BASICS OF SCHEDULING

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Lee McDaniel
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1 Performance:SlideS01.doc BASICS OF SCHEDULING ( planning accomplishment management ) temporary dust road monolithic R.C.wall drain body new embankment (widening) old embankment topsoil loadbearing subsoil ID Name Time Resource 1 Topsoil removal 2 d 1 bulldr 2 Step embankment 4 d labr 3 Levelling 1 d 1 grader 4 Ditch excavation 2 d 1 excr Blinding 3 d labr Formwork 3 d 2 carpr 7 Reinforcement d 4 rodm Work day T = f (, $, l, m, p,... ) : law & regulation $ : financing l : location m : technology p : time period

2 Performance:SlideS02.doc PRE-TENDER REPORT ( Site Survey ) Systematic audit of all facts and factors at the site that may have great influence on accomplishment Nature: Human: Resource: Geology and Topography Flora and Fauna ( Environm.Prot. ) Watershed ( Permanent, Seasonal ) Weather Conditions ( Extremities ) : Nearby Municipalities, Agriculture Local Laws and Regulations Local Authorities ( Permits, ) Local Customs ( Holidays, ) Education ( Communication, ) Location, Accessing the Site : Local Manufacturers and Suppliers Local Labour Capacities Local Mines, Pits, Deposits Concurrents Local Projects Transport Capacities Accomodation Capacities :

Resource: Geology and Topography Flora and Fauna ( Environm.Prot.

3 Performance:SlideS03.doc WORK BREAK-DOWN STRUCTURE ( WBS ) - Decision Actuality / Circumstances - Decision Level / Responsibility - Time-span / Term - Function / Delivery - Structure / Unit - Technology / Contracting - Measurability / Controlling - Division / Management - : - Experience / Database typical/frequent, quantified, qualified,, accurately identified items with reference codes, structured

Responsibility - Time-span / Term - Function / Delivery - Structure / Unit - Technology /

4 Performance:SlideS04.doc WORK BREAK-DOWN STRUCTURE ( WBS ) temporary dust road monolithic R.C.wall drain body new embankment (widening) old embankment topsoil loadbearing subsoil 01 Preparing the site Cutting bushes and trees Pre-liminary earthworks Demolishing and depositing top soil Stepping old embankment Levelling the ground 01-0 Constructing temporary access road 01-1 Constructing temporary supply lines 03 Mass earthworks Excavating foundation ditch 03-0 Refilling ditch by wall 03-0 Constructing embankment Constructing filter body Levelling the ground 07 Concrete works Blinding Concreting foundation slab 07-0 Concreting wall Constructing dewatering channels 11 Wood works Formworking foundation slab Preparing formwork sheets Assembling and supporting Removing formwork Repairing formwork sheets 11-0 Formworking wall Preparing formwork sheets Assembling and supporting internal formwork Assembling external formwork Scaffolding and supporting external formwork Removing formwork Repairing formwork sheets 17 Steel works Pre-fabricating reinforcement Cutting and bending Transporting Pre-assembling Assembling foundation slab reinforcement 17-0 Assembling wall reinforcement By Complexity: Production process ( head of div.) ( responsible ) Building process ( site engineer ) Technology process ( engineer ) ( foremen, groupleaders ) Motion ( engineer + foremen )

wall drain body new embankment (widening) old embankment topsoil loadbearing subsoil 01 Preparing the site 01-01 Cutting bushes and trees 01-03 Pre-liminary earthworks 01-03-02 Demolishing and

5 Performance:SlideS0.doc Graphical Representations 1D Bar Chart Gantt Chart t i F i P i Dt i P i+1 S i t i+1 T 2D Linear Schedule Cyclogram P [ %, m, m 2, m 3, to, pcs, $, 0+00,... ] t i F i Finish CR i P i P i+1 Start S i t i+1 T

