VK3UM Electro-magnetic Radiation Calculator. Table of Contents

Transcription

1 Table of Contents Disclaimer 2 Background 3 Glossary of terms 4 Program Objectives 5 Calculations provided 6 Screen Options 8 Safe Elevation Angle 18 Australian Level 1 and Level 2 requirements 21 Screen options: Australian (ACMA) requirement. 24 Circular Apertures 25 Calculation Methods 27 Examples 28 References and Acknowledgements 30 Author 32 Page 1

2 Disclaimer The accuracy of this software is in accordance with the calculation methods prescribed in the Standard chosen in the software. The on-axis Exclusion Zone value calculated in this Software is the exposure limit that applies to the General Public for the Standard selected. (Uncontrolled environment) The calculated Safety Exclusion Zones should only be taken as a guide and must not be relied upon as safe for human exposure. External influences can cause significant variations from predicted values. The Exclusion Zone should be accurately measured in the prescribed manner and the readings thus obtained treated as absolute with respect to safety matters and not those predicted by this software. Footnote: In the process of obtaining High Power permits for both 23 and 70 cm, the station set-up of the author (VK3UM) was subjected to rigorous testing, inspection and RF radiation measurements. The EMR values were measured with precision equipment and the levels were found to be extremely close to the theoretical calculations as predicted in this software. Page 2

3 Background Throughout the World, most Government Authorities have implemented mandatory standards of radiation limits pertaining to Electro-magnetic Radiation. These requirements include the Amateur Radio Service. Note.Electro-magnetic Radiation (EMR) is often known as Electro-magnetic Emission (EME) which is a more 'public friendly term'. Because of the nature of Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) and many other Amateur communications, radiated power levels can be quite high and may, under certain situations, pose a radiation hazard. To reduce the possible confusion in the use of the abbreviation EME, EMR will be used throughout the rest of the document. This software calculates the level of far-field bore-sight RF Radiation levels and indicates if the safety limit will be exceeded with respect to the parameters entered into the program. The default calculations are for Public or un-controlled environments, however controlled environment calculations are provided where situations permit such limits. Warnings are provided on entering this option. The software also addresses the near-field radiation characteristics of a circular aperture radiating antenna. This characteristic could be of significance to provide substantiating evidence that the installation is able to meet the Governing Authority's radiation limits. The most widely accepted Safe level of RF Radiation is that which has been recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. (ICNIRP) It is a body of independent scientific experts consisting of a main Commission of 14 members, 4 Scientific Standing Committees covering Epidemiology, Biology, Dosimetry and Optical Radiation and a number of consulting experts. This expertise is brought to bear on addressing the important issues of possible adverse effects on human health of exposure to non-ionising radiation. Its recommendations have been accepted by most countries as well as the Council of European Union (CEU). The ICNIRP works in close collaboration with the many health protection related agencies both national and international, including, for example, WHO, ILO, ICOH, IRPA and EUROSKIN. [Reference 6] Page 3

4 Glossary of terms ACMA Australian Communication and Media Authority ARPNSA Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Association CEU Council of the European Union CW Continuous Wave D Distance between radiator and target EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EME Earth-Moon-Earth communication path EME Electro-magnetic emission EMR Electro-magnetic Radiation ERP Effective Radiated Power EU European Union EUROSKIN European Society of Skin Cancer Prevention FCC Federal Communications Commission G far-field gain (power ratio) ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protec tion ICOH International Congress on Occupational Health ILO International Labour Office IRPA International Radiation Protection Association λ Wavelength LCD Licence Conditions (Apparatus Licence) Determination, 2003 (ACMA) MEL Maximum Exposure Level P Power PD Power density in the near-field normalized to unity at 2D²/λ PEP Peak Envelope Power q the radial distance from the center of the circular aperture to the aperture radius r far-field distance RF Radio Frequency S Power flux density SSB Single Side-band, a form of modulation implying suppressed carrier W Watt, a measure of power WHO World Health Organisation Page 4

