he Application and Benefits of Multi-phase Auto-reclosing etsuya Miyoshi*, Atsushi Kasai* Abstract - In this paper we explain the disadvantages in using single- and three-phase auto-reclosing on double circuit overhead transmission lines. Multi-phase auto-reclosing, which has been applied since the early 1960 s in Japan can overcome these disadvantages. We describe the method of multi-phase auto-reclosing and the benefits that can be achieved in transient system stability and our experience in the application of multi-phase auto-reclosing in Japan. Keywords: double circuit transmission lines, discrimination of fault phase, high-speed auto-reclosing, multi-phase auto-reclosing, single-phase auto-reclosing, three phase auto-reclosing 1. Introduction Auto-reclosing is an important technique for the speedy restoration of faults, improvement of system stability and the prevention of power system disturbances. In Japan overhead transmission lines for EHV networks generally consist of double circuit lines because of the limited size of land areas. For the purpose of improving transient stability, multi-phase auto-reclosing has been applied to double-circuit lines in Japan since the 1960 s. ingle- and three-phase auto-reclosing, being globally applied had been in use before multi-phase auto-reclosing was adopted. hese methods present problems in terms of transient stability because auto-reclosing can be unsuccessful for multi-phase and double circuit faults when these methods are applied. We believe that multi-phase auto-reclosing will play an increasingly important role in power networks around the world as one of the key tools and techniques available to utilities in assisting them in improving power system stability and security. In this * Power ystem Control Dept., OHIBA COP., Japan. (tetsuya. miyoshi@toshiba.co.jp) paper we have discussed the impact of multi-phase auto-reclosing and the problems that need to be solved. Firstly, for the successful application of multi-phase auto-reclosing, the ability to discriminate the faulted phase and the system interconnection is necessary. A PCM current differential protection relay is appropriate for these purposes. his kind of relay can easily recognize the system interconnection by using communication circuits, through which the relays on both terminals can transmit the state of circuit breakers to one another. econdly, a short dead time is effective for system stability. But for higher voltages a longer duration is needed to recover the interpole insulation on circuit breakers. o solve this problem many methods which extinguish the secondary arc voltage in a short a time as possible for transmission lines have been proposed. We briefly introduce the results of a study in Japan and finally we report a number of examples of lightning faults on EHV networks and the effect of multi-phase auto-reclosing. his technique has been applied to EHV networks in Japan since 1960.
2. Conventional auto-reclosing method For the purpose of improving transient stability, auto-reclosing is applied. Globally single- and three-phase auto-reclosing are applied to overhead double circuit transmission lines. 2.1 ingle-phase auto-reclosing In single-phase auto-reclosing only the faulted phase is tripped for earth faults and the voltage phase angle difference between both terminals can be small enough to continue the supply of power during tripping of the faulted phase. his method can be applied to both single and double circuit overhead transmission lines. 3.1 Method of multi-phase auto-reclosing On Multi-phase auto-reclosing, if at least two different phases remain in a power transmission state, all the phases tripped can be reclosed. his idea is based on the fact that one transmission line has six phases for a double-circuit line. Multi-phase auto-reclosing method includes both single and three-phase auto-reclosing. For example if a three-phase fault occurs on one of the lines of a double-circuit line configuration and a single-phase fault occurs on the other, auto-reclosing is performed. able I presents details of the faulted phases for faults on double circuit lines installed on the same towers. Figure 2.1 ingle-phase auto-reclosing 2.2 hree-phase auto-reclosing In three-phase auto-reclosing a faulted line trips as per a multi-phase fault and auto-reclosing is performed on the condition that there is a system interconnection between the two terminals of the healthy line. Figure2.2 hree-phase auto-reclosing 2.3 Disadvantage of single- and three-phase auto-reclosing ingle- and three-phase auto-reclosing have the following disadvantages and cause a deterioration in the transient stability. -ingle-phase auto-reclosing is unsuccessful for a multi-phase fault. -hree-phase auto-reclosing is unsuccessful for a double-circuit fault. 