63 EFG Council Meeting Workshop Managing Natural Hazards Tenerife (May 10-11, 2012) VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS AND RISKS IN SOUTHERN ITALY Graziano G.V., Calcaterra D. & Cencetti C. National Council of Geologists, Italy* * Via Vittoria Colonna, 40-00193 Roma Ph. +39 06 68807736-7 - Fax +39 06 68807742 Email: consiglio@cngeologi.it 1 http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/fotogallery/fotogallery9534.shtml
Mt. Eyjafjöll (Iceland) eruption in March 27, 2010 http://www.ecologiae.com/eruzione-vulcano-islanda/15073/ http://www.foto-sicilia.it/foto.cfm?idfoto=122552 Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) eruption in January 12, 2011 http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2001/07/mt-etna-eruption.html Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) Moderate-resolution Imaging sectroradiometer (MODIS) of July 22, 2001 http://mmedia.kataweb.it/foto-utente/2285402/eruzione2 etna-12-gennaio-2011-spettacolo
http://www.ilgazzettinovesuviano.com/2011/11/15/abusi-edilizi-nelparco-nazionale-del-vesuvio-scattano-i-sigilli/ http://www.marketplace.it/vesuvio/44.htm http://miaplacidusedaltriracconti.blogspot.it/2007/08/il-vesuviopotrebbe-tornare-in-attivit.html http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:lava_del_vesuvio_a_massa_ di_somma_1944.jpg Mt. Vesuvio today and during the last eruption occurred in March 1944. The towns of Massa di Somma, 3 San Sebastiano al Vesuvio and Terzigno were almost destroyed (21 dead and 2,750 homeless)
Google earth Naples has been growing between the Campi Flegrei caldera and the SommaVesuvius complex. This megacity is located on two active volcanoes and is close to a third active volcano (the Isle of Ischia). http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/cronaca-italia/maltemponapoli-traghetti-fermi-porto-632166/ 4
Mattheus Merian Vesuvius Mons Neapoleos (323 x 191 mm) Frankfurt, 1640 http://www.ideararemaps.com/article.aspx?articleid=1800 5
GEOLOGIC CONTEXT OF ITALIAN VOLCANISM Collision between African and Eurasian plates Tyrrenian Rifting http://www.laquilanuova.org/2009/12/11/san-francisco-e-la-verita-sui-terremoti/ 6
VOLCANIC AREAS IN ITALY http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/it/vulcani_attivi.wp 7
Neapolitan Area: Phlegrean Fields (an unrest caldera) Geological and structural sketch map of Southern Campanian Plain (Orsi et alii, 2004) Geological cross section through the Campi Flegrei caldera (Orsi et alii, 2004) - caldera (12x15 kms) - active since 60,000 years - last eruption: 1538 a.c. Mt. Nuovo (130 m a.s.l.) Mt. Nuovo, Pozzuoli 8 http://www.ulixes.it/english/e_pg02dfr07a.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/marioleona/4360023234/ http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/solfatara_di_pozzuoli Solfatara (Pozzuoli, Naples) The "Serapium" or Macellum of Pozzuoli demonstrates the effects of bradyseism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bradyseism 9
1.5 million people live within the caldera 350,000 people live in its active portion NEXT ERUPTION?! When? Where? How? 10
Orsi et alii, 2004 11
The southeastern, instable slope of the Camaldoli hill (northern Phlegrean Fields caldera wall) - Orsi et alii (2003) The instable slope of Solfatara 12 Photo by Corrado Cencetti
http://www.chiaianodiscarica.it/?p=332 Abandoned tuff quarry http://altocasertano.wordpress.com/2009/01/23/discarica-achiaianona-dopo-due-frane-lo-staff-di-bertolaso-continua-asfidare-il-dissesto-idrogeologico-del-prof-franco-ortolani/ Posillipo, Napoli Active tuff quarry 13
http://www.campanialive.it/articoli-meteo.asp?titolo=lo_scempio_della_collina_napoletana Camaldoli Hill, Phlegrean Fields 14
http://www.campanialive.it/articoli-meteo.asp?titolo=lo_scempio_della_collina_napoletana Camaldoli Hill, Phlegrean Fields 15
Neapolitan Area: Vesuvius http://www.sbngs.it/italia/media-gallery--fotogallery--ambientenatura/vulcani/420 http://vesuvioinrete.blogspot.it/ http://www.guidearcheocampania.it/ita/vesuvio.htm 16