5 Program objectives The prime purpose of the software is to define the Electro-magnetic Radiation (EMR) (Electro-magnetic Emission (EME)], level of the on-axis Exclusion Zone, commensurate with the stations effective radiated power and mode of operation. The default calculation is for Public or the un-controlled environment. If the software indicates a safe level of EMR, then the operator of an Amateur Radio Station may then be confident of complying with the Safe Operating Standards applicable to their specified licensing conditions. The Electro-magnetic Radiation (EMR) level from the Station can be determined to a high degree of accuracy (refer also Disclaimer statement) so that it will not cause harmful health effects to the Public, family and Station operator in accordance with levels recommended by the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection. (ICNIRP) and also those of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The calculations are presented in numerical as well as graphical format to allow simple visual indication of the relationship of tower height to safety distances. The ability to vary the Tower height (and other parameters) in the software and instantly observe the changes in the safe operating distance from the radiator is a feature of the software. Circular Aperture near-field calculations are also presented in a graphical format. Page 5

6 Calculations provided The EMR Radiation Calculator provides the on-axis Exclusion Zone (General Public), for both near and far-field radiation levels, and is displayed in both text and graphical formats. The Tower Height Calculator provides a graphical representation of the safe distance from the tower to comply with Safety requirements. Using the mouse or mouse roller you can change the tower height (white rectangle) and display the safe tower height and safe distance from the tower. It should be noted that the 3 db antenna beam width and the on-axis distance calculations are combined to provide this display. The safe head height is given as 1.8 m (chosen as an arbitrary average human height), and can be removed for bore-sight on axis calculations. The Circular Aperture Calculator provides a graphical representation of near-field and far-field Exclusion Zone boundaries. (for Parabolic Reflectors only) Page 6

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8 Screen options The main screen The two large buttons in the center of the screen enable you to:- VHF and SHF Range tab Page 8

9 This tab covers the frequency range from 50 MHz to 48 GHz and provides access to the Parabolic Reflector and the Yagi-Uda array options. To select the Yagi-Uda array, click on the button to the left of the display. Similarly, to reselect the Parabolic Reflector display, click on its associated button. HF Range tab You may select options within this screen by clicking one of the available options (Low Gain Antenna, Yagi-Uda array or Parabolic Reflector). You can gain access to all the Low Gain Antenna options by clicking on the associated panel (it will highlight in white) and then choose other options using the up/down arrows. Frequency Select the frequency of operation as required. Circular Aperture tab Page 9

10 This option screen provides selection of a graphical representation of near-field of the RF Exclusion Zone calculations in a graphical format. Note.. it is only applicable for Parabolic Reflectors Transmission Mode Form Factor These options should be selected in accordance with the Standard chosen. In the case of the FCC OET Bulletin 65 select Carrier or 100%. [Se references 1 & 4] Six Minute Period Average These options should also be selected in accordance with the Standard chosen. In the case of the FCC OET Bulletin 65, select Conversational or 100%. You will note that in the case of the FCC Standard the period average is 30 minutes. You may select Controlled Exposure by clicking on the green button. (a warning is given on entering the Controlled Exposure option). The Controlled Exposure option is provided for specific situations that can use such levels but normally this is not appropriate for the Amateur Service. You may also select the Instantaneous RMS 1 us period option only when the ARPNSA Standard is chosen. It will reflect the values specified in Table 8 of the Standard. It is not applicable for Amateur applications but is included for completeness purposes only. Page 10

11 This warning is provided when other than the General Public Radiation limit is selected. (Controlled or Instantaneous or both ) RF Radiation Standards Three standards are provided as indicated plus a variable option to allow for any other Radiation Limit. Many Countries have yet to define their Standard and the variable option is provided for any such eventuality. Page 11