3. Multi-phase auto-reclosing As an alternative multi-phase auto-reclosing can be applied and provide a solution to the problems described when using single- and three-phase auto-reclosing for the case explained in section 2. able I Details of faulted phases of double circuit lines on the same tower Fault phase ripping and reclosing No #1 line #2 line A B C A B C #1 line #2 line 1 1φ 2 3φF 3 3φF 4 1φ 5 1φ 1φ 6 2φ 7 1φ 1φ 8 2φ 1φ 9 3φF 3φF 10 3φ 11 2φ 1φ 12 2φ 2φ 13 3φ 1φ 14 3φF 3φF 15 3φF 3φF :Fault -:he line is out of service 1φ : single-phase tripping and reclosing 2φ : two-phase tripping and reclosing 3φ : three-phase tripping and reclosing 3φF : three-phase final tripping If multi-phase auto-reclosing is applied, auto-reclosing is possible for the cases indicated by the shaded region on table I. 3.2 Effect of multi-phase auto-reclosing When using single- and three-phase auto-reclosing on double-circuit lines, if a multi-phase fault occurs on the line or a same phase single-phase fault occurs on the double-circuit line, the effect on transient stability is small. But if a multiple fault occurs on a double-circuit line, power transmission on the double-circuit line will be lost. A loss of such a transmission route can cause major power supply interruption with consequent disruption to load or expose the network to potential system stability problems. Alternatively, when using multi-phase auto-reclosing
on double-circuit lines, if the above fault occurred, the phase angle difference will be small enough to permit the continuation of the supply of power during tripping the faulted phase. Figure 3.2.1 shows the relationship between the effective power and the voltage phase angle from the occurrence of the fault to the reclosing of the circuit breaker. On the phase angle curve, power transits from point A of Pu, on which the synchronous generator normally operates in the double circuit line, to point G in the case of a three phase to earth fault. here is a transit from Point H to point C, when the fault is removed of angular difference θ 2 and the effect of the deceleration energy is to reduce the angle. he angle transits from θ 5 on which auto-reclosing operates to θ 6 until the acceleration energy ( 3 ) is equal to the deceleration energy. Because the output of the generator is above Pu, the angular difference is forced to reduce. Finally the energy is restored to the stable operation angle (θ 0 ). Figure 3.2.1 elation to the angular difference on double circuit lines able II shows a summary of the auto-reclosing. able II Methods of auto-reclosing Method Outline chematic diagram ingle-phase autoreclosing On EHV overhead single circuit transmission line the only fault phase trips in single-phase to ground fault and the phase reclosing after dead time. Multi-phase autoreclosinh On EHV overhead double circuit transmission lines the only fault phases trip in multi-phase fault. In service on double circuit lines In service on one line wo phases to earth fault hree phases to earth fault 4. echnical problem In order to apply multi-phase auto-reclosing, it is necessary to confirm with certainty the system interconnection between both terminals and discriminate the fault phase(s). he higher the voltage level, the longer the time required to recover the interpole insulation on circuit breakers. o solve this problem many methods which extinguish the secondary arc voltage in a reduced time have been proposed. 4.1 Faulted phase discrimination and system interconnection For application to multi-phase auto-reclosing, the ability to discriminate the faulted phase and the system interconnection for at least two phases is required. he PCM current differential protection relay has solved the above problem. he current data for each phase in the transmission line terminals is sent between terminals and the relay performs differential protection using the current data. herefore the relay can discriminate the faulted phase. he status of each phase of the circuit breaker is transmitted and the relay is able to recognize the system interconnection. 1) Configuration of PCM current differential relay Figure 4.1.1 shows an example of the construction of the PCM current differential relays used in Japan. he current for each phase of the transmission line terminal is sampled 12 times per cycle at rated power frequency by the data acquisition unit DAU. ampling is performed simultaneously for both terminals, and the currents are converted into 12-bit digital data. he current data is converted into serial data and transmitted to the other terminals. he serial data received from the remote terminal is converted to parallel and is acquired by the differential discriminator DD, which uses a microprocessor. he DD performs differential protection using the acquired data. hree-phase autoreclosing A fault line trips in fault and recloses after a certain period of time. O: Circuit breaker trips C: Circuit breaker closes
