Acknowledgements. and many others

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2 Acknowledgements This document presents a synopsis of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), which has been managed and implemented by Sandia National Laboratories. This book was designed and written by Alma D. Cota of New Mexico State University (NMSU), under the direction of Robert Foster, NMSU International Programs Manager, and Michael Ross, Sandia MREP manager. Additional comments, photos, and manuscript reviews were provided by Gabriela Cisneros and Luis Estrada of NMSU; Debora Ley of Sandia; and Jorge Landa of USAID. Special thanks as well to the Mexican Asociación Nacional de Energía Solar, Ecoturismo y Nuevas Tecnologías, and the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México for additional photo contributions. Ron Donaghe of NMSU assisted with editing and production. No program of this scope can be undertaken without the dedicated efforts of many visionary people who have contributed a significant part of their lives to MREP. First, thanks to the original MREP pioneers - Ron Pate, Chris Rovero, and Robert Foster for turning a dream into a reality. The leadership at the USAID mission in Mexico was critical for having the vision to establish a viable long-term program, especially Jorge Landa, Art Danart, Paul White, and Frank Zadroga; as well as the support of USAID personnel in Washington including Patricia Flanagan, Heather Huppe, Erik Streed, and Griff Thompson. The subsequent Sandia MREP program managers - Elizabeth Richards, Charles Hanley, and Michael Ross - were the glue that held the evolving program together and in navigating both the U.S. and Mexican political terrain. The many key MREP team members kept things running day to day and were willing to face difficult travel conditions to remote sites. Key MREP staff included Marcia Anderson, Yolanda Aragon, Margo Burnham, Lisa Büttner, Omar Carrillo, Shirley Chavez, Gabriela Cisneros, Alma Cota, David Corbus, Phil Covell, Abraham Ellis, Dennis Elliott, Luis Estrada, Larry Flowers, Roberto Fuentes, Paul Klimas, Martín Gómez Rocha, Shannon Graham, Deborah Ley, Gray Lowery, Charles Newcomb, John Rogers, Arturo Romero Paredes Rubio, Lilly Ojinaga Santana, Ron Orozco, Aaron Sanchez, Pete Smith, John Strachan, Marc Schwartz, Andre Verani, and Terry Wilson. Special thanks to the many supportive and enthusiastic Mexican program partners. Those that have been especially key to MREP success have included Roberto Best y Brown, Arnoldo Bautista Corral, Manuel Contijoch. José Luis Esparza Corral, Claudio Alejandro Estrada Gasca, Horacio González de las Casas, and Octavio Montufar Avilez. Likewise there have been many other Mexican partners who have significantly supported MREP over the years, from agencies, academia, private sector, etc., Some of the key Mexican contributors include Jaime Agredano Díaz Juan José Ambriz García Ana Laura Aranda Chávez José Manuel Arango Felipe Arce Marcela Ascensio Roger Barrientos Marco Antonio Borja Díaz Ramiro Javier Cabrera Guillermo Refugio Cabrera V. Roberto Cadenas Tovar Javier Castañeda Pedraza Jorge Colmenero Arturo Baca López Odón de Buen Rodríguez Rafael Enrique Cabanillas López Anselmo Cigarroa de Aquino Rubén Dorantes Ernesto C. Enkerlin Vicente Estrada Cajigal Anselmo Cigarrora de Aquino Carlos Flores Macías Mauricio García de la Cadena Mauricia González Carlos González Navarro Ramón Guerrero Alejandro Hernández Yáñez Laura Hernández Victor Hugo Hernández Obregón Federico Hungler Salceda José Luis Ibarra Noris José Jesús Jordan Perez Marco Antonio Lemus Victor Ley Noe Iván Licon Vázquez Jaime Magdaleno Edgar Maraví Francisco Marquez Mendoza Manuel Martínez Fernández Rodolfo Martinez Trevel Javier de la Maza Juan Mata Sandoval Miguel Méndez Víctor Meraz Ramos Fernando Mimiaga Sosa Efraín Niembro Dominguez José Refugio Cabrera Héctor de la O. Santana Raúl Orpinel G. Simón Ortiz Gurrola Adolfo Tres Palacios Jesús Parada Tarín María Pía Gallina Celia Piguerón Wirz Miguel Angel Plata Osorio Gaudencio Ramos Alejandro Robles González José Esteban Rodríguez Márquez Francisco Rosado May Ricardo Saldaña Flores Martín Siller Carlos Arturo Tanús Ceferino Trujillo Herrera Juan Carlos Velasco Farrera Luis Hector Valdez Claudia Verdugo Francisco Xochipa Sánchez Enrique Zapote and many others

3 NOTICE This report was prepared under contract to the USDOE Solar Energy Technology Program by the Southwest Technology Development Institute at NMSU in support of Sandia National Laboratories and USAID. Neither DOE, USAID, Sandia, NMSU, or any of their employees or contractors gives any warranty, expressed or implied, nor assumes any responsibility or liability from the use of any information presented in this book. Any application of information and results obtained are solely the responsibility of the user. References herein to any specific commercial products, process. or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation of these products or the accuracy of the data. Information used herein was subject to availability and any omissions are not deliberate. SUMMARY This document provides a summary of key accomplishments of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program (MREP) for the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Department of Energy, which has been managed by Sandia National Laboratories. The MREP has been specially designed to bring development in rural areas by introducing renewable energy technologies for applications such as water pumping, lighting, refrigeration, and distance education. Examples of actual installations and results are provided throughout to illustrate the impacts of solar and wind energy technologies. Copyright 2004 All rights reserved

