Indian Streams Research Journal

Transcription

1 Vol 5 Issue 12 Jan 2016 ISSN No : ORIGINAL ARTICLE International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Indian Streams Research Journal Executive Editor Ashok Yakkaldevi Editor-in-Chief H.N.Jagtap

2 Welcome to ISRJ RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No Indian Streams Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial board.readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects. Regional Editor Manichander Thammishetty Ph.d Research Scholar, Faculty of Education IASE, Osmania University, Hyderabad. Mr. Dikonda Govardhan Krushanahari Professor and Researcher, Rayat shikshan sanstha s, Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu College, Kolhapur. Kamani Perera Regional Center For Strategic Studies, Sri Lanka International Advisory Board Mohammad Hailat Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Carolina Aiken Hasan Baktir English Language and Literature Department, Kayseri Janaki Sinnasamy Librarian, University of Malaya Romona Mihaila Spiru Haret University, Romania Delia Serbescu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania Anurag Misra DBS College, Kanpur Titus PopPhD, Partium Christian University, Oradea,Romania Abdullah Sabbagh Engineering Studies, Sydney Ecaterina Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest Loredana Bosca Spiru Haret University, Romania Fabricio Moraes de Almeida Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil George - Calin SERITAN Faculty of Philosophy and Socio-Political Sciences Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi Ghayoor Abbas Chotana Dept of Chemistry, Lahore University of Management Sciences[PK] Anna Maria Constantinovici AL. I. Cuza University, Romania Ilie Pintea, Spiru Haret University, Romania Xiaohua Yang PhD, USA...More Editorial Board Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade Iresh Swami ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Patil Head Geology Department Solapur University,Solapur Rama Bhosale Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education, Panvel Salve R. N. Department of Sociology, Shivaji University,Kolhapur N.S. Dhaygude Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur Narendra Kadu Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune K. M. Bhandarkar Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia Sonal Singh Vikram University, Ujjain Rajendra Shendge Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Yalikar Director Managment Institute, Solapur Umesh Rajderkar Head Humanities & Social Science YCMOU,Nashik S. R. Pandya Head Education Dept. Mumbai University, Mumbai Govind P. Shinde Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance Education Center, Navi Mumbai Chakane Sanjay Dnyaneshwar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Indapur, Pune Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya Secretary,Play India Play,Meerut(U.P.) G. P. Patankar Alka Darshan Shrivastava S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar Maj. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary Director,Hyderabad AP India. S.Parvathi Devi Ph.D.-University of Allahabad Sonal Singh, Vikram University, Ujjain Rahul Shriram Sudke Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore S.KANNAN Annamalai University,TN Satish Kumar Kalhotra Maulana Azad National Urdu University Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur Maharashtra, India Cell : , Ph No: ayisrj@yahoo.in Website:

3 ISSN: Impact Factor : (UIF) Volume - 5 Issue - 12 Jan S. Krishnan MICRO ANALYSIS ON MINOR MILLETS IN KALLIGUDI BLOCK OF MADURAI DISTRICT- TAMILNADU S. Krishnan District Statistical Officer (Computer), Department of Economics and Statistics, District Statistics Office, Madurai. ABSTRACT Millets are recovered from the Indus Civilization site of Harappa located along the Ravi River. Millets are considered as one of the most important sources of dietary rich in proteins and used as stable food by the working force of the world. India is the largest producer of many kinds of millets, which are often referred as coarse cereals, but the area under millet production has been shrinking over the last five decades. In the present paper an attempt was made to focus the importance of area under millets, the problems and prospects in cultivation in the concern study area. It suggests to recognize millets and to promote their cultivation and consumption. If the government works determinedly and helps the farmers to cultivate millets, the country will be able to produce more millets and more fodder to the millions of cattle population of India. A massive educational and promotional programme on millets will improve the area of cultivation of these crops. KEYWORDS :Minor Millets, Varagu (kodo)cultivation, State Growth Balanced Fund. INTRODUCTION Millets in India Millets are the oldest food known to humans and possibly the first cereal grain to be used for domestic purposes. Millets are considered as one of the most important sources of dietary rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fibers for the people all over the world. Millets are used as stable food by the working force of the world. Among rain fed crops, millets figure prominently. 1