http://astridrome.wordpress.com/category/archaeology-2/pompei/ http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/mibac/sitomibac/menu-utility/immagine/index.html_646052529.html http://www.viagginews.com/201 0/12/02/news-pompei-crolla/ http://www.ragostahotels.com/ita/hotel_raito/hotel_pomp ei.htm The city of Pompei, destroyed in 79 A.C. by the eruption of Vesuvius 17
http://www.campaniameteo.it/davedere.php?id=1060 http://www.paesionline.it/napoli/foto_dettaglio.asp?filename=3522_napoli_veduta_del_vesuvio 18
Main eruptions of Vesuvius during the last 20,000 years (OsVe IDIS, 1995) http://www.interviu.it/cards/ maggio4c.htm 1944 eruption RED = plinian eruptions GREY-GREEN = subplinian eruptions http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/f ile:vista_vesuvio_napoli.jp g 1631 eruption GREY = strombolian eruptions WHITE = uncertain attribution http://www.arthotelgranpara diso.com/it/escursioni_guid ate.php Pompei eruption (79 a.c.) 19
http://altocasertano.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/pompein a-24-agosto-anniversario-eruzione-del-vesuvio-del-79-dc-il-video-delleruzione-del-marzo-1944-ripreso-in-diretta/ Simplified sketch of the structure of Somma-Vesuvius (Di Vito et alii, 2011) http://teatriemusei.ovest.com/fr/cratere-du-vesuve-denaples.php?visualizzafunzioneprodotto=sgn The last eruption of Vesuvius, occurred in 1944 http://www.carbonaribikers.com/info %20Escursioni/041_Vesuvio_Cratere_26mar06.htm Fumaroles within the main crater of Vesuvius 20
What can we expect by Vesuvius? Icelandic eruption Hawaian eruption Vulcanian eruption Strombolian eruption Plinian eruption Pelean eruption http://www.didascienze.it/eruzioni_vulcaniche.html 21
4D simulations of explosive eruptions in Vesuvius (Neri et alii, 2007) http://www.pi.ingv.it/focus/simulazioni.html The sequence shows the evolution of the distribution of temperature of pyroclastic flow (the two isosurfaces orange and pink indicates respectively 350 C and 100 C) at 300, 500, and 750 seconds from the beginning of the collapse of eruptive column. 22
P = relative probability of invasion by lava flows in case of eruption 0.15<p 0.10<p<0.15 0.05<p<0.10 0<p<0.05 Probable opening of vents Areas with different probabilities to be buried by flows of lava and vents, in case of resumption of effusive activity of Vesuvius (Scandone & Cortini, 1982, modified) 23
Areas exposed to lahars and mud-flows in the northern slope of Vesuvius. The numbers from 1 to 4 show the areas probably affected by these phenomena in ascending order. In 24 the area 5 (grey) lahars can accumulate (Scandone & Cortini, 1982)
Aeolian Archipelago: Isle of Stromboli http://www.marmaglia.it/vacanza.php?id=3 25 http://www.patrimoniounesco.it/eolie/eolie.htm
http://www.flickr.com/photos/7455207@n05/galleries/72157622281 604657/ http://www.eolnet.it/eng/vulcanieolie.asp http://www.seacilia.it/pag_ge.asp?lingua=ita&link=72 http://www.decadevolcano.net/travel_intro.htm Eruptive activity in Stromboli 26
http://laprovinciamessina.it/regione/2148-stromboli-fortiesplosioni http://www.stromboliparadise.com/info&immagini.html The Sciara del Fuoco, Stromboli The eruption of April 5, 2003 and its effects http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/volcano/beso/bes03a-it.html 27
http://www.tropeaholiday.it/stromboli.htm Stromboli Ginostra http://radiostereosantagata.blogspot.it/201 1/01/lipari-ginostra-arriva-il-sesto.html 28
http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/volcano/sciara0203/p hoto03-it.html http://sicilia.evolutiontravel.it/it_it/tab/28938_hotel-4-stelledirettamente-sul-mare.html Stromboli: flows of lava in the Sciara del Fuoco http://www.liguori.it/foto/gallery/default.asp?isbn=4064 29
Anomalous wave s Anomalous wave s 30 http://www.meteoweb.eu/2011/08/tsunami-anche-litalia-e-a-rischio-tanti-campanelli-dallarmema-poca-prevenzione/73785/ http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/ volcano/beso/bes02c-it.html
The tsunami in the Isle of Stromboli (December 30, 2002) http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/it/tematiche/33/tsunami/33/gli_tsunami_ in_italia Punta Lena (Isle of Stromboli) damaged after the tsunami occurred in December 30, 2002 http://www.decadevolcano.net/volcanoes/stromboli/stromboli_ tsunami_2002.htm 31
