Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 30, 2015 Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage Technologies Elmegaard, Brian Publication date: 2013 Link to publication Citation (APA): Elmegaard, B. (2013). Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage Technologies [Sound/Visual production (digital)]. DTU International Energy Conference 2013, Lyngby, Denmark, 10/09/2013, http://www.natlab.dtu.dk/energikonferencer/dtu_international_energy_conference_2013 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal? If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage Technologies Brian Elmegaard DTU International Energy Conference, 10-12 September 2013 DTU Technical University of Denmark Department of Mechanical Engineering Section Thermal Energy
CAES - operating storage technology Huntorf CAES: More than 20 Years of Successful Operation (Crotogino, Mohmeyer, Scharf) 2001 2/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
CAES - operating storage technology Huntorf CAES: More than 20 Years of Successful Operation (Crotogino, Mohmeyer, Scharf) 2001 Potential of electricity storage New ideas and concepts related to CAES 2/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Danish Energy System High share of combined heat and power Wind share 4% of energy consumption (28% of electricity) Fluctuating wind power is a challenge to power grid and plant control Demand-responding consumers are needed (electric boilers, heat pumps, freezing houses, storage... ) 3/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
152 470 0 4 1 40 1 42 100 150 151 42 42 130 14 263 312 163 25 94 Production Platforms in the North Sea 25 1 1 293 290 Refineries 14 19 Crude Oil Oil Products Natural Gas Coal and Coke Renewables etc. Electricity District Heating Gas Works Gas Losses 21 189 66 7 1 0 44 30 5 2 0 Gas Works 0 Autoproducers 7 1 23 17 8 2 26 2 0 District Heating Units 1 30 0 8 25 17 Small Scale 16 0 Central Heating Units 7 22 30 58 129 Large Scale CHP 62 Units 3 64 35 79 161 42 123 131 26 11 37 112 72 292 1 209 Transport 210 0 67 36 43 26 Households 190 0 17 0 31 38 2 9 Commercial and Public 0 2 Services 83 0 37 7 12 31 Industry and Agriculture 6 136 43 12 Non Energy Use 12 6 15 8 0 2 117 0 37 286 312 161 Danish Energy System Danish Energy 2011 Supply Transformation Deliveries Indigenous Production 887 265 255 Final Consumption 631 Stocks 46 Stocks 28 Exports Incl. International Marine Bunkers 754 Imports 641 Losses 161 All figures are in Peta Joule (PJ) (http://www.ens.dk) 4/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
The Electricity Market 4000,00 DK West Price [DKK/MWh] Consumption [MWh/h] 3000,00 2000,00 1000,00 0,00 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 1000,00 2000,00 Hour 2012 Market data from (http://www.energinet.dk) 5/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Reversible electricity storage + - 1 MW 1 h 0.5 MW 2 h 1 MWh Case study: Charging 214 MW Storage 10 h charging 100% eciency 6/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Potential of Reversible electricity storage Charging 214 MW, Storage 10 h charging, 100% eciency 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 500 1000 Level [MWh] Price[DKK/MWh] 1500 2000 7/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Potential of Reversible electricity storage Charging 214 MW, Storage 10 h charging, 100% eciency 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 500 1000 Level [MWh] Price[DKK/MWh] 1500 2000 Optimal Net income 77 MDKK 7/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Electricity Storage Technologies In operation for bulk storage Pumped hydro storage (PHS) Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Under consideration Batteries Flow batteries Flywheels Super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) Hydrogen/fuel cells System integration possibilities Demand response (Controlling consumption) Heat pumps Electric vehicles Fuel storage: e.g., Coal bunkers 8/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Conventional CAES Process (Diabatic) Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel Storage part 9/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Conventional CAES battery analogy Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel Storage part 10/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Conventional CAES battery analogy Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s + - 0.7 MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Storage part 10/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Conventional CAES battery analogy Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s + - 0.7 MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Storage part Conventional CAES is: a battery with signicant loss during charging and discharging and large consumption during production 10/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Existing