12 ARPNSA CEU FCC Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Association (almost identical to CEU) Council of the European Union Federal Communications Commission (USA) Difference between Standards The ARPNSA and CEU Standards are identical except that ARPNSA requires Level 2 compliance documentation with EIRP power levels exceeding 3,200 W. The FCC OET Bulletin 65 Supplement B (Amateur Stations) calculations are based on 100% Form Factor and 100% 30 minute period average (Public environment). Selecting FCC defaults to Carrier, Conversational, includes Ground reflection and the transmission loss should be adjusted to zero. The figures will correspond to those on pages 23 and 24 of the document. Controlled environment calculations are also provided as an option. Change S designator the following options.. select W /cm² you may select whichever designator suits your situation and you will then be asked if you wish to store the new designator as your default./ the display will be shown as follows. Page 12

13 Variable Radiation Level Option You may select this option to adjust to any other Radiation Standard. Double clicking on the radiation limit panel enables adjustment in steps. Double clicking again reverts to 0.01 steps. This applies only for an S designator of W / m². The displayed decimal point will go from 2 to 3 places. Ground Reflection Select his option where required. This will depend upon the situation in question. In the case of the FCC OET Bulletin 65 this option is stipulated (in most instances) as a worst case and is selected as default. Transmitter Power Power levels from W are provided to cover most Amateur situations. Note that the current data file (*.dug) is also displayed in this panel. Parabolic reflector Adjust for the size you are using and adjust the efficiency to reflect the characteristic of the reflector. Note this is reflector efficiency and not f/d. (where f is focal length and D its diameter) Page 13

14 Yagi-Uda array (VHF and SHF Range tab) If you are using a single Yagi-Uda antenna or a Yagi-Uda array, first select the button adjacent to the Yagi-Uda array. This will highlight the Yagi-Uda array box and darken the Parabolic reflector area. Adjust the Single Yagi-Uda dbi gain and the number of Yagi-Uda antennae to match your installation. You may wish to vary the single Yagi-Uda figure to reflect your realised array gain. This can vary depending upon the stacking distances chosen and the cumulative losses of your system. Additional Yagi-Uda options There are three buttons within the Yagi-Uda array box that allow you to choose many of the currently available, commercially-manufactured, or design-optimised antennae. (blue top button) The lower green button lets you choose between dbi (default) or dbd reference gains In addition you may also select in (the VHF-UHF option) a dipole or a vertical antenna. In selecting a vertical you also have the option to select the length of that vertical. Page 14

15 Low Gain Antenna. (HF selected option) This panel provides selection of /2 dipole, /4 to full wavelength vertical antennae, 3-element beams for MHz as well as a variable option to adjust gain to any value desired. Note When using a G5RV antenna, the feed transition between the open line and the coax connection should be inaccessible as the level of EMR can be high depending on the band selected. Transmission loss This is the difference between the actual power fed out of the transmitter and that measurable at the radiator. Adjust to suit your particular situation. Remember to include all feed, relay, balun, and divider losses as appropriate. You will note that in this box a notation is provided for users of the ARPNSA Standard (as used in Australia) where the ACMA requires a documented record of compliance when Average EIRP levels exceed 3200 W. In the case of the FCC standard the "power threshold for routine evaluation" is provided. Additional screen options Disclaimer button Provides the disclaimer message commensurate with the software. Page 15

16 Metric/Imperial button Selecting either will reflect on all displayed calculations. Note that this function is also a ' stored parameter'. X 10 Multiplier This provides a ten times increment on program input data. The relevant options are highlighted in yellow when selected. Default option This allows for the retrieval of user-defined set-up parameters. When the program is first initiated the parameters displayed should be changed to suit the user's preferred options. They should be stored as 'default.dug'. This file will be recalled automatically when clicking on the default button. If the file has not been created then the user will receive an error message warning of the requirement. On screen help Allows you to turn this function off or set the time the message will be displayed. Reset screen size (the very small button in top right of screen) This allows you to return the screen size to its default size. Note. the program saves your screen position and size when exiting and restores to these values the next time you run the program. Help This provides the Help file you are viewing here. About (see above graphic) This provides the Build Date and other program information parameters. Exit (see above graphic) This will close the program. File-handling options Page 16