4 India is the largest producer of many kinds of millets, which are often referred as coarse cereals. However, realizing the nutrient richness of these grains they are now considered as nutria-cereals. Millets and Small millets, as a group includes several grain crops namely sorghum( cholam), pear millet(cumbu), finger millet (ragi), italian millet (samai ) kodo millet (varagu), little millet(samai) and proso millet (panivaragu).though they occupy relatively a lower position among feed crops in Indian agriculture, they are quite important from the point of food security at regional and farm level. They further contribute to the widening of food basket, which at present is narrow because of excessive dependence on a fewer food crops like rice and wheat. These crops have a long history of cultivation of more than 5000 years and grown in many states. Millet recovery from the Indus Civilization site of Harappa is located along the Ravi River exemplifies small millet seeds demonstrating that small millet cultivation was practiced at this site thousands of years earlier. They are quite important in areas of their production as dry land crops, especially in areas of argental and hill agriculture, providing staple food for the people of the region. They are drought hardy, ecologically sound and esuriently. Wide adaptability, early maturity, easy cultivation and assured harvests of these crops by and large have ensured regional food and feed security in the country. India is the largest producer of many kinds of millets called coarse cereals and small millets. It accounts for 40% of global millet production, the total production as per a 2005 statistics is 98, 10,000 MT per annum. Based on five-year average ( ). India ranks 1st and 11th place in top global consumption and per-capita consumption of millets, respectively. In the present paper an attempt was made to focus on the importance of area under millets, the problems and prospects in cultivation in the concern study area. METHODOLOGY The study is descriptive in nature and is based on secondary data. Secondary data have been collected from the Block Statistical Hand book and District Statistical Handbook available in the District Statistics office. The Season and Crop report of the Department of Economics and Statistics are widely used for the purpose of the study. Period of study and tools used The details pertaining to the years to is taken as period of study and the period of study was extended up particularly to Kalligudi block. Compound Annual Growth rate (CAGR) is used as a tool to predict the growth trend analysis of the millets. Area of the Study The Kalligudi block of Madurai district is selected for the study. A Comparative analysis about the Block (Kalligudi), District (Madurai) and the State (Tamilnadu) were done in this study, to know the actual proportion of the minor millets cultivation at micro and Macro level. The Kalligudi block is a rain fed area in the Madurai District which mainly depend upon the rain water. This block has no perennial river or tank irrigation facilities According to the 2011 Census the population of the block is 73,413. The total geographical area of the block is sq.km. The block has 5208 cultivators and Agricultural Laborers. 33 percent of the total populations are depending on agriculture as cultivator or as labourers. The block has 73 village tanks and the total area of cultivation of the block during the year was around 8445 hectare among which 78 percent was un-irrigated. The minor millet cultivation was 2813 hectare which represents 33 percent in the total cultivated area, further the block contributes 18 percent of the district minor millet cultivation. The block has block cotton soil, which is 2

