material that is, name, title, and affiliation of the person with whom the author communicated, city (and state, if applicable; see 1.9.3) of place of business, and date. All are connected with commas. Example: Personal communication between the author and Barbara Radin, Director of Health Systems Management Department of Corrections, New York City, Jan 2, In papers or lectures presented orally and/or in a workshop or conference, use the following information and punctuation. Author Name(s). Title of presentation or paper. Title of Conference or Institution, City. Month, Day, Year. Do not italicize the title of the presentation or paper, but capitalize it as for a journal article. Steinwachs DM. Impact of per case and per service hospital reimbursement in Maryland. Paper presented at the American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Montreal, Nov 17, Kramer M. The increasing prevalence of mental disorders: Implications for the future. Lecture given at Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Aug 6, JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 11

12 For work that has been accepted for publication but has not yet been published, use the word forthcoming. This expression takes the place of the date of publication. 1. Katz H. Parameters of Social Disintegration. Chicago: Midway Press, forthcoming. 2. Lambert PP. How editors can make $1 million a year without even trying. Fantasy Journal, forthcoming Legal References 9.5 Footnotes For all legal references, see Legal and Public Documents (CMOS ). See also CMOS and CMOS Bibliographies A references list should include only sources cited in the text. Books and articles sometimes contain bibliographies of sources that do not relate to specific statements in the text. In such a list of references, title the section References, Bibliography, Resources, or Suggested Readings List sources in the bibliography alphabetically by author. If a particular reference has no author, alphabetize by the first major word of the title In bibliographies, a 3-em dash may be used if all authors of the successive entries are the same. In these cases, list publications by the same authors in chronological order (latest to earliest) Do not number entries in a bibliography, but do follow the references list style otherwise An explanatory footnote that must be added to text should be marked with an asterisk and placed at the bottom of the column or page on which it appears. If two or more footnotes appear on any one page, the standard footnote symbols should be used (see 9.5.2). If there are two or more footnotes in any one chapter or article, but they fall on different pages, then just the asterisk should be used in each case. A self-assessment was used to figure out how many return customers* could be expected. * The number of patients definitely willing to return. JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 12

13 The following is an example of the new standards format.* Data are analyzed and compared externally with other sources of information when available. * This example is provided to show the format only. The actual standards could change during the review process. External sources of information include recent clinical studies and Sentinel Event Alert. Note: There should always be a space after the asterisk or other footnote symbol Following is a list of the standard footnote symbols to be used when two or more footnotes appear on the same page, in order of appearance: * (asterisk) (dagger) (double dagger) (section sign) (parallel lines) # (number sign) When more symbols are needed, these may be doubled and tripled in the same sequence (**,,,,, ##, ***,,,,, ###) Treat each table and figure as its own entity, starting over with standard footnote symbols. If a table or figure is longer than one page, place the footnote at the end of the table or figure. JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 13

14 JCR Editorial Style Manual Page 14