17 The first time the program is run, it is advisable to set your default parameters as you wish and save them under the default file name. You may subsequently save as many other configurations as you require and recall them at will with the file option.(vk3um432.dug, vk3um1296.dug etc.) Note. all the screen variables available to the user are stored. Page 17

18 Safe elevation angle This option provides the antenna angle necessary to elevate (or rotate from specific azimuth) the antenna at a given tower height to meet the EMR requirement and not exceed the maximum exposure level. This option has only been included for VHF / UHF and SHF antenna installations. Please note the following terminology used in the following examples. The on-axis Exclusion Zone (bore-sight from antenna) is taken as the center of the antenna array (if used) assuming E and H planes are equal. The Tower height or distance to the antenna relates to the lowest (closest) antenna to the ground. The Safe Tower height assumes a person of less than 2.5 m in height plus the additional height necessary to meet EMR requirements. The Safe Antenna elevation angle display will only be visible when the tower safe height is less than that required to meet EMR requirements or Maximum Exposure Level (MEL). Caution.. Be very aware of your On Axis Exclusion Zone (bore-sight) with respect to adjacent properties, such as two story buildings, and hill site situations. As explained previously in the disclaimer the values calculated are 'first principle' or theoretical and should not be assumed as being 100% correct as the local environment can have a significant impact on the actual values in any given situation. Be wary and always err on the safe side. The following examples provide the angle which is necessary to elevate the antenna to meet EMR requirements at the chosen (or actual) antenna height. The same will apply with respect to the off bore-sight azimuth angle. Set parameters for all the following examples. Frequency Tx Power Transmission loss Transmission mode form factor Six minute period average Antenna Tower height 432 MHz 400 W zero SSB (non proc) Conversational Single Yagi-Uda antenna 18.8 dbd In this series of examples, we will vary Tower height In this example the tower height is set to zero or ground level. (impractical, but an indication of an antenna at 'ground level'. Page 18

19 In this example the tower height has now been increased to 2.5 m. In this example the tower height has been set to just above the Safe tower height of 6.94 m. Page 19

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21 Australian Level 1 and Level 2 requirements The Australian Communication Authority (ACMA) Radiocommunication Licence Conditions (Apparatus Licence) Determination 2003 stipulates the conditions that apply to Amateur Radio Licence holders in Australia. ref [7] Part 3 of this document, Operation of transmitters - electromagnetic radiation requirements details the conditions required to meet the ACMA licensing conditions specific to EMR requirements. quote ( part (1) of (7) 9 Level 1 criteria (1) This section applies to a transmitter (other than a mobile station): (a) for which: (i) the average total power supplied by the transmitter to all antennas fed by the transmitter is not more than 100 W; and (ii) each antenna fed by the transmitter is installed so that it is inaccessible to a member of the general public; or (b) for which: (i) the bottom of the lowest antenna fed by the transmitter is at least 10 m above ground level; and (ii) the average total equivalent isotropically radiated power of all antennas fed by the transmitter is not more than W in any direction; then if either (a) or (b) is met then Level 2 Assessment is not required unquote quote 10 Level 2 criteria (1) This section applies to a transmitter to which section 9 does not apply. (2) After 31 May 2003, the licensee must: (a) be able to show that the licensee complies with section 8 in relation to the transmitter by: (i) measuring RF fields in accordance with AS ; or (ii) calculating RF fields using a model or method that is d e r i v e d from the mathematical formulae mentioned in Appendix B to AS ; and (b) keep records in accordance with section 15. unquote Note for subparagraph (a) (ii) Models or methods include: mathematical modeling computer software programs charts and graphs. (3) If the licensee spatially averages measurements taken for subparagraph (2) (a) (i), the licensee must do so in accordance with section 2.7 of the ARPANSA standard. The VK3UM EMR Calculator provides indication if Level 1 compliance is achieved with the given station parameters, or when Level 2 compliance is required. Level 2 requires additional conditions that must be adhered to by Australian (or visiting) Amateur operators. The following are examples for a power level of 400 W PEP and a Transmission Mode Form Factor SSB (non proc), with a Conversational Six minute period average using a half wave Page 21