5 suitable for the cultivation of minor millets particularly the Varagu (Kodo millet) cultivation. The block contributes more than 50 percent of the Vargu cultivation area of the District. Apart from that the block has been selected by the State Planning Commission (SPC) for minor millets cultivation under State Balanced Growth Fund Scheme during the year So the block is taken purposively among the 13 blocks of the District. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the present scenario and the area of millet cultivation in micro and macro level, 2. To make an awareness on the needs for consumption of more millets through its uses, 3. To examine the causes for decreasing cultivation area of millets in the study area, 4.To suggest the possible solutions to increase the millet cultivation area in the study area and 5. To study the improvement in the area of cultivation after the intervention of the State Planning Commission Tamilnadu. Nutrient composition of millets The millet grains are well known for their superior quality, nutritional value and human health. When one looks at the traditional and earlier food habits in the country, it would be realized that one or the other small millets dominated in the past in almost every region. Small millets are more nutritious compared to fine cereals. Finger millet is the richest source of calcium ( mg/100 g) and other small millets are good source of phosphorous and iron. The protein content ranges from 7 to 12% and fat content from 1 to 5.0% the millet protein has well balanced amino acid profile and good source of methionine, cystine and lycine.these essential amino acids are of special benefit to those who depend on plant food for their protein nourishment. The millet grain contains about 65% carbohydrate, a high proportion of which is in the form of non starchy polysaccharides and dietary fiber which help in prevention of constipation, lowering of blood cholesterol and slow release of glucose to the blood stream during digestion. Table 1. Nutrient composition of millets compared to fine cereals (per 100 g) Food gain Carbohydrates (g) Protein (g) Fat (g) Energy (Kcal) Crude fibre (g) Mineral matter (g) Ca (mg) P (mg) Finger millet Kodo millet Proso millet Foxtail millet Little millet Barnyard millet Sorghum Bajra Wheat (whole) Rice milled) (raw, Fe (mg) 3

6 (Source: Nutritive value of Indian foods, NIN, 2007) Millet Argi nine Table 2. Essential Amino acid profile of Millets (mg/g of N) Histi dine Lysine Trypto phan Phenyl Tyro Alanine sine (Source: Nutritive value of Indian foods, NIN, 2007) Methi onine Table 3. Vitamin profile of Millets Cystine Threo nine Leu cine Isole ucine Foxtail Proso Finger Little Barnyard Sorghum Bajra Rice Wheat Millet Thiamin (mg) Niacin (mg) Riboflavin Vit A Vit B6 (carotene) (mg/100g) (mg/100g) Folic Acid (mg/100g) Vit B5 (mg/100g) Foxtail Proso Finger Little Barnyard Kodo Sorghum Bajra Rice Wheat Valine Vit E (mg/100g) (Source: Nutritive value of Indian foods, NIN, 2007; MILLET in your Meals, 4

7 Table 4. Micronutrient Profile of Millets (mg/100g) Millets Mg Na K Cu Mn Mb Zn Cr Su Cl Foxtail Proso Finger Little Barnyard Kodo Sorghum Bajra Rice Wheat (Source: Nutritive value of Indian foods, NIN, 2007; MILLET in your Meals, Crops Cholam Cumbu Ragi Table No:5 Minor Millets Cultivation Area in Tamilnadu to CAGR* Thinai Varaku Samai Kuthiraivallai Total Total cultivation area of the State * Percentage of Minor Millets to total cultivation area of the State * Source: Season and Crop Report, Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai. *Value computed by the individual. The area of cultivation of minor millets for 11 years starting from is analysed in the table 5. It was found that the overall area cultivation of all small millets are in decreasing trend. The 5

8 Compound Annual Growth Rate (GAGR) for cholam has decreased to 21.9 percent during the study period. During the year the area of cultivation of cholam has reduced 50.0 percent comparing to the base year due to drought. The increased rainfall in the followings years has increased the area of cultivation but it has not reached the level of the base year. It is due to the increased cost of cultivation and the high cost involved in bringing the follow land in to cultivation. (Ploughing and clearing the land left follow during the previous year). The Cumbu cultivation area during the year reduced to 33 percent when comparing the base year The CAGR value of Ragi was also negative (-3.52). The cultivation area of Thinai has reduced to 50.0 percent during the year , comparing the base year The CAGR for Thinai also negative (-2.24). The cultivation area of varaku reduced to from 7748 hectare to 3570 during the year The CAGR value of this crop stands second place in the negative trend (-12.32). The cultivation area of samai was hectare during the year and it has reduced to 22,328 hectare during the year The CAGR value for samai was 7.87 negative which records that the area of cultivation of these crops are to be taken care in the future, otherwise these crops may be in shadow. The area of cultivation of kuthiraivali was increased from 6606 hectare in to 8181 hectare in , but it has reduced to 5250 hectare during the year The CAGR for this crop was also negative by The minor millets have contributed 14 percent of the total cultivation area of the state during the year and reduced to 9 percent during the year From the above analysis it is concluded that special care should be given to increase the area of cultivation of the minor millets in Tamilnadu. A special scheme is to be drawn to improve the awareness among the farmers for the cultivation of small millets which has much minerals and vitamins than the fast food items which are in use. 6