4 CONTENTS 1 Mexico Renewable Energy Program 1 Early Years 2 Original Partners 3 PROCER Activities 5 USAID Interested in PROCER 5 The Evolution of the MREP 6 Sandia s Role in MREP 7 Sustainable Market Focus 8 MREP Partnerships 14 MREP Training Collaborators 15 Bilateral Agreement for Energy 15 Trilateral Agreement for Energy 16 Applications of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas 16 Photovoltaic Water Pumping 19 Photovoltaic Remote Network Communications 20 Protected Areas Management 22 Photovoltaic Lighting 25 Hybrid Applications 26 PV Refrigeration 28 Water Purification 29 Training in the Use of Renewable Energy Technologies 30 Data Acquisition Workshops 30 Training Vendors 30 Training on Distance Eduation 31 Training of FIRCO Trainers 34 Wind Energy Application Training Symposium 35 Wind Workshops in Mexico 36 FSEC Solar Thermal Workshop 37 INI Workshop 38 Summary of Mexico Renewable Energy Program Training Activities 40 Monitoring and Evaluation 40 Monitoring 41 Project Implementation 45 MREP Resource Monitoring Sites 46 Insolation in Mexico 47 Economic Feasibility 50 Project Replication 52 Financing 52 End-User Financing 53 FIRCO-World Bank/GEF RE for Agriculture 56 Mexican Rural Development Foundation 57 FIDEAPECH 60 Protected Areas Management RE Support 62 MREP Lessons Learned 64 Key Lessons Learned 67 Program Results 67 Summary of Projects in Mexico 68 Survey Results on PV Water Pumping 71 Survey Results on PV Home Lighting Systems 73 Overall Results 75 Program Overview 77 MREP Managers 80 MREP Contacts 81 Index

5 Mexico Renewable Energy Program Early Years On November 12, 1991, Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) announced the establishment of a U.S.-sponsored cooperation program with Mexico to expand the use of renewable energy technologies for Mexico s rural development needs. This cooperative program called Cooperación en Energía Renovable (PROCER) was implemented in Mexico through Former Chihuahuan governor Francisco Barrios Sandia by a U.S. team formed by public and Terrazas signing the agreement of understanding private organizations. PROCER was created to with Sandia, Robert Park, right, and USAID Mexico assist Mexican government programs to move Director Arthur Danart, left (1995). [Photo Sandia] toward a leadership position in the use of renewable energy. It was sponsored in part by the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) and the U.S. Committee on Renewable Energy Commerce and Trade (CORECT). Technical program management and oversight was provided by Sandia on behalf of USDOE and CORECT. Program guidance was provided by a PROCER working committee consisting of U.S. team representatives and key counterparts from Mexico. This original effort formed the basis for an expanded U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) program in Installation of a solar water pumping system at the ranch El Reventón in the state of San Luis Potosí (or SLP). This 1530 watts system provides 17 m 3 of water per day for livestock and domestic use. [Photo NMSU] Translation from photo: The Mexican Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) in the state of Chiapas, through the office of Televised Education and in collaboration with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), donate this photovoltaic (PV) system to the community of Nuevo Veracruz as a joint effort to improve infrastructure in education, and as a mean to demonstrate the benefits of photovoltaic technology applied to distance education. January 2003, Nuevo Veracruz, Chiapas. [Photo Ecoturismo y Nuevas Tecnologías (EyNT)] 1

6 Original Partners Sandia began forming strategic partnerships with Mexican counterparts in 1992 through PROCER. These partnerships were critical for the progress and success in the introduction of a renewable energy program. Sandia s Original Partners Solar Energy Laboratory-National Autonomous University of Mexico (Laboratorio de Energía Solar-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, LES-UNAM) now called Energy Research Center (Centro de Investigación en Energía, CIE) Mexican National Solar Energy Association (Asociación Nacional de Energía Solar, ANES) National Energy Conservation Commission (Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía, CONAE) Federal Electric Commission (Comisión Federal de Electricidad, CFE) Electric Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, IIE) Sandia s Original U.S. Partners Southwest Technology Development Institute-New Mexico State University (SWTDI-NMSU) Meridian Associates Ron Pate, the first MREP manager, at the first water pumping workshop organized by PROCER and CFE. Mexico City, [Photo NMSU] Water pumping workshop at the Rancho 77 in Baja California Sur (or BCS), [Photo NMSU] Michael Ross, current MREP manager, at a training workshop in Chihuahua for distance 2 education, [Photo Sandia]