22 Dipole antenna operating on 14 MHz Level 1 (1) a (i) and (ii) Note.. Average power requirement is less than 100 W and whether the antenna is either inaccessible or accessible (regardless of antenna height) Change only the Transmission Mode Form Factor to SSB (processed) and leaving all other conditions remaining the same. Level 1 (1) b (i) and (ii) Note.. Average power requirement is now greater than 100 W (178 W) and the antenna condition is inaccessible or accessible or greater or less than 10 m in height. The antenna must be higher than 10 m. Page 22

23 If the EIRP exceeds 3200 W then Level 2 compliance is always required. Page 23

24 Screen options: Australian (ACMA) requirement. Page 24

25 Circular Apertures This software provides all the RF Exclusion Zone calculations as described earlier but it is now displayed in a graphical format. The level of radiated power within the near-field region is displayed. This characteristic and the predicted Exclusion Zone could, in some circumstances, permit operation where space or elevation separation can take advantage of the safe area within the near-field. Explanation The X-axis of the graph is the normalized on-axis distance where 1.0 equates to the far-field distance. The X scale is logarithmic. The Y-axis is the normalized on-axis power density gain correction. The curve depicted in red is the on-axis power flux density curve for a circular aperture (1-q²) taper. The near-field power density is determined by calculating the far-field distance r = 2D²/λ and the power flux density at this point S = GP/(4r²) and multiplying this power flux by the gain correction factor. Where in SI units: Page 25

26 r far-field distance, m D Antenna overall dimension, m G far-field gain (power ratio) P Power, W S power flux density, W / m² 3 page 28]. Example [see reference Given: Radiation limit 2.16 W / m² Frequency Dish diameter 1296 MHz 28.1 feet Efficiency 55% Transmission loss Transmitter power Transmission mode form factor Six minute period average 0.5 db 700 W CW EME 2½ minutes An Exclusion Zone as indicted by the 'red humps'; and a far-field Distance of feet This can be interpreted as the distance from the radiator up to a distance of 21.6 feet is below the radiation limit as are the other 'holes' between the humps. As the power is increased, additional danger areas (above the set radiation level) are then revealed. The green horizontal line is the graphical representation of the radiation level in W / m² as set by the user. Below this green line is below the radiation limit.. Page 26

27 Calculation methods The On-axis Exclusion Zone is the direct line (bore-sight) distance from the radiator. The distance is that where the radiation level exceeds the Radiation limit as specified by the Standard chosen. In most Standards this will vary with frequency. The actual level will be displayed in W / m 2 and mw / cm². The calculation method used in this software is as in the Australian Standard AS :2011 Radiofrequency radiation - Principles and methods of measurement khz to 100 GHz and similarly described in FCC OET Bulletin 65 and similarly described in FCC OET Bulletin 65. [See references 3 and 4] The program calculates the near-field values for either circular or rectangular apertures depending upon your selecting one of a Parabolic reflector (circular aperture), or a Yagi-Uda, dipole or vertical radiator (rectangular aperture). In the case of a parabolic reflector, the near-field correction follows the (1-q ²) taper curve, where q is the radial distance from the center of the circular aperture, normalized to the aperture radius. The program utilizes the power density (PD) in the near-field Normalized to unity at 2D²/ where: PD = 26.1* [1-(16x / sin (/8x) + (128 x ²/²) * (1 - cos (/8x) ] [See reference 5] The curve displays in the Circular aperture option and highlights the near-field radiation characteristic. This characteristic, where the radiation level falls below the Exclusion Zone within the near-field, may be of significance when establishing safe distances from antenna installations. The near-field safe distance characteristic may permit operation as a result of the height separation of the antenna or the elevation of the antenna. This may not be the case if the Exclusion Zone alone were the sole determining factor. It should be noted that in the On-axis Exclusion Zone calculation, only the 'first near-field' curve is calculated and displayed while the Circular aperture displays all near-field curves and their distances. Rectangular aperture calculations ((Yagi-Uda)) are based upon the uniform line source power density in the near-field. [See reference 3 & 5] Ground Reflection is as detailed in the FCC Standard. This is derived by multiplying the power density by a factor of 2.56 to equate to the predicted ground reflection as stipulated in the Standard. This option may be turned on or off as required. Check with your Licensing Authority if this is a required option for compliance. Page 27