and proposed CAES plants Huntorf CAES power station (1978) 290 MW production, app. 60 MW charging Alabama Electric Cooperative's CAES plant (1991) 110 MW production, app. 50 MW charging Norton CAES plant in Ohio (planned) 2700 MW production, exible charging Gaelectric CAES plant in Larne, Northern Ireland (planned) 135 MW production, 80 MW charging 11/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity Only exergetic eciency is reasonable 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity Only exergetic eciency is reasonable Product of component exergetic eciency η sc = η x,cη x,storη x,t Compressor η x,c = E air Wc Storage η x,stor = Estor,out E stor,in Turbine η x,t = Wt Egas+E f +Eex = Wt Estor,out+E f 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity Only exergetic eciency is reasonable Product of component exergetic eciency η sc = η x,cη x,storη x,t Compressor η x,c = E air Wc Storage η x,stor = Estor,out E stor,in Turbine η x,t = Wt Egas+E f +Eex = Wt Estor,out+E f Other denitions should not be used as storage eciency: For example Gas turbine cycle eciency, Energy output to input ratio 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Alstom CAES Process Consumer part Producer part 3 intercooled compressor stages Motor M Turbine Turbine Generator G Burner Aftercooler Fuel Burner Recuperator Fuel Storage cavern Storage part 13/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Alstom Performance Min. pressure Max. pressure Storage Pressure [bar] 50 78 Compressor Power [MW] 45 50 Charging time [h] 42 Charging Exergetic Eciency [%] 72 72 Fuel consumption rate [MW] 132 132 Combustion Temperature [ C ] 853 853 Turbine Power [MW] 116 116 Discharging time [h] 26 Discharging Exergetic Eciency [%] 51 49 Gas turbine eciency [%] 30 Plant energy eciency [%] 56 Primary energy eciency [%] 29 Storage Eciency [%] 36 14/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Alstom Exergy Losses Exergy loss [MW] Relative exergy loss [%] Compressor 1 6.8 2% Intercooler 1 14.3 5% Compressor 2 6.8 2% Intercooler 2 15.4 6% Compressor 3 7.6 3% Aftercooler 20.9 8% Throttling 12.2 4% Recuperator 22.9 8% Air turbine 5.8 2% Combustion 1 124.7 45% Turbine 14.5 5% Combustion 2 25.4 9% 15/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Potential of CAES electricity storage 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s + - 0.7 MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Charging Storage Eciency Income [MW] [h] [%] [MDKK] Reversible 214 10 100 77 Adiabatic 214 10 70 29 Conventional 214 10 40 98 16/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Potential of CAES electricity storage 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s + - 0.7 MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Charging Storage Eciency Income [MW] [h] [%] [MDKK] Reversible 214 10 100 77 Adiabatic 214 10 70 29 Conventional 214 10 40 98 Conventional CAES with gas consumption and low eciency has better economic potential than adiabatic systems Investment: 1000 MDKK 16/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Alabama CAES Process Consumer part Producer part 4 intercooled compressor stages Motor/ generator Turbine Turbine Clutch M/G Clutch Burner Burner Aftercooler Fuel Fuel Recuperator Storage cavern Storage part 17/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Adiabatic CAES Adele project www.rwe.com No fuel consumption, compression heat stored 18/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Liquid Piston CAES Minimal compression heat 1: CAEstorage, 2: ALP-CAES project 19/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Isothermal CAES www.lightsailenergy.com Liquid (water) used for heat transfer during charging and discharging 1: Lightsail, 2: General Compression, 3: SustainX 20/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Liquid Air Electricity Storage www.highview-power.com Waste heat integration possible, eciency of liquifaction challenging 21/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Transcritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle leni.epfl.ch Transcritical CO 2 cycle with reversible compressor and expander Water storage 22/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) Conventional CAES has best economic potential 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) Conventional CAES has best economic potential Several ideas and concepts are investigated 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013
Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) Conventional CAES has best economic potential Several ideas and concepts are investigated Bulk electricity storage is needed in the future, and will involve Large investments Signicant losses of exergy due to irreversibilities Large volume and/or area Big price uctuations or high consumer prices to be feasible 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013