6 Performance:SlideS0.doc SCHEDULE REPRESENTATIONS a-numeric Tabular - Timetable ID Schedule Name Time Start Finish Crew Demolish top soil 2d Stepping old slope 4d labr Levelling ground 1d Excavating ditch 2d labr Blinding 3d labr Formworking 3d carpr Reinforcement d steelfr Resource Machine 1 bullr 1 gradr 1 excr Cost Remark Depo. on site h = 1m 1% by labr prefabr. 3% 1Dimensonal Bar Chart Gantt Chart ID Name Time Crew Demolish top soil 2d 1 bullr Stepping old slope 4d labr Levelling ground 1d 1 gradr Excavating ditch 2d 1 excr Blinding 3d labr Formworking 3d 2 carpr Reinforcement d 4 steelfr Working days Dimensional Linear Schedule - Cyclogram ID Name Time Ini Sect 1 Formworking slab d fs 2 Reinforcing slab 12d rs 3 Concreting slab 12d cs Demolishing formw. 4d ds Formworking wall d fw 200 Reinforcing wall 12d rw 7 Concreting wall 12d cw 0 Demolishing formw. 4d dw Working days fs 1cpr+2lbr ds 1cpr+2lbr fs 1cpr+2lbr rs 3stfr+3lbr cs lbr ds 1cpr+2lbr fs 1cpr+2lbr ds 1cpr+2lbr fw 1cpr+2lbr fw 2cpr+4lbr rw 3stfr+3lbr fw 2cpr+4lbr cw lbr dw 2cpr+4lbr dw 2cpr+4lbr

7 Performance:SlideS07.doc RESOURCES anything and everything that is needed and bounded M a t e r i a l - Construction material ( earth, wood, metal, concrete, ) - Auxiliary structures ( formwork, timber, scaffold, ) - Fuel ( gas, petrol, electricity, ) H u m a n - Management ( leadership, know-how, authority, ) - Skilled workers ( mason, steel-fitter, carpenter, plumber, ) - Labourers ( unskilled, universal, trained workers, ) E q u i p m e n t - Heavy equipment ( excavator, bulldozer, crane, truck, ) - Auxiliary machinery ( mixer, floater, finisher, pump, ) - Power tools ( cutter, drill, welding set, pin vibrator, ) T i m e A r e a M o n e y

( formwork, timber, scaffold, ) - Fuel ( gas, petrol, electricity, ) H u m a n - Management ( leadership, know-how, authority, ) - Skilled workers ( mason,

8 Performance:SlideS0.doc S T A N D A R D S Ways of establishing Standards - Statistical analysis ( bulk processing ) - Technical analysis ( estimates ) - Hystorical analogies ( comparision ) - Measuring performance ( timing ) Basic types of Standards - Performance standard [time/unit] (h/m 3,h/to,..) - Standard output [unit/time] (m 3 /h,to/h,pcs/h,..) - Material standard [volume/unit] (m 3 /pc,..) - Storage standard [volume/area] (pcs/m 2,..) - Cost standard [cash/unit] ($/pcs,$/to,$/m 2,..) Adjusting Standards l<1: Location factor ( disadvantageous access ) ( position of equipment can not be optimal ) t<1: Time efficiency factor ( too much time loss ) ( much time to spend for technical breaks ) : ( ) r<1: Resource factor ( unfavorable material ) ( gluey or hard soil, sensitive structure ) N eff = N stnd l t r

timing ) Basic types of Standards - Performance standard [time/unit] (h/m 3,h/to,..) - Standard output [unit/time] (m 3 /h,to/h,pcs/h,..) - Material standard [volume/unit] (m 3 /pc,.

9 Performance:SlideS09.doc CAPACITY / DURATION D Experienced / practical relationship D max Hyperbolic approach D min C min C max C V : volume [unit] ( of product ) n : performance [time/unit] ( for a unit resource labour ) N : output [unit/time] ( for a unit resource equipment ) W : work [time] ( for a unit resource ) C : capacity [unit] ( allocated resource units ) D : duration [time] ( for resource units allocated ) W = V N W = V n D = W C

: volume [unit] ( of product ) n : performance [time/unit] ( for a unit resource labour ) N : output

10 Performance:SlideS.doc TIMING RELATIVE ID Name Time 1 Excavate ditch 3d 2 Formworking d 3 Reinforcement 4d Consecutive Link Crew labr carpr steelfr 1 Schedule ID Name Time 1 Excavate ditch 3d 2 Formworking d 3 Reinforcement 4d Parallel Link Crew labr carpr steelfr Schedule ID Name Time 1 Excavate ditch 3d 2 Formworking d 3 Reinforcement 4d 0 Overlapped Link Crew labr carpr steelfr Schedule

carpr steelfr 1 Schedule 1 2 3 4 7 9 11 12 0 ID Name Time 1 Excavate ditch 3d 2 Formworking d 3 Reinforcement 4d

11 Performance:SlideS11.doc P Duration Paradox ST CR i CR i+1 P i P i+1 P i+2 D Pi+1 T P ST' D' Pi+1 DT CR i CR i+1 P i P i+1 P i+2 D D Pi+1 D Pi+1 T

12 Performance:SlideS12.doc Synchronization ( the ultimate parallels ) U.S.: Ford, model-t, serial production Production-Belt System Progr [unit] m D Pi P 1 P 2 P 3 P n s Time H i s t o r i c a l R e l a t i o n s Belt-System Construction / Industrialization After-War (II) Reconstruction ( Lack of Resources / Bulk of Needs ) Typical: Infrastructure development ( highway, railway, public services, etc.)