A B and 1000kV. It has been approximately 1 second at 500kV, and more than 4 seconds at 1000kV. DAU Legend IV: F : H : A/D : DD : /P: P/ : : : I/V F H A/D DD Current-voltage converter Filter ampling holding circuit Analog-digital converter Differential discriminator erial-parallel converter Parallel-serial converter ransmitter eceiver /P P/ same to terminal A Figure 4.1.1 PCM current differential relay system 2) Block diagram for checking system interconnection Figure 4.1.3 shows the block diagram for checking the system interconnection. he relay at terminal A acquires the status of each phase of the CB and D at terminal B via the communication circuit. he system interconnection is checked using the CB and D status at terminal A and B. Fromparallel line CBD-Ⅰ CBD-Ⅱ CBD-Ⅲ Fromcommication circuit CBD-1 CBD-2 CBD-3 Fromparallel line CB-1 CB-2 CB-3 D Checking interconnection phase fromparallel line O O O Detect circuit for healthy two phases O ystem interconnection Figure 4.1.3 Interconnection check for multi-phase auto-reclose 4.2 econdary arc extinguishing in UHV systems We expect that the system interconnection will consist of UHV systems in the near future. Multi-phase auto-reclosing is necessary in order to avoid double-circuit outages and to ensure transient stability. econdary arc extinguishing time in UHV transmission lines is longer than in EHV transmission lines because of the electrostatic induction from the parallel line and healthy phases after tripping the faulted phases. Dependent upon environmental factors the arc cannot often be extinguished within an ordinary dead time. herefore it is an important technique to shorten the time for arc extinguishing. he relationship between the dielectric strength and the recovery time depends upon the voltage level, the length of the transmission line and the weather conditions. Figure 4.2 shows the relationship between the dielectric strength and the recovery time at 500kV Breakdown voltage kv Figure 4.2 elation between dielectric strength and recovery time 1) Method of extinguishing the secondary arc current - High speed grounding switch he following methods can be used to extinguish the secondary arc current: -he secondary arc current caused by static coupling is extinguished using a zero-phase sequence compensating reactor. -o physically ground the faulted phases to extinguish the secondary arc current, namely high speed grounding switch (HG). he time required to extinguish the arc depends on the lightning outage performance in the case of the former method. Especially, the time is longer in case of faults on double circuit lines. Otherwise the time is stable for any lightning outage performance. Figure 4.2.1 shows the HG method. After the faulted phases have opened, grounding the faulted phases by closing the HG extinguishes the secondary arc and then the HG are opened. Circuit breaker (CB) High speed grounding switch Breakdown voltage kv ime after fault occur (s) ime after fault occur (s) Circuit breaker(cb) High speed grounding switch Figure 4.2.1 High speed grounding switching method 2) Improvement in reliability he HG method requires both speed and reliability to execute the following sequence: 1 Fault occurs 2 Opening CB on the faulted phases 3 Closing HG on the faulted phases 4 (Extinguishing the second arc) 5 Opening HG on the faulted phases