7 INTRODUCTION TO THE MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM PROCER Activities Training Workshops Besides establishing strong partnerships to support and contribute to the development of Mexican rural areas, PROCER s task was to bring technical knowledge to its partners. Targeted training workshops and seminars were efficient means of reaching a relatively large number of people and organizations. Technical workshops on solar water pumping were held in several locations in both Mexico and the U.S. Actual installations were performed during such workshops to assure participants acquire the most knowledge possible. PROCER also took as an initial and indispensable task the design and implementation of monitoring systems to establish a measure of quality to the first photovoltaic (PV) system installations. Training workshops were specially prepared for ANES, CFE, and IIE. The first training workshop conducted by PROCER in Mexico City with Dr. Vaughn Nelson and Chris Rovero, [Photo NMSU] Practical workshop for water pumping through solar and wind energy in Hermosillo, Sonora, [Photo NMSU] Workshop held in El Rancho 77, BCS in October, Workshop participants are assembling the PV array structure. This was the first system installation in the state of BCS. [Photo NMSU] Training Goals 1. Expand renewable energy capabilities and commercial markets for solar and wind technologies in Mexico. 2. Develop institutional awareness and knowledge needed for selecting and applying renewable energy technologies. 3. Improve local capabilities and networks necessary for the long-term successful application of renewable energy technologies. 3

8 Xcalak Monitoring In 1993, PROCER played an important role in the monitoring of the electrification hybrid project for the fishing village of Xcalak in the state of Quintana Roo (or Q. Roo). Xcalak s population was about 300 residents in 60 homes. The village has never been connected to the electrical grid due to its small size, and remotness make it very expensive. After four attempts to electrify it with diesel-electric generators, it was energized with a hybrid PV-wind system which was installed by Condumex S. A. in This system was funded by the state of Q. Roo and a federal rural development program called National Solidarity Program (Programa Nacional de Solidaridad, PRONASOL). 11 kw PV array in Xcalak Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] The Xcalak system performance was monitored by NMSU and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The data from the monitoring later provided key modeling information for development of the HOMER program developed by NREL. 7.5 kw Bergey wind turbine installed in Xcalak, [Photo NREL] Arturo Romero of EyNT showing workshop participants how to determine the state of charge of batteries at the 400 kw-h Xcalak battery bank [Photo EyNT] Xcalak received a 71 kw renewable energy power system consisting of six 7.5 kw Bergey wind turbines and an 11 kw PV array. Other components in the hybrid system included a 400 kw-h battery bank and 40 kw static inverter. The system uses a 240 V direct current electrical bus [Photo NMSU] 4

9 USAID Interested in PROCER During the PROCER period from , the USAID became interested in Sandia and the USDOE efforts for further renewable energy development in Mexico. This interest led to a cooperative agreement between Sandia, USDOE and USAID. INTRODUCTION TO THE MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM Jorge Landa, USAID-Mexico s Energy Advisor, visiting Robert Foster at SWTDI-NMSU facilities in Las Cruces, NM in [Photo Sandia] The Evolution of the MREP The Mexico Renewable Energy Program (MREP) evolved from PROCER in 1994 and continue to be managed by Sandia on behalf of the USDOE and the USAID. The USDOE funds were leveraged by USAID, and most USAID funds were made available for hardware procurement for pilot projects. US$2.2 million were available to buy-down the risk of relatively unknown PV technologies and were cost-shared with Mexican partners program funds. The primary goals of the MREP have been established to increase the appropriate and sustainable use of renewable energy technologies while creating sustainable markets for US industry and combating global climate change, especially greenhouse emissions. 5

10 Sandia s Role in MREP The role of Sandia and its U.S. partners was to provide training and technical assistance to Mexican rural development and conservation organizations who wished to improve their technical and institutional capabilities in order to appropriately utilize renewable energy within their ongoing programs. The role was also to initiate renewable energy pilot projects that could be easily replicated by area residents and help pay for a portion of the total project costs. Simón Ortiz and Jesús Parada, engineers of the Federal Trust of Share Risk (Fideicomiso de Riesgo Compartido or FIRCO), discuss the installation of a couple of PV water pumping systems at the ranch El Sagitario in BCS, August [Photo Sandia] 6

11 Sustainable Market Focus INTRODUCTION TO THE MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM The MREP unites the goals of promoting the appropriate and sustainable use of renewable energy systems, enhancing economic and social development, creating new business opportunities, and offsetting greenhouse gas emissions. The MREP is focused on rural, off grid, productive-use applications of renewable energy, particularly photovoltaics, wind, small hydropower and solar thermal systems. Rural off-grid applications are currently the most cost-effective and economical for small renewable energy systems. Productive-use applications are those that provide an economic or social benefit to the user of the technology, such as water pumping for agricultural use or lighting systems for homes or ecotourism facilities. Because of the income they provide, productive-use applications provide a builtin means for paying a renewable energy system and can compete successfully in markets that are influenced by subsidies, such as those provided by the Mexican government for solar home lighting systems. Lighting system in Moris, Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] PV water pumping for livestock applications in Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] Chajul Community Center, Chiapas, [Photo NMSU] The MREP focuses on selected end-use applications, such as agricultural water pumping, purification of water, distance education, electrification and remote communications, and incorporates the appropriate use of renewable energy into associated ongoing and funded development programs. The MREP augments existing local project implementation and capacity with the necessary training in assessment, selection, procurement, and use of renewable energy technologies. This approach leads to widespread replication and reduces the time required to implement viable, locally-championed renewable energy-based projects. 7