http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/it/view_new.wp?contentid=new26318 Stromboli: the explosion of July 5, 2011 32
Mt. Etna (Sicily) http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/monti_sicani - Altitude: 3350 m a.s.l. - Area: 1250 km2 - Diameter: 35 kms - Age of the main structure: about 100,000 years http://mongibello.net/page/2/ 33
http://www.nationalgeographic.it/ambiente/disastri-naturali/2010/04/10/foto/photo_gallery_volcanoes-3417/1/ Structure of a strato-volcano 34 http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/stratovolc_page.html
http://www.cailinguaglossa.com /TrekkingEtnaNord.htm Main craters in the top of Mt. Etna http://www.siciliajonica.taormina.mobi/vacanze/escursioni/etna/ Minor craters on the flanks of volcano http://www.villadagala.it/etna.html Bove Valley 35
http://www.sgc.ethz.ch/report03/section_5.htm 36
by Tibaldi & Groppelli, 2002 37
http://www.crystalsporting.com/english/fototerritorio.html http://www.mondonews24.com/attualita/eruzione-vulcanoetna-oggi-8-settembre-2011/21373 The eruption of Etna in July, 2011 The deviation of the lava flow during the eruption of 2002, close to Zafferana Etnea (Catania) http://www.flickr.com/photos/etnawalk/sets/72157625740897403/detail/ 38
http://ilsole24h.blogspot.it/2010/04/eruzione-del-vulcanoeyjafjalla-in.html http://www.meteoweb.eu/2011/07/letna-torna-ad-eruttare-esattamente10-anni-dopo-levento-distruttivo-dellestate-2001/67697/ http://www.nicola76.beepworld.it/fotoetna.htm http://www.katasztrofak.abbcenter.com/? galstep=1&id=73319 39
http://movimentoinsicilia.blogspot.it/2011/01/etna-rischio-cenere.html http://fattieopinioni.blog.espresso.repubblica.it/fatti-eopinioni/2011/09/giarre-eppur-si-muove-qualcosa-allaprovincia-regionale-di-catania-presto-rimossa-la-cenerevulcanic.html Emission of ashes during the eruption of 2002 http://www.cataniatoday.it/cronaca/cenerevulcanica-allarme-salute.html http://www.ragusanews.com/articolo/18345/cenere-dell-etna-limportanza-di-comiso Etna made us blacks! 40
http://forum.meteogiornale.it/showthread.php?t=65070&page=8 http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/140611/argenti na millions_of_sheep_and_cattle_in_peril_over_volcani c_ash_.aspx http://tg24.sky.it/tag/tg24/etna_1.html The airport of Catania Fontanarossa (Sicily) covered by volcanic ash during the eruption of Etna of July 2011 41
MEASURES FOR MITIGATION OF THE VOLCANIC AND VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS AND RISKS IN ITALY Vulnerability Exposure to phenomenon Type of hazard RISK Volcanic risk: the only possibility to reduce it is the not exposure... 42
Vesuvius plain... 43 http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/minisite/index.php?dir_pk=250&cms_pk=1440&n_page=600
Province Region Municipality 44
http://interessantissimo.iobloggo.com/ http://www.meteoweb.eu/2012/04/alluvione-di-sarno-e-quindici14-anni-dopo-in-memoria-dei-160-morti-sotto-il-fiume-difango/131887/ http://www.loschermo.it/articoli/view/30675 http://www.reggiotv.it/notizie/ambiente/23763/dissest o-idrogeologico-calabria-chiesto-stato-emergenza 45
http://notizie.provincia.cuneo.it/?p=14562 http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/it/piano_e mergenza.wp 46 http://www.redblueeagleslaquila1978.com/hom e.php/?page_id=4144
http://www.pi.ingv.it/focus/simulazioni.html 47
National Service for Civil Defense Prefecture National Council of Research VOLCANIC EMERGENCY PLAN National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology Universities National Council of Geologists 48
Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields 600,000! http://cdn.freeforumzone.leonardo.it/disc ussione.aspx?idd=10124655&p=37 Emergency plan of Vesuvian area 49
Geophysical monitoring network of Vesuvio (Orsi et alii, 2012) http://www.ov.ingv.it/ov/doc/vulcani_napoletani_hq.pdf http://turistipercaso.it/vesuvio/image/40224/ Vesuvian Observatory 50
Alert levels for Vesuvius activity http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/e n/view_pde.wp;jsessionid=9d802496756 6483BC206C6859D2994E3? contentid=pde12771 51
