Amateur Solar Observing
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- Owen Wade
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1 Amateur Solar Observing - or - How not to fry your eyeball!
2 Why observe the sun? No more late nights Light pollution? What s that? Ever-changing surface Impacts to society Just plain cool!
3 Obligatory safety warnings No horseplay, ever Don t leave solar scopes unattended Inspect equipment for damage before use Avoid screw into the eyepiece solar filters!!!
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5 Ways to Observe The Sun Positions of the sun in the sky Rise/set locations Analemma Pinhole camera Surface features and eclipses Pinhole projection Eyepiece projection Filters White light filter Narrow-band filters (Hydrogen-alpha, Calcium K)
6 Rise/Set Location Used since ancient times Pick stable sighting point, note where sun rises/sets each day Note the north (summer) and south (winter) extremes at solstices Where does sun rise/set at equinox? E
7 Analemma Record position at same time each day (correct for daylight savings!) Composite photographs Sketch shadow on ground Solstice at ends, equinox at crossover Figure 8 due to Earth s elliptical orbit, axial tilt
8 Pinhole Cameras Photograph path of sun through the sky Photo paper, film canister and time Talk to Becky Ramotowski for details! Photos by Becky Ramotowski
9 Pinhole Projection Cheap and easy eclipse viewing Two cards, one with tiny hole in it Forms image on second card Nature also provides pinholes Christmas Day, 2000, Eagle River, WI
10 Eyepiece Projection Eclipses and sunspots Use simple eyepieces with fewer elements (e.g., Kelner), stop down objective Also works with binocs NEVER look into eyepiece!!
11 Solar Filters Calcium K White light Hydrogen alpha
12 One Sunspot, Three Views Each filter shows a different layer of the sun and its atmosphere. Hydrogen alpha Calcium-K Photosphere Sphere of Light (sun s surface ) Chromosphere Sphere of Color (lowest layer of solar atmosphere, 2500km) White Light
13 White Light Passes whole spectrum $30-40 for small scope Make at home from Baader AstroSolar film
14 Features to Look For in White Light Penumbra Umbra Faculae Fibrils 14
15 Calcium-K Isolates K emission line of Calcium $ Deep violet end of the spectrum Primarily used as an imaging band
16 Features to Look For in Calcium-K Light Plage Plage Spot Active Region 16
17 Hydrogen Alpha Isolates just hydrogen alpha emission $500-8,000+ Aperture and bandpass (< angstrom) Not same kind as used for night astrophotos
18 Features to Look For in Hydrogen Alpha Light Filament Prominence Plage Flare Spot Active Region 18
19 Filter Suppliers White light Baader Planetarium AstroSolar film Various vendors film, glass H-alpha Lunt Coronado (Meade) Solar Spectrum Solarscope DayStar Calcium-K Lunt Coronado (?) used to have a CaK PST Baader Planetarium
20 Recording the Views Sketching Afocal imaging Fast framerate imaging
21 Sketching Traditional, personal flavor and feel to record Simple materials Mechanical pencils Artist pencils, pastels Felt pens Hones your eye to see more detail
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23 Afocal Imaging Hold camera to eyepiece Works w/ many cameras Photos by Becky Ramotowski
24 Fast Framerate Imaging Freeze the seeing Stacking video frames improves image quality Scope, filter, camera, computer (sundog not req.)
25 Webcam, $30+ Sony SPC900NC Solar System Imager, $100+ Orion StarShoot line Meade LPI Celestron NexImage Types of Cameras Dedicated Planetary Cameras, $390+ Imaging Source DMK line Lumenera SKYnyx Point Grey Research Flea3 Higher-end cameras usually offer better sensitivity, resolution, more sophisticated camera controls
26 B/W vs. Color Imaging Color convenience B/W sensitivity and resolution High-end imagers use B/W and colorize in post-processing Only some pixels sensitive to each color All pixels equally sensitive (better resolution)
27 How Does Fast Framerate Imaging Work? Record video Assess individual frames, reject bad ones Stack remaining frames Post process image (sharpen, crop, color, mosaics, etc.)
28 Record Video Several hundred to several thousand frames frames per second Number of frames is subjective Bad seeing = more frames More magnification = more frames Focus is critical
29 Record the Video
30 Assess Individual Frames RegiStax software does this automatically Select alignment feature(s) Set cutoff to accept or reject frames More frames = better image (usually!) Don t keep bad frames just to boost count
31 RegiStax5 Select one or more regions to align on
32 RegiStax5 Set cutoff for keep/reject
33 Stack Remaining Frames Combines each frame, averaging pixel value Less noisy than single frame
34 RegiStax5 Reference points Frames being processed
35 RegiStax5
36 Sharpen Image Apply digital sharpening to the image Easy to over do it and induce artifacts Better to under-use wavelets than go too far Don t ask me how it works...
37 Wavelets controls RegiStax5
38
39 Tips and Hints Shade computer screen outdoors Use deep green or red filter w/ white light filter Improve seeing Shoot early in day Avoid shooting over parking lots, roof tops Save images in stages to allow do over Get a huge hard disk and/or external drive Get as much RAM as you can
40 Upcoming Solar Events Annular Eclipse 20 May 2012 Visible from ABQ but sets during egress Venus Transit 5 Jun 2012 Last one for over a century! Visible from ABQ but sets mid-transit Total Eclipse 13 Nov 2012 Not visible from US Australia, anyone?
41 Solar-Related Websites CloudyNights: SpaceWeather: Solar Dynamics Observatory: Solar Science at Space Daily: SunGazer: Averted Imagination: Analemma:
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46 Sun in hydrogen alpha, tuning filter across h-a center frequency
47 Solar Prominences in Hydrogen alpha, 90 minute time lapse
48 Beyond Solar Use same techniques on moon and planets
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14b. Pluto, Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud Pluto Pluto s moons The Kuiper Belt Resonant Kuiper Belt objects Classical Kuiper Belt objects Pluto Data: Numbers Diameter: 2,290.km 0.18. Earth Mass: 1.0. 10 22 kg
The Earth, Sun, and Moon
reflect The Sun and Moon are Earth s constant companions. We bask in the Sun s heat and light. It provides Earth s energy, and life could not exist without it. We rely on the Moon to light dark nights.