12 MREP Partnerships MEXICAN STATES IN WHICH MREP HAS COLLABORATED TO BETTER RURAL DEVELOPMENT The MREP program development activities have been closely coordinated with Mexican partner organizations at both the state and federal levels, as well as with U.S. and Mexican industries. FIRCO The most significant and important incountry partnership has been with the Federal Trust for Shared Risk (Fideicomiso de Riesgo Compartido or FIRCO), which is an agricultural development non-profit organization under the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock Farming, Rural Development, Fishing and Feeding (Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación-SAGARPA). Although FIRCO is a federal agency, it operates in a decentralized manner through offices in each of the 31 Mexican states. Its mission is to improve agricultural productivity through the introduction of new technologies and procedures, as well as to manage several rural poverty-related programs. Sandia initially established contracts with FIRCO in the states of BCS, Q. Roo, San Luis Potosí (or SLP) and Sonora for cost-sharing watering projects. By the end of 2000, FIRCO and Sandia had partnered with ranchers and local institutions on the installation of almost 200 pilot waterpumping projects in 14 Mexican states. Most of the projects utilized PV technology, but several small wind-electric system have also been employed. Terry Schuyler and Charles Hanley of Sandia at the first PV water pumping system installed by Sandia and FIRCO in Estación Torres, Sonora in System verified as still 8 working in [Photo NMSU]

13 INTRODUCTION TO THE MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM PV water pumping system installed in 1995 with Sandia and FIRCO efforts in the El Jeromín Ranch, Chihuahua. The old system is also shown. System still functional in [Photo NMSU] NMSU and FIRCO staff working on a technical inspection and conducting a survey to evaluate the performance of the PV water pumping installation in El Jeromín, Chihuahua. After 8 years of operation, the PV water pumping system had fully provided the water required for the livestock and not a single replacement had been required. The PV panels, the controller/inverter box and all the connections were in excellent condition at the time of the visit. During the survey, Don Rodolfo Pacheco Morales, owner of the system at the El Jeromín Ranch, expressed his satisfaction with his PV system as El sistema trabaja a toda máquina meaning the system works very well. July, [Photos NMSU] A significant outcome of the FIRCO/Sandia partnership is the level of support that the Mexican federal government has shown for the implementation of renewable energy technologies in other agricultural-related program structures. This has required formalizing and enacting basic policy changes within several government programs in which FIRCO plays a role, such as Alianza para el Campo (Alliance for the Countryside), Empleo Temporal (Temporary Employment), and the Sequías (Drought) program. Each one is a federal program aimed at increasing agricultural production, and each has enacted fundamental changes to include the demonstration of PV and other renewable energy technologies. 9

14 Chihuahuan Renewable Energy Working Group (GTER) In 1993, amidst of a four-year drought in Chihuahua, Sandia in cooperation with NMSU began working with the State Directorate of Rural Development (Dirección General de Desarrollo Rural, DGDR) for widespread dissemination of solar energy technologies in Chihuahua. As a result, they managed to gather twelve governmental organizations to implement renewable energy projects in Jeff Mazer, USDOE energy advisor, in a PV water pumping the state. Formed under the leadership system installation performed by GTER and Sandia in Palomas, of DGDR, the Chihuahuan Renewable Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] Energy Working Group (Grupo de Trabajo de Energías Renovables, GTER) provides a central point of contact and coordination in the state. Lilly Ojinaga of DGDR assisting with making pump connections at the Simosol Rancho Nogales installation in Chihuahua, The Chihuahua program was showcased at the Mexican National Solar Energy Association (ANES) meeting in October 1997 and gained national recognition as a model for renewable energy project implementation. [Photo NMSU] Project bid selection meeting of NMSU and GTER in Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] Installation of a solar resource monitoring tower in Chorreras, Chihuahua by NMSU 10 and GTER, [Photo NMSU]

15 INTRODUCTION TO THE MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM Protected Areas Management Sandia established contracts with Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund to implement renewable energy projects for the management of protected areas in and near ecologically sensitive regions. Ecotourist facility in Chajul, Chiapas, [Photo NMSU] These partnerships allowed the Sandia team to work directly with local non-government development organizations in Mexico and also ensured environmental objectives were being met. Projects were implemented in the states of Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, Chiapas and Yucatán, to provide power for ranger stations, training centers, ecotourism facilities, communications systems, and water pumping. Linea Biosfera workshop participants installing a PV lighting system. Chiapas, [Photo NMSU] In 1996, the Contoy Island in Q. Roo was declared national wildlife reserve, [Photo NMSU] Transportation in the ecotourist hotel of Estación Ixcán, which is powered by a solar system. Chiapas, [Photo NMSU] 11

16 Mexican National Solar Energy Association (ANES) Sandia has established a cooperative agreement with ANES, which represents Mexico s largest renewable energy community and serves as Mexico s chapter of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES). ANES has been involved in the USAID/USDOE Mexico Renewable Energy Program since the program s inception, and it facilitates the program acceptance by Mexico s renewable energy community. Dr. Claudio Estrada Gasca at the XXII ANES Conference promoting use of solar energy technology among children. Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] Solar oven (left) and solar thermal ice maker (below) donated by Sandia to the University of Sonora. XVII Annual ANES Conference in Hermosillo, Sonora [Photo NMSU] Every year since 1994, the MREP has participated in the annual ANES conferences conducting training workshops about solar technologies. Among the workshops imparted are water pumping, water purification, protected areas management and distance education. Mexicali (1999) Colima (1992) Lilly Ojinaga of Winrock and Arturo Romero of EyNT at the Sandia stand during the ISES millenium 2000 Solar 12 Forum in Mexico City. October [Photo Sandia]