Emergency plan and alert levels for Phlegrean Fields area (limits of Red Zone) 340,000 Orsi et alii (2003) http://denaro.it/blog/2011/02/19/p rotezione-civile-arriva-una-leggead-hoc/ 52
Stromboli http://www.ct.ingv.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=282%3ail-nuovo-sistema-dimonitoraggio-video-del-vulcano-stromboli&lang=it Sections of Catania and Palermo (Sicily) Vesuvian Observatory University of Florence 53
Seismic stations in the Isle of Stromboli New videocamera infrastructure with double solar panels Visible light camera installed at 400 m elevation Thermal camera installed on Pizzo Sopra la Fossa with wide-angle 54 optics and 90 horizontal aperture http://www.ct.ingv.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=282%3ail-nuovo-sistema-di-monitoraggio-video-del-vulcano-stromboli&lang=it
Ground-based SAR radar interferometer installed at Stromboli for monitoring deformations of main crater an slope of Sciara del Fuoco (SdF, in the plot) by Casagli et alii (2009) Characteristics: distance = 650 m spatial resolution = 1.0 m x ca. 1.5 m accuracy = < 0,5 mm 55
http://www.ivg.it/2012/02/varata-la-boaondametrica-ad-andora/ 56 http://www.idromare.it/struttura_scheda.php?ron=41
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/strain/ One of the borehole strainmeter (dilatometer) installed in Stromboli. Although the dilatometer records only volumetric strain, its has the advantage of recording data at seismic frequencies + + 57
http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/ The C.O.A. (Centro Operativo Avanzato = Advanced Operative Centre) in the Isle of Stromboli Casagli et alii, 2009 58
Mt. Etna http://www.allposters.com/?apnum=3609513&aid=39919869 http://www.pantalica.org/etna http://wulkanyswiata.blogspot.it/2011/11/osiemnastyparoksyzm-erupcyjny-etny.html 59 http://skipper-troktiko.blogspot.it/2011_11_22_archive.html
http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/minisite/index.php?dir_pk=546&cms_pk=1437&n_page=6 Previsional map of areas potentiallly affected by fall-out of volcanic ashes in case of explosive activity of Etna 60
http://seekingalpha.com/article/199467-report-from-europe-markets-retreat-on-various-worries Thanks for your attention 61
References - Casagli N., Catani F., Del Ventisette C., Guerri L., Antonello G., Fortuny-Guasch J., Tarchi D. & Leva D. (2009) - Monitoring deformations of the Stromboli volcano through ground-based radar interferometry. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~mmwave/media/gbrv/ - Di Vito M.A., Piochi M., Mormone A. & Tramelli A. (2011) Somma Vesuvius: the Volcano and the Observatory - Field trip guidebook. REAKT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Osservatorio Vesuviano (Naples, September 22th, 2011). - Neri A., Esposti Ongaro T., Menconi G., De Michieli Vitturi M., Cavazzoni C., Erbacci G. & Baxter P.J. (2007) - 4D simulation of esplosive eruption dynamics at Vesuvius. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, DOI:10.1029/2006GL028597. - Orsi G., Cuna L., De Astis G., de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., Isaia R., Nave R., Pappalardo L., Piochi M., Postiglione C., Sansivero F. (2012) I Vulcani Napoletani: Pericolosità e Rischio. INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, 45 pp. - http://www.ov.ingv.it/ov/doc/vulcani_napoletani_hq.pdf - Orsi G., de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., Isaia R., Nave R. & Heiken G. (2003) Facing volcanic and related hazards in the Neapolitan area. In: Heiken G., Fakundiny R. & Sutter J. (Eds.) Earth Science in the City: A Reader, 12170. American Geophysical Union. - Orsi G., Di Vito M.A. & Isaia R. (2004) - Volcanic hazard assessment at the restless Campi Flegrei caldera. Bull. Volcanol., 66, 514 530. DOI 10.1007/s00445-003-0336-4 - Osservatorio Vesuviano & Fondazione IDIS (1995) - Il rischio vulcanico. Il Vesuvio. Napoli, CUEN. - Scandone R. & Cortini M. (1982) Il Vesuvio: un vulcano ad alto rischio Le Scienze, 163, 92-105. - Tibaldi A. & Groppelli G. (2002) - Volcano-tectonic activity along structures of the unstable NE flank of Mt. Etna (Italy) and their possible origin. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 115, 277-302.