9 Table No:6 Minor Millets Cultivation area in Madurai District to Crops CAGR * * Cholam Cumbu Ragi Thinai Varaku Samai Kuthiraivallai Total Total area of cultivation of the District* Percentage of Minor Millets to total cultivation area of the district* Minor millets percentage to Tamilnadu area cultivation* Source: District Statistical Handbooks of Madurai District. *Value computed by the individual The table No. 6 explains the details about the area of cultivation of minor millets in Madurai District. The minor millets contribute per cent of total area of cultivation during the base year and has decreased year by year and it was13.75 per cent during the year The CAGR value of Thinai has increased to The cultivation area of cholam has increased slightly during the years to , and in the remaining years it was in decreasing trend. During the year it has increased to The area of cultivation of cumbu was in increasing trend up to the year and it has decreased to 2310 during the year The CAGR for the cumbu was also on negative (-3.29) trend. The Ragi crop was in decreasing trend except the years The CAGR for this crop was The varaku cultivation was also in increasing trend up to the year and it was slowly decreased and reached the level of 57 hectare during the year The CAGR for the crop stands first in the negative trend (-10.02) comparing other minor millets. The kuthuraivali crop area was increased from 3619 hectare are to 3938 hectare during the year , after that the area has slowly decreased and the area was 2270 hectare during The CAGA for kuthuraivali was

10 The overall analysis emphasis that the area of cultivation of minor millets in Madurai District was in decreasing trend except the Thinai. Even though the area of cultivation of this crops in Madurai district is in decreasing trend but its contribution to the state found increasing up to and it has reached 4.43 percent of the state cultivation during Crops Table No 7 Minor Millets Cultivation area in Kalligudi Block to Cholam Cumbu Ragi Thinai Varaku Samai Kuthiraivallai Total CAGR *

11 Total Block Cultivation area Percentage of Minor millets area to total cultivation Minor millets area in the District Percentage of Minor millets area to total minor millets cultivation of the District Source: Block Statistical Handbooks of Madurai District. *Value computed by the individual The table no.7 explains changes made in the small millets cultivation in Kalligudi block of Madurai district. It is interesting to note that the cholam cultivation is in increasing trend in the study area, where as it was found decreasing trend in both in the district as well as State level. The CAGR for cholam stands by 5.17 positive trend. This happens only due to the assured price to the cultivators by the poultry forms. The Cholam cultivated in this block is used as feed for poultry farms in Nammakkal and the soil of this area suits to the cultivation of the minor millets. Another important point to note that the block has contributed percent of the District minor millets cultivation area during , and it has increased year by year and reached percent during the year The CAGR for the contribution of millets area cultivation of the block to the district stands 3.61 positively. This happens only because the cultivators in the other block prefers to cultivate commercial crops than minor millets. Analyzing the 11 years trend it was found that the cholam and kuthiraivali cultivation was in increasing trend than any other crops in the block. It was found that during the year the Government of Tamilnadu has implemented a special scheme (State Growth Balanced Fund) to improve the area of cultivation of minor millets particularly the Varugu and Kuthiravali. Under the scheme 300 farmers from seven villages of Kalligudi block were selected and they were given training for cultivation of minor millets and 1500 kgs of seeds from Agricultural University were given to them. Apart from that the scheme has covered manure, pesticides and also machinery to gull the seed from the Varugu which has helped the farmers to sell their product as value added. The special efforts made by the Government has doubled the area of cultivation Varagu and Kuthiraivali during the year