Production-Belt System Progr [unit] m D Pi P 1 P 2 P 3 P n 3 2 1 s Time H i s t o r i c a l R e l a t

13 Performance:SlideS13.doc RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Capacity-typed ( not storable ) resources Chart of Resources (d i ) [workers day] m = T = 2 av = T 2 W = Σ d i = Σ d i = 2 i =1 i =1 W 2 av = = = T 2 m 17 k = = 1.4 av W = total work performed [ workers day ] T = total execution time [ day ] di = daily work performed [ workers day ] i = day index av = average of workers employed a day [ workers ] m = maximum of workers employed a day [ workers ] k = resource variency indicatrix e.g.: - Labour - Equipment - Electricity Loss in utilization can not be recovered ( Efficiency has great importance )

1 17 1 1 14 1 12 11 T = 2 av =11.44 7 4 3 1 0 T 2 W = Σ d i = Σ d i = 2 i =1 i =1 W 2 av = = = 11.44 T 2 m 17 k = = 1.4 av 11.

14 Performance:SlideS14.doc RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Stock-typed ( storable ) resources Delivered (d i ) Schedule of Resource [00m 3 /day] T = 2 Built-in (b i ) Cummulative Chart of Resource-Flow [00m 3 ] T = Delivered materials (D i ) Built-in materials (B i ) Stored materials (s i ) Store/Depo capacity needed (S) = 000 m 3 0 i D i = Σ d j j =1 i B i = Σ b j s i = D i - B i S = max{ s i } j =1 i i = 1,2,...,T Di = cummulated amount of resource delivered by the day i [m 3 ] Bi = cummulated amount of resource built-in by the day i [m 3 ] si = amount of resource to be stored on the day i [m 3 ] i, j = day indices S = store/depo capacity needed di = amount of resource delivered on the day i [m 3 ] bi = amount of resource built-in on the day i [m 3 ] e.g.: - Material - Structure - Fuel Transport and storage has great importance ( Top-time delivery can save money )

(b i ) 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Cummulative Chart of Resource-Flow [00m 3 ] 1 2 3 4 7 9 11 12 13 14 1 1 17 1 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 2 T = 2 1 17 1 17 Delivered materials (D i ) 1 1 14 12 13 14 12 2 4 1 2

15 Performance:SlideS1.doc RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Renewable ( recycled ) resources ID Name Internal formwork External formwork Partitioning formwork Remove internal formw. Remove external formw. Remove partit. formw. 1 Schedule of Resource Use (a ki ) [0m 2 /day] T = Cummulative Chart of Resource-Flow (D i ) [0m 2 ] T = 2 Stock needed Set in-use Loss 0 n d i = Σ a ki k =1 i D i = Σ d j S = max{d i } j =1 i i = 1,2,...,T e.g.: aki = set of resource assigned to (used at or produced by) activity k on day i [m 2 ] d i = increment of set in-use on the day i [m 2 ] Di = set in-use on the day i [m 2 ] S = necessiated set (stock) of resource [m 2 ] i, j = day indices k = activity index n = number of activities T = total execution time [day] - Top-Soil / Plantage - Earth / Rubbish - Auxiliary / Temporary Structures Minimal loss ( savings ) has great importance ( Environment protection has preference )

1 Schedule of Resource Use (a ki ) [0m 2 /day] 2 3 4 7 9 11 12 13 14 1 1 17 1 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 2 T = 2 1 1 1 1 1 - -4 - - -4 - - -4 - - -4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1-1 -1-1 -1 Cummulative Chart

SEDIMENT/STORMWATER MANAGEMENT BASIN CONSTRUCTION CHECKLIST

SEDIMENT/STORMWATER MANAGEMENT BASIN CONSTRUCTION CHECKLIST For permanent structures per Delaware SCS Pond Code 378 and Delaware Sediment and Stormwater Regulations KEY PROJECT INFORMATION Item meets standard