17 INTRODUCTION TO THE MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM Industry Partnerships Industry involvement is an integral part of the MREP. More than 50 U.S. and Mexican companies have participated in program activities, such as training workshops. Many of the program s training workshops involved the installation of actual systems led by industry technicians, and more than a dozen companies have participated in these field training exercises. The Sandia team has worked closely with local suppliers to improve their ability to provide adequate responses to procurement opportunities. As a result of these interactions, several cross-border industrial partnerships have been formed to the benefit of both the U.S. and Mexican businesses. The Sandia program has also worked with the U.S. industry members to develop and improve technologies aimed at the Mexican market. Tim Ball of Applied Power Corporation discussing field installation procedures during a workshop at the Rancho 77 in BCS, [Photo NMSU] 13

18 MREP Training Collaborators Past U.S. and Mexican Industry Providing Training Installation Services Applied Power Corporation Condumex S.A. de C.V. Ecoturismo y Nuevas Tecnologías S.A. de C.V. Energía Alterna S.A de C.V. Energía Solar de Ciudad Juárez (ENSO) Entec S.A. de C.V. Plantas Eléctricas Solares del Sureste Simosol Past Commercial U.S. Training Presenters ASE Americas, Inc. A.Y. McDonald Mfg. Co. Applied Power Corporation Bergey Windpower BesiCorp Group, Inc. Burns-Milwaukee, Inc. Clean Power Works Dankoff Solar Products, Inc. Daystar, Inc. Direct Power and Water Corp. Dyncorp EENSP Energy Concepts Co. Energy Conversion Devices Energía Total Golden Genesis KPMG Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc. McCracken Solar Co. Meridian Corporation Midway Labs, Inc. NEOS Corporation Oxi Generators, Inc. Ovonics Photocomm, Inc. Power Light Corp. Solo Power, Inc. Sophisticated Systems, Inc. Southwest Windpower Spencer Management Associates SunWize Energy Systems, Inc. Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association U.S. Export Council on Renewable Energy Vestas-American Wind Technology, Inc. Past Non-Commercial U.S. Presenters American Wind Energy Association Arizona Public Service Arizona State University Committee on Renewable Energy Commerce and Trade El Paso Solar Energy Association Enersol Associates, Inc. Environmental Enterprises Assistance Fund International Institute of Education National Renewable Energy Laboratory National Rural Electric Cooperative Association Navajo Tribal Utility Authority New Mexico State University (SWTDI) Research Triangle Institute Sandia National Laboratories Salt River Project Solar Energy Industries Association Solar Energy International Texas Department of Commerce U.S. Agency for International Development Utah Division of Energy West Texas A&M University (AEI) Winrock International World Bank Past Commercial Mexican Presenters Acumuladores Orozco Condumex S.A. de C.V. Damlier-Benz, Inc. Ecoturismo y Nuevas Tecnologías S.A. de C.V. Energía Alterna S.A. de C.V. Energía Solar de Ciudad Juárez S.A. de C.V. (ENSO) Entec S.A. de C.V. Linea Biosfera Plantas Eléctricas Solares del Sureste (PES) Orpinel Electronics Ovite Ingeniería Poder Solar S.A. de C.V. Productos y Servicios Agropecuarios S.A. de C.V. Radio Sol Rancho Minerva Riego Gana (RG) Simosol S.A. de C.V. Solartronic S.A. de C.V. Sun Power Systems Sunergy S.A. de C.V. Past Non-Commercial Mexican Presenters Asociación Nacional de Energía Solar (ANES) Centro de Investigaciones en Energía-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CIE-UNAM) Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) Comisión Nacional del Agua (CNA) Coordinador Estatal de Tursimo-Edo de Baja Califronia Sur Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía (CONAE) Comisión Técnico Consultiva de Coeficientes de Agostadero (COTECOCA) Centro de Investigaciones Avanzados (CINVESTAV) Dirección General de Desarrollo Rural - Gobierno Estatal de Chihuahua (DGDR) Fideicomiso Estatal para el Fomento de Actividades Productivas de Chih. (FIDEAPECH) Fideicomiso de Riesgo Compartido (FIRCO) Fundación Mexicana de Desarrollo Rural (FMDR) Secretaría de Obras Públicas - Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz (ITLP) Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas (IIE) Instituto Tecnológico de Zacatepec Laboratorio de Energía Solar - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Secretaría de Ganadería, Agricultura, y Recursos Hidraúlicos (SAGAR) Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraúlicos (SARH) Secretaría de Energía y Minas Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) Subsecretario de Promoción Económica - Edo de Baja California Sur Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ) Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (UACH) Universidad de Colima Universidad de Sonora (UNISON) Universidad de Quintana Roo (UQROO) 14