12 Table No.8 Minor Millets Yield in Tamilnadu to (per hectare in Kgs) Crops Chola m Cumb u Ragi Thinai Varak u Samai Source: Season and Crop Report, Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai. The Eleven years analysis shows that even the area of cultivation of minor millets are reduced drastically the productivity is increased tremendously in Tamilnadu. The per hectare yield in cholam was 612 kgs and has doubled during the study period and reached 1479 kgs per hectare. The Cumbu yield per hectare was also doubled during the study period. The Ragi production recorded the same growth rate. The Thinai yield per hectare decreased year by year and it was 467 kg per hectare during the year The Varagu yield increased from 1225 kg per hectare to 1734 during the year The samai yield per hectare has increased from 578 kg to 1139 kg per hectare during the year From the above analysis it is very clear that the yield per hectare has doubled in all crops except Thinai. This has happened due to latest farm management practices carried out by the farmers. Decline in area of minor millets in India In spite of the extraordinary nutritional qualities of millet grains and capacities of millet farming 10

13 systems, the area under millet production has been shrinking over the last five decades. The period between 1961 and 2009 saw a dramatic decrease in cultivated area under millets. The area under all small millets other than finger millet has declined drastically in all states and the total production of small millets has declined by 76%. The productivity has remained more or less stagnant in the last two decades. The decline in minor millets in India can be attributed to many factors; agronomic, economic, and social. The Green Revolution of the 1970s saw government promotion of rice and wheat push minor millets into ever more marginal areas. In those areas, millets have come to be regarded as crops of the poor, which they are, and thus to be avoided, an unfortunate consequence. Policy-makers have contributed to this lack of status by keeping millets largely out of the scope of both official research and development and price support agreements. Continuing neglect then hastens the loss of genetic diversity and traditional knowledge about the production, processing, and use of millets. Production is inefficient as a result of the lack of suitable higher-yielding varieties, poor quality seed, and unimproved cultivation practices. Traditional processing methods condemn the women who prepare millets to considerable daily drudgery. In addition, there is a lack of attractive recipes for adding value, a lack of awareness of the nutritional value of millets, poorly organized integration with markets, and generally unfavorable environmental policy. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY In the micro level the area under small millets in Kalligudi block is declined year by year, contrast to that the contribution of this block to the district is in increasing trend. It is worthy to note that there is a possibility to improve the area of cultivation of this crop in this block. It is very interesting to note that, though the area of cultivation of minor millets Madurai district is in decreasing trend but its contribution to the state found increasing and it has reached 4.43 percent of the state cultivation during It is very important to note that the area at the block, district as well as state level is decreasing but the productivity of these millets in the state level is in increasing trend due to adaption of new technologies and water management. The minor millets have contributed 14.0 percent of the total cultivation area of the state during the year and reduced to 9.0 percent during the year It was found that during the year the Government of Tamilnadu has implemented a special scheme (State Growth Balanced Fund) to improve the area of cultivation of minor millets particularly the Varugu and Kuthiravali and to give value addition to the products of farmers. The scheme has covered seed, manure, pesticides and also machinery to gull the seed from the Varugu. The special scheme designed for improving the Varagu cultivation in kalligudi block has doubled the area of cultivation of Varugu during (111 hectare). Reasons for decline in area of millets and Suggestions to improve the millets cultivation The mixed cropping practices adopted by the farmers are mostly suited to sustenance agriculture and many of them are not remunerative. They are often cultivated under unmanured and unfertilized conditions. Non adoption of improved varieties and timely agricultural operations like tillage, sowing, weeding and inter-culturing has resulted in reduced returns. Improved crop management practices are not adopted by the farmers due to socio-economic constraints. There is no organized programme for production and supply of seeds of improved varieties. There is no ready market for the disposal of surplus produce at a remunerative price. There is lack of extension 11