28 Examples Example 1 My tower height is 2.5 m; what is the closest distance I can approach the tower? Given: Frequency 432 MHz Power 400 W PEP SSB (processed) Conversational.. 1 db Transmission loss Antenna DJ9BV (Opt) 6 Lambda ARPANSA.. - Set the program to the above parameters (or recall Example 1 with data buttons) - Select the specific antenna by first clicking on top blue button on Yagi-Uda Panel and then click on DJ9BV (Opt) 6 Lambda. - Close Antenna selection by clicking elsewhere on screen. The safe distance from the tower is m. Example 2 What is the closest distance I can approach the dish? Given: Frequency 1296 MHz Power 750 W.. CW.. 2½ minute sequence 1 db transmission loss 8.52 m dish (efficiency 0.55) at ground level ARPANSA.. No ground reflection. - Set the program to the above parameters. (change to Imperial from Metric) - Select un-safe head height - Reduce tower height to zero (or recall Example 2 with data buttons) - The safe distance from the tower is m. Example 3 What is the minimum tower height for safe operation? Given: Frequency 10GHz Power 30 W CW.. 1 minute sequence 1 db Transmission loss 1.50 m dish...arpansa.. No ground reflection. - Set the program to the above parameters. (or recall Example 3 with data buttons) The minimum safe tower height is 5.22 m. Should you wish to increase the power to the dish (e.g. 45 W) the near-field exclusion boundaries will be indicated as and m. Page 28

29 This can also be seen graphically by selection of the Circular aperture option. Example 4 What is the closest distance I can approach my HF antenna? Given: Frequency 3.5 MHz Power 1500 W Carrier.. Conversational.. 0 db transmission loss.. horizontal /2 dipole antenna FCC.. Ground Reflection - Set the program to the above parameters. (or recall Example 4 with data buttons) The safe distance is given as 1.85 m. Refer to Page 26 Tables 6 and 7 of FCC OET Bulletin 65 [ see reference 4] Example 5 What is the Exclusion Zone of my Parabolic Reflector antenna? Given: Frequency 432 MHz Power 300 W CW.. 2½ minute sequence 2.0 db Transmission loss 8.52 m dish Mounted at ground level ARPANSA.. No ground reflection. - Set the program to the above parameters. (or recall Example 5 with data buttons) Using the Circular Aperture option it can be seen that it is safe from the reflector out to a distance of 14.7 m, and above the safe radiation limit from that point out to 29.2 m. Viz it is above safe limits from m but less than m it is safe and greater than m it is safe as well. (safe being below the EMR limits) Example 6 What is the minimum tower height for safe operation? Given: Frequency 144 MHz 4 x 2MXP32 Yagi-Uda... Power 1500 W JT db Transmission loss FCC (ground reflection).. - Set the program to the above parameters. (or recall Example 6 with data buttons) - Note the 2MXP32 Yagi-Uda may be selected from the Yagi-Uda data base (blue button) and incrementing the number of Yagi-Uda beams to 4. The minimum safe tower height is 9.82 m. Page 29