19 Bilateral Agreement for Energy INTRODUCTION TO THE MEXICO RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM MREP has also played an important role in the US/Mexico Bilateral Agreement for Energy Cooperation-Annex 1 for Renewable Energy created in In the agreement, it was stipulated that Sandia and Mexico s National Commission for Energy Conservation (CONAE) are the technical coordinators to comply with energy cooperation commitments. The main activities performed under Annex 1 formed part of the MREP. Due to the success of Annex 1, it was extended from 2000 through 2003; and is planned to be extended again. Among the joint activities developed during this agreement are research on renewable energy systems, components and materials; study of wind and insolation resources; training of researchers, engineers, technicians, and providers; and support to public and private sectors on the use of renewable energy. Trilateral Agreement for Energy The experience gained from the US/Mexico Bilateral Agreement for Energy led to an extension of the Trilateral Agreement for Energy in March Collaboration in the areas of energy efficiency and renewable energy are managed by the North American Energy Working Group (NAEWG), experts in science and technology which consists of representatives from Natural Resources (NRCan)-Canada, Secretariat of Energy (Secretaría de Energía or SENER)- Mexico and Sandia on behalf of USDOE-US. Currently, one of the NAWEG s major tasks is the design and construction of a prototype self sustainable community which would be built in Mexico and will be later replicated in Canada and the U.S. This project is called La Casa Nueva (The New House). MREP s partnerships in Mexico have been a great starting point for the performance of this task. The houses should also be affordable enough so that the government could provide financing mechanisms such as the current social-interest houses in Mexico financed by the Mexican National Fund Institute for the Worker Housing (El Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para los Trabajadores, Infonavit). Steering committee of La Casa Nueva Program at the XXVII ANES conference in Chihuahua. Mark Riley and Robin Sinha of NRCan (two on left), Michael Ross (middle) and Debora Ley of Sandia, Gary Sharp of Sharp s Environmental Canada (on right) and David Morillón of ANES/Engineering Institute-UNAM. October [Photo Sandia] 15

20 Applications of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas Photovoltaic Water Pumping Community, Domestic, and Livestock Applications Many regions in Mexico suffer from severe shortages of rain and groundwater. Oftentimes the surface water that is available is either contaminated by human or animal activity. Thus, people sometimes depend on underground water for their supply. Traditional water pumping systems, such as diesel motors, represent a simple solution for their daily water supply; however, the costs of fuel, maintenance and transportation make these water pumping technologies prohibitively expensive for many rural towns and communities, the population that needs them most. Conventional animal traction system for water pumping in Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] Conventional diesel system for water pumping in BCS, [Photo Sandia] Photovoltaic water pumping system at the ranch El Sagitario in BCS, [Photo Sandia]

21 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL AREAS Photovoltaic water pumping systems have proven to be a valuable resource to many rural communities throughout Mexico. This technology has solved the water problem for many communities by bringing accessible water supply for drinking and domestic uses. Photovoltaic water pumping systems have also provided relief to ranchers throughout the region by providing an adequate water supply for their livestock. Most of these ranchers depend on livestock for their income; without an adequate water supply to sustain their livestock they often have to choose to sell or loose them. PV water pumping system in Coahuila, [Photo Sandia] This solar water pumping system does not use a storage tank, it uses aluminun-cut bottles to collect the water, [Photo Sandia] Cows have plenty of water from solar water pumping system, [Photo Sandia] 17

22 Agricultural Applications Water is one of the most important nutrients required for the survival of agricultural products. Sustainable agriculture is required to support the supply of food for increasing populations and to increase agricultural production without negative environmental impact. Throughout Mexico, the use of photovoltaic systems is a reliable alternative for irrigation sites, which are often remote from the utility-grid. Ranchers are realizing that it is technically feasible to use photovoltaic systems for small-scale (micro) irrigation (under one hectare), since it is a more efficient method of irrigation (cutting water consumption from 50 to 70%). Water pumping system for irrigation installed by FIRCO at the Agua Blanca Ranch in BCS, [Photo Sandia] Solar irrigated forage field at the Agua Blanca Ranch in BCS, [Photo Sandia] 18 Renewable Energy at the Tlaquiltenango 2002 Farmers and Ranchers Fair. CIE and FIRCO-Morelos continue their Renewable Energy for Agriculture and Cattle Promotional Campaign in Morelos, [Photo CIE-UNAM]

23 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL AREAS Photovoltaic Remote Network Communications Communication is very important for any type of region. It is especially important in remote regions without any other source of communicating an emergency such as a forest fire. Photovoltaics are playing an important role in Mexico s southern regions, in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Quintana Roo. Radio communications between regions separated by kilometers of mountainous terrain have been established with PV systems. For instance, PV-powered communications systems in Chiapas are helping rural coffee growers be more responsive to market demands and receive better prices for their products. With the introduction of wireless telephony, rural villages are further empowered economically. Up-to-date knowledge of farming techniques and market prices help farmers to obtain higher value for their Jaime Magdaleno and PV systems support radio network for produce. Access to the Internet offers even consistent communications in 30 communities in El Ocote, more far-reaching possibilities. By taking Chiapas, [Photo NMSU] digital photographs of locally made arts and crafts, and uploading these images onto a website, village artisans can make their goods directly available to a worldwide audience. Cultural products, such as music, are especially well-suited for village-based e-commerce since they can be transmitted electronically without having to deal with the cost, logistics, and delay of physical transportation. Solar-powered connectivity provides a conduct through which information as well as trade and commerce may flow to and from rural parts of the world previously isolated and cut off. 19