6 Closing CB on the faulted phases (auto-reclosing) Closing the HG before opening the CB or closing the CB during the closure of the HG can lead to the failure of the HG method. For this reason the HG must check for opening of the CB for the fault and closing the HG. he following are practical examples. 1) Checking ing for the faulted phases he condition of ing in the faulted phase is the following electrical and mechanical condition: - he electrical condition is that the protection differential output signal from the current differential relay cleared following its operation for the fault - he mechanical condition is that the CB is open at both terminals. If these conditions are satisfied, the command for closing the HG is output. eclosing condition Diff relay output erminal A erminal B NO Figure 4.2.3 Condition of closing HG HG closing Output signal 2) Checking closing HG he condition for reclosing the CB is that the HG at both terminals are closed and the condition for auto-reclosing are satisfied. Figure 4.2.3 shows a block scheme for opening the HG at both terminals. erminal A erminal B Figure 4.2.3 HG open check Checking HG open Output signal he status of the HG is acquired via the communication circuit. 3) Field test result of HG In Japan a field test for HG has been conducted over three years. Figure 4.2.4 shows the field test result for a 275kV transmission line applied to the HG method. he measured data provided the following result: 1) Effective value of induced voltage from the healthy lines is from about 15 to 20kV. 2) Effective value of HG current is about 5.5A. 3) It takes 30ms to extinguish the secondary arc. he period measured is taken from tripping of the faulted phase to the appearance of the induced voltage. Line voltage Line current HG current ime scale 1sp=1.67ms Closing HG Figure 4.2.4 Field test result of HG his result shows that the coordination of system protection is vital. As the secondary arc is spontaneously extinguished before closing the HG in this case as applied at the 275kV level, it does not show that the HG method is effective for extinguishing the arc. But the induced voltage disappears while closing the HG. herefore the method would be able to extinguish secondary arc. ecently the method has been applied to 765kV transmission lines in Korea. 5 Actual data of multi-phase auto-reclosing in Japan In Japan multi-phase auto-reclosing has been applied since the 1960 s in EHV transmission lines where there is no problem with respect to generator shaft torque in large capacity power stations. able III shows details of the faulted phases for faults on double circuit lines installed on the same towers at HV and
EHV levels. For double circuit faults; the rate of double circuit faults in which multi-phase auto-reclosing performs auto-reclosing for both double circuit lines, increases by about 30% in comparison to single- and three-phase auto-reclosing methods. his contributes to transient stability. able III Details of faulted phases for faults on double circuit lines at HV and EHV voltage levels Number of faulty phase Per Per Circuit Double circuit Line 1 Line 2 (1980~1985) Lighting Faults eferenc e Diagram Nunber of Faults ate(%) 1 1 0 481 72.8 2 3 1 2 2 0 58 8.8 3 0 19 2.9 1 1 35 5.3 1 1 8 1.2 Classification D1 eference [1] uzuki et al. tudy of protection scheme for 1000kV networks IEEJ ransactions on Power and Energy B 1994,7/8PP.723-731 [2] J.Kobayashi et al. he state of the art of multi-circuit and multi-terminal overhead transmission line protection systems associated with telecommunication systems Cigre,1990 [3] he limitation of transient stability on the power system of the unbalanced fault Central esearch Institute of Electric Power Industry 87075, 1988,07 [4] H.Yamakawa et al. Performance evaluation for the protection and control for 1000kV networks Protective relay system reserch 1997,09 [5] K.Yanagihashi et al. Field est Data of 275kV ransmission Line s Multi-Pole eclosing with High peed Grounding ystem. IEEJ ransactions on Power and Energy B 1995 [6] Y.ekine et al. UHV transmission. he journal of the IEEJ Vol.102, No.11, Nov., 1982 PP.5-16- 3 2 3 2 1 21 3.2 2 1 1 0.2 3 1 8 1.2 2 2 2 2 14 2.1 3 3 7 1.1 D2 D3 D4 3 3 9 1.4 otal 661 100.0 Legend : ingle circuit faults D1: ingle phase auto-reclosing performs high-speed auto-reclosing for double circuit lines. D2: ingle phase auto-reclosing perform high-speed auto-reclosing for one of double circuit lines. Multi-phase auto-reclosing performs one for double circuit lines. D3: ingle-phase auto-reclosing cannot perform high-speed auto-reclosing. Multi-phase auto-reclosing performs high-speed auto-reclosing for double circuit lines. D4: Impossible with any auto-reclosing scheme. 6. Conclusion In this paper we have shown that multi-phase auto-reclosing method is available for double circuit transmission lines. We introduce the HG method which is effective in speedily extinguishing secondary arc at the 765kV level and above and is viewed as key to the success of multi-phase auto-reclosing. Multi-phase auto-reclosing can make a major contribution system stability.