30 References and Acknowledgements [1] Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation, ACMA [2] Radiation Protection Standard for Maximum Exposure Levels to Radiofrequency Fields - 3 khz to 300 GHz, (2002) ARPANSA [3] AS :2011, Radiofrequency radiation Part 2: Principles and methods of measurement 300 khz to 100 GHz ocfw9apgodihmaag [4] OET Bulletin 65, FCC [5] Theodore Saad (Ed 1972), Microwave Engineers Handbook - Volume 2, Artech House, Incorporated (ISBN ) [6] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) [7] Radiocommunication Licence Conditions (Apparatus Licence) Determination (2003) ACMA or down load from my web site [8] Human Exposure to EMR : Assessment of Amateur Radio Stations for compliance with ACA Requirements (May 2005) Ver 2, ACA I wish to make specific acknowledgement and give thanks to the following persons that provided most valuable suggestions/help and beta tested versions of the software. Peter Blair (G3LTF) Brian Clarke (VK2GCE) John Drew (VK5DJ) Graham Daubney (F5VHX) Peter Freeman (VK3PF) Roger Harrison (VK2ZRH) Lyle Patison (VK2ALU) now (VK6ALU) Page 30

31 Trevor Pitman (VK3VG) Peter Sundberg (SM2CEW) and to all the other Amateurs who have provided suggestions and comment from around the world. Updated 17th November 2013 Page 31

32 Author This program is written by Doug Mc Arthur (VK3UM) 'Tikaluna' 26 Old Murrindindi Rd, Glenburn. Victoria AUSTRALIA. Any errors or omissions you may find or suggestions you wish to make, please contact me as above. I certainly will not be offended, quite the opposite, I am grateful for any comments you may wish to offer. Please read this Help file first though to confirm I have not covered the matter you may wish to question! Regards Doug Page 32

33 Index - - Australian Communication Authority (ACMA) 21 International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection 3, 30 International Prediction Service 30 Level 2 compliance 21 - A - Additional Screen Options 8 Any errors or omissions 32 Australian Communication and Media Authority 30 Australian Level 1 and Level 2 requirements 21 Australian Standard AS , 27 Author 32 - B - Background 3 bore site 18 - C - Calculation Methods 27 Calculations provided 6 CEU 3 Change S designator 8 Circular Aperture 8 Circular Aperture Calculator 6 Circular Apertures 25 Circular Apertures 25 Controlled Exposure 8 Council of European Union 3 - D - Default Option 8 Difference between Standards 8 DISCLAIMER 2 Disclaimer Button 8 - E - Electro Magnetic Emission 3 Electro Magnetic Radiation 5 EMR 21, 5 Examples 28 - F - Far Field bore site RF Radiation 3 FCC OET Bulletin 65 8, 30 FCC OET Bulletin File Handling Options 8 Frequency 8 Page 33

34 - G - G5RV 8 Glossary of terms 4 graphical format 25 Ground Reflection 27 Ground Reflection. 8 - H - Help Button 8 HF Range tab 8 HF Screen 8 Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy 30 Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation 30 - I - ICNIRP 3 Instantaneous RMS 1uS period option 8 - L - Level 1 compliance 21 Low Gain Antennae. 8 - M - Maximum Exposure Level 18 Metric/Imperial Button 8 Microwave Engineers Handbook 30 - N - Near and Far field Exclusion Zone boundaries 6 near field correction 27 - O - On Axis Exclusion Zone 6, 27, 18 - P - Parabolic Reflector. 8 period average 8 Program Objectives 5 Public or un-controlled environments 3 - R - Rectangular aperture 27 References and Acknowledgements 30 RF Exclusion Zone calculations 25 RF Radiation Standards 8 - S - Safe Antennae elevation angle 18 Safe Elevation Angle 18 Safe Tower height 18 Screen Options 8 Screen Options. Australian ACMA requirement Screen options: Australian (ACMA) requirement. 24 Select HF Range 8 Page 34

35 Select VHF-SHF Range 8 - T - The Main Screen 8 Tower height 18 Tower Height Calculator 6 Transmission Loss. 8 Transmission Mode Form Factor 21 Transmitter Power. 8 - U - Updated 30 - V - Variable Radiation Level Option 8 VHF and SHF Range tab 8 VHF-SHF Screen 8 VK3UM EMR Calculator - X - X 10 Multiplier 8 - Y - Yagi-Uda 8 Page 35