24 Protected Areas Management Sandia has also developed strategic partnerships in the Protected Areas Management (PAM) sector and has identified and developed renewable energy applications to facilitate the management of reserves and protected areas. Dormitory for workers and visitors at Contoy Island facility in Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] Flora under study in Contoy Island, Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] More than 70 independent systems have been installed through these partnerships, primarily in the southern states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Quintana Roo. These projects meet a variety of energy needs such as PV-powered communications, facilities power for ranger s quarters and biological research stations, water pumping for visitor s centers and communities, and outdoor lighting systems. Other projects with these partners have focused on the economic development of the communities that buffer Mexican reserves. 20 Arturo Romero of EyNT inspecting the controllers of the hybrid wind-pv system in Contoy Island, Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU]

25 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL AREAS Training workshop of PAM designed for Central American participants. Sian Ka an Research Center, Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] First private ecological reserve in Mexico, El Edén, Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] Training workshop of wind technologies in Mahahual, Q. Roo, [Photo EyNT] Fauna under study by the Research Ecological Center El Edén, Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] PV direct drive refrigerator with thermal storage at the Mahahual Marine Research Center in Q. Roo, [Photo NMSU] 21

26 Photovoltaic Lighting Stand-Alone Applications About five percent of the Mexican population has no access to electricity. Many of the unelectrified communities rely on candles, small kerosene lamps, or automobile batteries for light, which can cause health and environmental problems. Bringing electricity to remote communities makes it possible to illuminate homes, maintain refrigeration, and possibly establish home businesses for a more productive and quality life. PV lighting systems providing basic house functions and entertainment. Chihuahua, 1999 (left) and Yucatán, [Photos NMSU and EyNT respectively] Solar lighting empowers rural families by allowing them to engage in productive activities at home during evening hours. The solar electricity can be used to power various types of village micro-enterprises such as electric sewing machines, refrigeration, battery charging, and a wide variety of cottage industries which can be powered with modest amounts of solar electricity. 22 Women showing creativity by decorating a PV lighting system controller in Moris, Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU]

27 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL AREAS Small photovoltaic systems are proving to be a practical and safe alternative to provide electricity. Most household s electrical needs can be as little as 200 Wh per day and a photovoltaic lighting system can provide this required output. Having access to electricity brings a new meaning to life in many of these remote communities, such as night classes for older generations, the establishment of small home businesses such as grocery stores or home theaters, or just the ability to spend more time with family members. Tarahumara family benefiting from a PV lighting system, Chihuahua, [Photo ENSO] People watching TV with a PV system in Moris, Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] PV home lighting system in Moris, Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] 23

28 Education Photovoltaic systems for rural schools allow for the development of curriculums comparable to the ones in urban areas. Photovoltaics not only bring lighting to the schools for night classes, but also provide power for televisions, computers, and other electronic equipment. Using these tools through the availability of electricity brings a new universe of information and education resources to the children, teachers, and community members. People of the Mexican Secretariat of Public Education (SEP), Winrock, EyNT and Sandia show a mobile PV system for educational purposes in Durango, [Photo Sandia] EDUSAT technician training as part of PV telesecundarias workshop conducted at the first of 54 PV powered schools in Chorreras, Some of the advantages of electricity for schools includes: improving literacy through the availability of lighting for night reading, increasing access to news and information, and developing evening education classes for adults. Chihuahua. September, [Photo NMSU] 24 Students benefiting from a rural PV telesecundaria in Durango [Photo Sandia]

29 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL AREAS Hybrid Applications San Juanico Hybrid system built in collaboration with Arizona Public Service, Niagara Mohawk and Mexico s Federal Electricity Commission. The state of Baja California, the municipality of Comondoe, the USDOE and the USAID participated in this project. This system provides electricity to 400 people and began operating in May The hybrid power system design includes a 85-kW standby generator, 10 Bergey Windpower Company, Inc., 7 kw wind turbines, and 5 ASE Americas, Inc., 300 W-DC/50 volt PV modules rated at 3.4 kw. Energy storage is comprised of five parallel banks of Trojan L16 batteries configured for a nominal 240 volts. The system, which is controlled with a 90 kw Trace inverter, is designed to supply about 65% of the power to the village from renewable technologies, with the genset supplying the remainder of the power (mostly during the non-windy season). [Photos USAID] Ninety percent of the population of Baja California Norte and Sur live on an area of 15 percent of the total state land. The remaining 10% live dispersed across 173,000 km 2, in small villages with long distances between them. Grid electrification is lacking and expensive. Besides the great geothermal potential in the north, and a little in the south, these states have great natural energy sources such as sun and wind. 25

30 PV Refrigeration Some regions in Mexico suffer from high temperatures during the whole year. For some communities, discomfort is not the only problem that hot weather brings. This also represents high cost in productivity. Such is the case for fishing communities where they have to conserve fish fresh; otherwise, they would experience money losses. The MREP has participated in the implementation of projects that help increase productivity of rural people. PV ice-maker machine in Chorreras, Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] PV array not only supplying electricity but also keeping out of the shinning sun [Photo NMSU] Ice-maker machine Fish conserved in refrigerator A PV refrigeration system and an ice-making machine have benefited the people from Chorreras, Chihuahua. This system was installed by Sunwize and NMSU. Its performance was monitored by NMSU for 4 years. The PV refrigerator is the first in its class in the world. The ice maker produces from 70 to 90 kg of ice/day. 26

31 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL AREAS Installation of a community PV refrigeration system donated by NMSU and NASA in Urique, Chihuahua. March, [Photo NMSU] Direct-drive PV refrigerator at the Tarahumara Indian Reservation in Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] Tarahumras indians have benefited from a PV refrigerator donated by NMSU and NASA. [Photo Sandia] 27

