TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING X-ray CT
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1 Laurea Magistralis Corso di Laurea in MEDICINE Specialistica and SURGERY in MEDICINA HARVEY e CHIRURGIA corso integrato FISICA - disciplina FISICA Integrated Course/Discipline: PHYSICS OPTIONAL TEACHING ACTIVITY TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING X-ray CT - X RAY TOMOGRAPHY - CT DEVICES - DOSIMETRY
2 X-RAYS ABSORPTION (monochromatic) collimatore detector assorbitore absorber rivelatore raggi X X rays I o I x ΔI Δx = µ I(x) d I(x) dx = µ I(x) I = I o e µ x D. SCANNICCHIO /15
3 X-RAYS ABSORPTION (monochromatic) I = I o e µ x µ = coefficiente lineare di attenuazione totale linear coefficient of total attenuation dimensioni dimensions [µ] = [L] 1 measure unità di misura: unit practical sistema system pratico cm cm 1 1 D. SCANNICCHIO /15
4 X and GAMMA ABSORPTION 100 intensità trasmessa trasmitted intensity (%) I X, γ I(x) I(x+Δx) I o e x = 0 Δx x 25 0 x = µ D. SCANNICCHIO /18
5 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) y x i µ(xi,yi)l F i (x i) N o X ( 1 e ) grado gray tone di annerimento of film darkening della pellicola o x F (x ) i i l l = spessore crossed lenght attraversato 5
6 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) curve X ray di absorption assorbimento curves raggi at X different a vari angoli angles f(x,y) µ(x,y) µ = coefficiente X ray absorption assorbimento coefficient RX X ray tube tubo a raggi X : E 70 kev I fotoni s 1 1 sr 1 1 kw 1 1 photons s sr kw stabilità X ray tube corrente current tubo stability a raggi X calore prodotto kj heat yielded kj for per each immagine image capacità termica anodo kj kj anode heat capacity limited images number numero limitato di immagini 6
7 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) detectors rivelatore : scintillators scintillatore solid rivelatore state stato detector solido camere ionization a ionizzazione chambers X efficienza ray detection rivelazione efficiency raggi X stabilità detector del stability rivelatore risoluzione image resolution dell'immagine : : 0.5 mm dose absorbed assorbita dose : : 1 rad 7
8 CT DEVICES: subsequent generations I st generation II nd generation I a generazione II a generazione analisi a rivelatore detector vari scans angoli at different angles detectors rivelatori tubo X ray a raggi tube X fascio pencil a beam pennello singolo single detector rivelatore rotazione-traslazione rotation and shift fascio a ventaglio blocco fan beam di rivelatori rotazione-traslazione multiple detectors rotation and shift 8
9 CT DEVICES: subsequent generations linear array I st -II nd generations detectors curved array III rd -IV th generations 9
10 CT DEVICES: subsequent generations III rd generation X ray tube detectors fan beam rotation only concentric rotation of X ray tube and detector s array 10
11 CT DEVICES: subsequent generations IV th generation X ray tube detectors fan beam rotation X ray tube only still circular ring detector s array 11
12 CT DEVICES: subsequent generations V th generation spiral CT X ray tube bed detectors fan beam rotation X ray tube only still circular ring detector s array bed s linear displacement 12
13 CT DEVICES: technical details filter to obtain a uniform intensity on detectors pencil beam fan beam ring artificials with a malfunctioning detector (each detector observe a ring section during a scan) 13
14 schema a blocchi block diagram X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) amplificatori detector s del amplifiers rivelatore periferiche peripheral devices per la registrazione for digital recording digitale tubo a X raggi ray tubes X and rivelatori detectors involucro case and e patient s tavolo del bed paziente sistema computer di calcolo with con processore matrix processor matriciale immagine monitor televisiva image macchina camera fotografica with films alimentazione power supply for tubo X-ray a raggi tubes X tastiera control di keyboard controllo 14
15 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) spiral CT CT elicoidale Istituto di Radiologia - S.Matteo Pavia 15
16 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) spiral CT elicoidale CT detectors corona circular circolare ring di rivelatori bed lettino Istituto di Radiologia - S.Matteo Pavia 16
17 CT elicoidale X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) tomografo tomograph 4 vetro lead glass al piombo monitors consolle control di comando keyboard Istituto di Radiologia - S.Matteo Pavia 17
18 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) CT immagine image CT sezione toraco-assiale chest axial section 18
19 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) CT immagine image CT sezione visceral axial assiale section a livello viscerale 19
20 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) immagine CT imagect immagine MR imagemr cranio - sezione assiale skull axial section 20
21 CT DOSIMETRY comparison confronti D'= 0.85 rd dose minimum minima dose measured dose misurata dose: : 2 3 volte times maggiore greater ( rd) esami X ray radiologici exams (mean (dosi dose) medie) RX thorax torace Xray rd lumbar RX colonna column lombare Xray rd RX abdomen addome Xray rd urografia intravenous endovenosa. urography rd radioscopia radioscopy (60") rd 21
22 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) developments 3-dimension reconstructions greater resolution smaller radiation dose to patients multiple X rat tubes with sequential switching faster turn-over faster scans Fast CT: rotating X ray beam (X ray tube electrons are diverted with magnetic fields on a ring shaped anode) (cardiovascular studies) 22
23 X RAY TOMOGRAPHY (CT) 23
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