14 and development support. As millets and small millets are predominantly grown by poor farmers, the fluctuations in production not only bring hardship to farmers but also create instability in the total coarse cereal production. Developmental effort should be made through mini kit demonstrations and State Level Training Programmes. These would help in popularizing the newly released varieties among the farmers in replacing the low yielding local varieties. The improved seed either should be supplied free or subsidized by the Government. The role of nonmonetary inputs such as line sowing, optimum row spacing, depth of seeding, optimum plant population per unit area, timely cultural practices for higher productivity should be explained and demonstrated to the farmers right in the field. Agronomic research should bring out efficient low-cost technology which is within the means of farmers and easy to adopt. Increased use of small millets in various ready-to-eat food products should be encouraged as it enhances their value and market price. Government should include the millets into public food systems of India: Millets need to be integrated into the existing Public Distribution System (PDS). Also introduce millet meals in the ICDS, school mid day meals, welfare hostels and such other schemes of the government. Recognize millets as Climate Change Compliant Crops and promote their cultivation and consumption, for the ecological role they have played dry land farmers need to be recognized and granted monetary bonuses for biodiversity, water conservation and sustaining solutions against climate change. Investment on millet lands which apart from creating permanent investment for the poor can also create at half the cost of NREGA, double the employment days. Convert cultivable fallows into millet farms by giving more incentives for cultivation of millets in the dry lands and rain-fed areas. The government works determinedly and helps the farmers to cultivate these lands and farm millets, the country will be able to produce more millets and more fodder that can feed millions of cattle. A massive educational and promotional programme on millets and the government must use its media campaign funds to take up millet promotion. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need to popularize the usage of minor millets among the people due to its nutritious value. The government takes necessary action to make awareness about the millets it will reach the public. The intervention made by the planning Commission of Tamilnadu has made tremendous changes in the area of cultivation of small millets. REFERENCES 1). S. K. Nag, A. Pradhan, S.Patel, N.K.Mishra, S.C.Mukherjee and Rahul Sahu Popularization of small millets based food products in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, Available online at 2). Dr.P. Stanly Joseph Michaelraj, A. Shanmugam A Study on Millets Cultivation in Karur District of Tamilnadu International journal of Management Research and Review, Jan 2013, Volume 3,Issue 1.Pp ) Steven A. Weber and Dorian Q Fuller Millets and Their Role in Early Agriculture paper presented at First Farmers in Global Perspective, seminar of Uttar Pradesh State Department of Archaeology, 12

15 Lucknow, India, January ) Stefano Padulosi, Bhag Mal, Oliver I. King and Elisabetta Gotor Minor Millets as a Central Element for Sustainably Enhanced Incomes, Empowerment, and Nutrition in Rural India Sustainability 2015.Pp ) S.Kishnan Globalisation and changes in Land Utilisation and cropping Pattern- A Micro Analyse of Madurai District, Tamilnadu Journal of Radix International Educational and Research Consortium (RIJS) Volume 1, Issue 8 (Aug. 2012) 6) Block Statistical Handbooks of Kalligudi Block to ) District Statistical Handbooks of Madurai District to ) Season and Crop Reports to , Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai. 13

16 Publish Research Article International Level Multidisciplinary Research Journal For All Subjects Dear Sir/Mam, We invite unpublished Research Paper,Summary of Research Project,Theses,Books and Book Review for publication,you will be pleased to know that our journals are Associated and Indexed,India International Scientific Journal Consortium OPEN J-GATE Associated and Indexed,USA Google Scholar EBSCO DOAJ Index Copernicus Publication Index Academic Journal Database Contemporary Research Index Academic Paper Databse Digital Journals Database Current Index to Scholarly Journals Elite Scientific Journal Archive Directory Of Academic Resources Scholar Journal Index Recent Science Index Scientific Resources Database Directory Of Research Journal Indexing Indian Streams Research Journal 258/34 Raviwar Peth Solapur ,Maharashtra Contact Website :