32 Water Purification Water purification projects in the states of San Luis Potosí and Chihuahua have been supported by the MREP. In San Luis Potosí, Winrock together with the Mexican Rural Development Foundation (Fundación Mexicana de Desarrollo Rural or FMDR) implemented three projects of this kind. Water analyses indicated the presence of biological and chemical contaminants in water. Solar stills were utilized to improve drinking-water quality. Several projects with solar stills have also Solar still installed in San Francisco del Refugio, for a family of six. San Luis Potosí, [Photo Winrock] been implemented in Chihuahua. The MREP implemented two systems in the Sierra Tarahumara benefiting the Hostel Guillermo y Parres in By 2000, twelve solar stills were installed in the Colonia Anapra, four in the Colonia Pánfilo Natera in Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua and two in Palomas, Chihuahua. These systems were installed by EL Paso Solar Energy Association (EPSEA) in collaboration with NMSU and the GTER, using BorderPact funds (Ford Foundation). Jose Luis Esparza, representative of the Secretariat of Municipal Developement of Chihuahua s state government, shows operation of a solar still to users in Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] Solar stills installed in Palomas, Chihuahua. This system provides fresh water to a family of six. In the picture are the municipal president and the mayor of Palomas, a representative of the Secretariat of Municipal Developement, representative of NMSU and user. This system was donated by EPSEA. Palomas, 28 Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU]

33 Training in the Use of Renewable Energy Technologies The cornerstone of any successful renewable energy development program is a high-quality and practical training program. In Mexico, workshops have been presented to both federal and state decision-makers focused on the technical, environmental, and economic benefits of renewable energy over conventional options. In addition, some workshops were also specially designed for installers, vendors and users. Operation and maintenance training for promoters at the ecological reserve El Triunfo, Chiapas, [Photo NMSU] Workshops have helped improve local design and installation practices by vendors. To date, MREP has trained over 4,000 participants from more than 200 organizations in 20 Mexican states. Over 100 workshops and seminars have been conducted since 1992, representing over 10,000 person-days of training. Presentations incude three dozen U.S. and two dozen Mexican companies. Many workshop graduates have since become project developers or installers of renewable energy projects. PV water pumping training workshop at the Autonomous University of Chihuahua in Chihuahua, [Photo NMSU] 29

34 Data Acquisition Workshops In the beginning of MREP, data acquisition systems workshops were conducted to develop good monitoring practices for aiding technical assesments of installed systems. This helps identify problems with the technology that needed to be improved. Participants had the opportunity to learn data acquisition design, programming software, as well as installation of meteorological stations. Dr. Abraham Ellis of NMSU giving instruction at the data acquisition system workshop held at the University of Sonora. Above: Installation of a wind sensor in a meteorological station. Left: Classroom session, learning to program CR10 acquisition data software provided by NMSU. Hermosillo, Sonora, May [Photo NMSU] Training Vendors As part of the expanded program, Sandia s renewable energy technology partners accomplished a major task of training PV vendors. Vendors learned the electrical code specifications for designing renewable energy projects and selecting the appropriate technology for particular energy demands. Field training helped them improve their installation capabilities by performing acceptance testing of systems in compliance with Mexican electrical code standards. These workshops were held in several Mexican states and took place during the early years of the program. Sandia, in collaboration with federal and state agencies, developed technical specifications to improve the quality of PV system equipment and installation. Training on Distance Eduation Six training workshops on distance education especially designed for teachers and system supervisors have been held in the states of Chihuahua, Chiapas, Quintana Roo and Mexico City. Actual PV-powered telesecundarias were used during the training as demostrations. 47 middle-school teachers were given instructions in the proper operation and care of school PV systems. 30 Chihuahua, September [Photo Winrock]

35 Training of FIRCO Trainers TRAINING IN THE USE SE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES New Mexico State University solar engineers developed the train-the-trainers training workshops where Mexican program partners learned how to teach others to install, operate and maintain systems. These workshops were conducted from Four solar water pumping workshops took place at the Southwest Technlogy Development Institute, NMSU in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The USAID Mexico mission enabled the training events by providing scholarships to the FIRCO participants. First (left) and second (below) generations of FIRCO engineers taking the Train the Trainers workshop at the SWTDI facilities in Las Cruces, New Mexico and [Photo NMSU] The four courses were prepared in such a way that the FIRCO engineers learned the fundamentals of solar energy and basics to install high quality PV water pumping installations in Mexico. Among the topics presented were electrical characteristics of photovoltaic components, operation and selection of pumps, controllers, batteries and PV panels. One of the course highlights was the design of a PV water pumping system. The participants were involved in planning, designing and applying the Mexican National Electric Code (NOM-Norma Oficial Mexicana) practices as a final project. These FIRCO engineers have gone on to train hundreds of people in dozens of courses throughout Mexico since Visit to the Salt River Project system, Phoenix, Arizona. First generation of FIRCO engineers taking the training course of PV water pumping, [Photo NMSU] 31

36 This mobile water pumping system was developed for training purposes by SWTDI. Workshop participants have used the system to learn sizing, assembly, instrumentation, performance, and acceptance testing. Not only FIRCO engineers have benefited, but it has also been a great demonstration tool for disseminating information about the use of renewable energy technology. 32